The article presents a research carried out in Šiauliai City municipality in 2009, which was aimed at finding out the spread of features of transactional and transformational leadership in the Council of the current period of office (2007-2011) by relating the manifestations of leadership to efficiency of activity when representing the interests of the community. Activity of the members of the Council was assessed by the executive power - the executives of divisions of municipal administration.
The article presents a research carried out in Šiauliai City municipality in 2009, which was aimed at finding out the spread of features of transactional and transformational leadership in the Council of the current period of office (2007-2011) by relating the manifestations of leadership to efficiency of activity when representing the interests of the community. Activity of the members of the Council was assessed by the executive power - the executives of divisions of municipal administration.
Statutory civil service leaders in a globalized world are expected to fit into different requirements than it was in earlier times. The higher importance of multiculture skills rather than innovations, as it was before. Lithuania statutory bodies of public confidence are low, so the leaders have to have a little bit of managerial leadership qualities because of the need not only to restore the reputation of the institution, but also to motivate employees to work in a good faith. On State policies statutory civil service is not attractive by the wages. Aim: To investigate the quality of leadership Lithuanian statutory public service. This paper analyzes the public sector leaders, their status, conditions of service. Presenting what it is to be the leader, how he needs to lead. Analyzing the legislation, scientific literature, as well as the papers presented to interested members of the public statutory civil service development. The first part dealt with the status of public sector leaders and their conditions of service. Given the globalizing world, analyzing what it is to be the leader as of what institution owner expects. It is emphasized that now the leader must not only know the subtleties of leadership, but also to have the right character. Great attention is paid to the competence of the head to discuss dealing with ethics and corruption problems. It discusses the ethical codes of conduct and the importance of statutory civil service institutions. Distinguished leadership and leadership differences. In the second part, analyzing the relevant statutory civil service developments since independence in 1990 to the present day. Presenting research of three different institutions development. It also analyzes the legislation that the legislature is trying to follow the example of Western European countries and to separate statutory civil service of the civil service. Analyzing statutory civil service law to go deeper and understand the usefulness of the statutory public service. Comparing the statutory civil service law with statutory bodies statutes, analyzing statutory civil service heads of leadership conditions of service and their status. The third part, presents statutory public servants to approach their heads of leadership characteristics. Providing leadership strengths and weaknesses.
Statutory civil service leaders in a globalized world are expected to fit into different requirements than it was in earlier times. The higher importance of multiculture skills rather than innovations, as it was before. Lithuania statutory bodies of public confidence are low, so the leaders have to have a little bit of managerial leadership qualities because of the need not only to restore the reputation of the institution, but also to motivate employees to work in a good faith. On State policies statutory civil service is not attractive by the wages. Aim: To investigate the quality of leadership Lithuanian statutory public service. This paper analyzes the public sector leaders, their status, conditions of service. Presenting what it is to be the leader, how he needs to lead. Analyzing the legislation, scientific literature, as well as the papers presented to interested members of the public statutory civil service development. The first part dealt with the status of public sector leaders and their conditions of service. Given the globalizing world, analyzing what it is to be the leader as of what institution owner expects. It is emphasized that now the leader must not only know the subtleties of leadership, but also to have the right character. Great attention is paid to the competence of the head to discuss dealing with ethics and corruption problems. It discusses the ethical codes of conduct and the importance of statutory civil service institutions. Distinguished leadership and leadership differences. In the second part, analyzing the relevant statutory civil service developments since independence in 1990 to the present day. Presenting research of three different institutions development. It also analyzes the legislation that the legislature is trying to follow the example of Western European countries and to separate statutory civil service of the civil service. Analyzing statutory civil service law to go deeper and understand the usefulness of the statutory public service. Comparing the statutory civil service law with statutory bodies statutes, analyzing statutory civil service heads of leadership conditions of service and their status. The third part, presents statutory public servants to approach their heads of leadership characteristics. Providing leadership strengths and weaknesses.
Statutory civil service leaders in a globalized world are expected to fit into different requirements than it was in earlier times. The higher importance of multiculture skills rather than innovations, as it was before. Lithuania statutory bodies of public confidence are low, so the leaders have to have a little bit of managerial leadership qualities because of the need not only to restore the reputation of the institution, but also to motivate employees to work in a good faith. On State policies statutory civil service is not attractive by the wages. Aim: To investigate the quality of leadership Lithuanian statutory public service. This paper analyzes the public sector leaders, their status, conditions of service. Presenting what it is to be the leader, how he needs to lead. Analyzing the legislation, scientific literature, as well as the papers presented to interested members of the public statutory civil service development. The first part dealt with the status of public sector leaders and their conditions of service. Given the globalizing world, analyzing what it is to be the leader as of what institution owner expects. It is emphasized that now the leader must not only know the subtleties of leadership, but also to have the right character. Great attention is paid to the competence of the head to discuss dealing with ethics and corruption problems. It discusses the ethical codes of conduct and the importance of statutory civil service institutions. Distinguished leadership and leadership differences. In the second part, analyzing the relevant statutory civil service developments since independence in 1990 to the present day. Presenting research of three different institutions development. It also analyzes the legislation that the legislature is trying to follow the example of Western European countries and to separate statutory civil service of the civil service. Analyzing statutory civil service law to go deeper and understand the usefulness of the statutory public service. Comparing the statutory civil service law with statutory bodies statutes, analyzing statutory civil service heads of leadership conditions of service and their status. The third part, presents statutory public servants to approach their heads of leadership characteristics. Providing leadership strengths and weaknesses.
Considering the relevance of local government administrations in bringing governments' presence closer to people in the grassroots, the need for sound leadership features cannot be undermined. This research presents an empirical study carried out in both Siauliai City municipality and Enugu City between 2015 and 2016, which was aimed at examining transformational and transactional leadership features in the local government councils of the two cities aforementioned. The survey research method was employed in gathering the primary data used for the study - through questionnaire administration and expert oral interview. The comparative analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, frequency counts and graphs. Based on the outcome of the results, the study concludes that transformational leadership features are more pronounced in Siauliai City municipality than in Enugu city. It was also discovered that there are intense leadership tussles in local government councils which experts suggest may lead to blackmails. It was recommended that local government leaders should operate open-door policy regime where there is unrestricted access to information, opportunity for citizens and lower cadre functionaries to make contributions in policy formulation and implementation among others, which are among the features of transformational leadership.
Considering the relevance of local government administrations in bringing governments' presence closer to people in the grassroots, the need for sound leadership features cannot be undermined. This research presents an empirical study carried out in both Siauliai City municipality and Enugu City between 2015 and 2016, which was aimed at examining transformational and transactional leadership features in the local government councils of the two cities aforementioned. The survey research method was employed in gathering the primary data used for the study - through questionnaire administration and expert oral interview. The comparative analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, frequency counts and graphs. Based on the outcome of the results, the study concludes that transformational leadership features are more pronounced in Siauliai City municipality than in Enugu city. It was also discovered that there are intense leadership tussles in local government councils which experts suggest may lead to blackmails. It was recommended that local government leaders should operate open-door policy regime where there is unrestricted access to information, opportunity for citizens and lower cadre functionaries to make contributions in policy formulation and implementation among others, which are among the features of transformational leadership.
This paper discusses Xenophon's political philosophy and its Greek context. One of the major themes running through Xenophon's works is leadership, which he tackles implicitly or explicitly in virtually all of his writings (be it his philosophical, historical or literary writings). For Xenophon, the leader was important not only as an individual leading the armed forces, but as a leader of a city or a community as well. Bearing in mind the importance of leadership and the role of leaders for Xenophon, the author of this paper tries to show that Xenophon's political philosophy can be seen as part of his Panhellenic program. The aim of this program is to politically unite the Greeks by making them enter into an alliance in the name of a common Panhellenic crusade against Persia.
This paper discusses Xenophon's political philosophy and its Greek context. One of the major themes running through Xenophon's works is leadership, which he tackles implicitly or explicitly in virtually all of his writings (be it his philosophical, historical or literary writings). For Xenophon, the leader was important not only as an individual leading the armed forces, but as a leader of a city or a community as well. Bearing in mind the importance of leadership and the role of leaders for Xenophon, the author of this paper tries to show that Xenophon's political philosophy can be seen as part of his Panhellenic program. The aim of this program is to politically unite the Greeks by making them enter into an alliance in the name of a common Panhellenic crusade against Persia.
This paper discusses Xenophon's political philosophy and its Greek context. One of the major themes running through Xenophon's works is leadership, which he tackles implicitly or explicitly in virtually all of his writings (be it his philosophical, historical or literary writings). For Xenophon, the leader was important not only as an individual leading the armed forces, but as a leader of a city or a community as well. Bearing in mind the importance of leadership and the role of leaders for Xenophon, the author of this paper tries to show that Xenophon's political philosophy can be seen as part of his Panhellenic program. The aim of this program is to politically unite the Greeks by making them enter into an alliance in the name of a common Panhellenic crusade against Persia.
This paper discusses Xenophon's political philosophy and its Greek context. One of the major themes running through Xenophon's works is leadership, which he tackles implicitly or explicitly in virtually all of his writings (be it his philosophical, historical or literary writings). For Xenophon, the leader was important not only as an individual leading the armed forces, but as a leader of a city or a community as well. Bearing in mind the importance of leadership and the role of leaders for Xenophon, the author of this paper tries to show that Xenophon's political philosophy can be seen as part of his Panhellenic program. The aim of this program is to politically unite the Greeks by making them enter into an alliance in the name of a common Panhellenic crusade against Persia.
Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes The object of the master's thesis "Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes" is the 2019 publications about Lithuanian politicians in the most widely readable Lithuanian lifestyle magazines "Žmonės" and "Savaitė". The object of the research are both textual and visual material of publications. Research problem. Politicians are people who have power in their hands to participate in politics and make decisions that are important to the whole country. The public do not have direct contact with the representatives of the authorities, so it relies on the images of politicians created by media. Women's make up a small proportion of public authorities representatives, so the question is: is this not influenced by long-standing gender stereotypes? The question also arises, why do some politicians gain people's favor and others not? Maybe others play an important role here - leadership stereotypes, or, conversely, negative political stereotypes? Work objective. Based on a critical analysis of discourse, to find out how politicians are represented in lifestyle magazines, are stereotypes seen in their representations? Research tasks: 1. Investigate how lifestyle journalists are describing and portraying politicians. 2. After the research, to find out whether stereotypes are seen in the representations of politicians. If so, which of them? What are their significance in political, social or other discourses? The most important conclusions, recommendations, suggestions of the research: The study concludes that the politicians in publications are usually represented in a positive context, their achievements at work and in politics are highlighted, their strong character traits, devotion to family and Lithuanian people are described. Thus, it can be argued that politicians are usually described biasedly. In the representations are only positive information and no criticism. In such a case, the opinions of the readers are manipulated. The analysis of the images showed the same as the analysis of the texts. Politicians are stereotypically portrayed as smiling, happy, surrounded by family members or people who support them. Most of the photos chose an informal setting: home, nature, city. Politicians are depicted interacting with family members or engaging in favorite activities. It can be concluded that almost all the photos create an emotional relationship between the politician, reader and potential voter. This relationship shows the banal attitude of politicians towards the voter, trying to decide in advance for him. The study also highlighted certain gender stereotypes in representation of politicians. The results of the study showed that among most positive publications about politicians, only women politicians were criticized. They are criticized for not having a family, a good understanding of family issues and problems as a result. The same reflected in the photos. Women's politicians stand out alone, while all politician men's are surrounded by family members. Only women's have been criticized for being indifferent, harsh, sceptical, and inconsistent. With regard to gender stereotypes, it has also been observed that men's are twice as often described as hardworking, trustworthy, simple politicians. Gender inequality is noticeable in this regard, as these descriptions give the reader confidence about politicians. The influx of positive information about politicians can also be attributed to the 2019 elections for the President of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Parliament. The study showed that most publications about politicians are commissioned. Thus, these data provide insight into why politicians are most often represented in a positive context. The role of the media is also clear: magazine editors receive money for publishing biased information.
Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes The object of the master's thesis "Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes" is the 2019 publications about Lithuanian politicians in the most widely readable Lithuanian lifestyle magazines "Žmonės" and "Savaitė". The object of the research are both textual and visual material of publications. Research problem. Politicians are people who have power in their hands to participate in politics and make decisions that are important to the whole country. The public do not have direct contact with the representatives of the authorities, so it relies on the images of politicians created by media. Women's make up a small proportion of public authorities representatives, so the question is: is this not influenced by long-standing gender stereotypes? The question also arises, why do some politicians gain people's favor and others not? Maybe others play an important role here - leadership stereotypes, or, conversely, negative political stereotypes? Work objective. Based on a critical analysis of discourse, to find out how politicians are represented in lifestyle magazines, are stereotypes seen in their representations? Research tasks: 1. Investigate how lifestyle journalists are describing and portraying politicians. 2. After the research, to find out whether stereotypes are seen in the representations of politicians. If so, which of them? What are their significance in political, social or other discourses? The most important conclusions, recommendations, suggestions of the research: The study concludes that the politicians in publications are usually represented in a positive context, their achievements at work and in politics are highlighted, their strong character traits, devotion to family and Lithuanian people are described. Thus, it can be argued that politicians are usually described biasedly. In the representations are only positive information and no criticism. In such a case, the opinions of the readers are manipulated. The analysis of the images showed the same as the analysis of the texts. Politicians are stereotypically portrayed as smiling, happy, surrounded by family members or people who support them. Most of the photos chose an informal setting: home, nature, city. Politicians are depicted interacting with family members or engaging in favorite activities. It can be concluded that almost all the photos create an emotional relationship between the politician, reader and potential voter. This relationship shows the banal attitude of politicians towards the voter, trying to decide in advance for him. The study also highlighted certain gender stereotypes in representation of politicians. The results of the study showed that among most positive publications about politicians, only women politicians were criticized. They are criticized for not having a family, a good understanding of family issues and problems as a result. The same reflected in the photos. Women's politicians stand out alone, while all politician men's are surrounded by family members. Only women's have been criticized for being indifferent, harsh, sceptical, and inconsistent. With regard to gender stereotypes, it has also been observed that men's are twice as often described as hardworking, trustworthy, simple politicians. Gender inequality is noticeable in this regard, as these descriptions give the reader confidence about politicians. The influx of positive information about politicians can also be attributed to the 2019 elections for the President of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Parliament. The study showed that most publications about politicians are commissioned. Thus, these data provide insight into why politicians are most often represented in a positive context. The role of the media is also clear: magazine editors receive money for publishing biased information.
Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes The object of the master's thesis "Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes" is the 2019 publications about Lithuanian politicians in the most widely readable Lithuanian lifestyle magazines "Žmonės" and "Savaitė". The object of the research are both textual and visual material of publications. Research problem. Politicians are people who have power in their hands to participate in politics and make decisions that are important to the whole country. The public do not have direct contact with the representatives of the authorities, so it relies on the images of politicians created by media. Women's make up a small proportion of public authorities representatives, so the question is: is this not influenced by long-standing gender stereotypes? The question also arises, why do some politicians gain people's favor and others not? Maybe others play an important role here - leadership stereotypes, or, conversely, negative political stereotypes? Work objective. Based on a critical analysis of discourse, to find out how politicians are represented in lifestyle magazines, are stereotypes seen in their representations? Research tasks: 1. Investigate how lifestyle journalists are describing and portraying politicians. 2. After the research, to find out whether stereotypes are seen in the representations of politicians. If so, which of them? What are their significance in political, social or other discourses? The most important conclusions, recommendations, suggestions of the research: The study concludes that the politicians in publications are usually represented in a positive context, their achievements at work and in politics are highlighted, their strong character traits, devotion to family and Lithuanian people are described. Thus, it can be argued that politicians are usually described biasedly. In the representations are only positive information and no criticism. In such a case, the opinions of the readers are manipulated. The analysis of the images showed the same as the analysis of the texts. Politicians are stereotypically portrayed as smiling, happy, surrounded by family members or people who support them. Most of the photos chose an informal setting: home, nature, city. Politicians are depicted interacting with family members or engaging in favorite activities. It can be concluded that almost all the photos create an emotional relationship between the politician, reader and potential voter. This relationship shows the banal attitude of politicians towards the voter, trying to decide in advance for him. The study also highlighted certain gender stereotypes in representation of politicians. The results of the study showed that among most positive publications about politicians, only women politicians were criticized. They are criticized for not having a family, a good understanding of family issues and problems as a result. The same reflected in the photos. Women's politicians stand out alone, while all politician men's are surrounded by family members. Only women's have been criticized for being indifferent, harsh, sceptical, and inconsistent. With regard to gender stereotypes, it has also been observed that men's are twice as often described as hardworking, trustworthy, simple politicians. Gender inequality is noticeable in this regard, as these descriptions give the reader confidence about politicians. The influx of positive information about politicians can also be attributed to the 2019 elections for the President of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Parliament. The study showed that most publications about politicians are commissioned. Thus, these data provide insight into why politicians are most often represented in a positive context. The role of the media is also clear: magazine editors receive money for publishing biased information.
Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes The object of the master's thesis "Representation of Lithuanian Politicians in Lifestyle Magazines: Expression of Stereotypes" is the 2019 publications about Lithuanian politicians in the most widely readable Lithuanian lifestyle magazines "Žmonės" and "Savaitė". The object of the research are both textual and visual material of publications. Research problem. Politicians are people who have power in their hands to participate in politics and make decisions that are important to the whole country. The public do not have direct contact with the representatives of the authorities, so it relies on the images of politicians created by media. Women's make up a small proportion of public authorities representatives, so the question is: is this not influenced by long-standing gender stereotypes? The question also arises, why do some politicians gain people's favor and others not? Maybe others play an important role here - leadership stereotypes, or, conversely, negative political stereotypes? Work objective. Based on a critical analysis of discourse, to find out how politicians are represented in lifestyle magazines, are stereotypes seen in their representations? Research tasks: 1. Investigate how lifestyle journalists are describing and portraying politicians. 2. After the research, to find out whether stereotypes are seen in the representations of politicians. If so, which of them? What are their significance in political, social or other discourses? The most important conclusions, recommendations, suggestions of the research: The study concludes that the politicians in publications are usually represented in a positive context, their achievements at work and in politics are highlighted, their strong character traits, devotion to family and Lithuanian people are described. Thus, it can be argued that politicians are usually described biasedly. In the representations are only positive information and no criticism. In such a case, the opinions of the readers are manipulated. The analysis of the images showed the same as the analysis of the texts. Politicians are stereotypically portrayed as smiling, happy, surrounded by family members or people who support them. Most of the photos chose an informal setting: home, nature, city. Politicians are depicted interacting with family members or engaging in favorite activities. It can be concluded that almost all the photos create an emotional relationship between the politician, reader and potential voter. This relationship shows the banal attitude of politicians towards the voter, trying to decide in advance for him. The study also highlighted certain gender stereotypes in representation of politicians. The results of the study showed that among most positive publications about politicians, only women politicians were criticized. They are criticized for not having a family, a good understanding of family issues and problems as a result. The same reflected in the photos. Women's politicians stand out alone, while all politician men's are surrounded by family members. Only women's have been criticized for being indifferent, harsh, sceptical, and inconsistent. With regard to gender stereotypes, it has also been observed that men's are twice as often described as hardworking, trustworthy, simple politicians. Gender inequality is noticeable in this regard, as these descriptions give the reader confidence about politicians. The influx of positive information about politicians can also be attributed to the 2019 elections for the President of the Republic of Lithuania and the European Parliament. The study showed that most publications about politicians are commissioned. Thus, these data provide insight into why politicians are most often represented in a positive context. The role of the media is also clear: magazine editors receive money for publishing biased information.