This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses local responsibilities and public services in Argentina. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on Argentina. To access the full version of the report on Argentina, other practices regarding responsibilities and public services and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.
The European Landscape Convention, with great determination, has placed as a priority target, the necessity to promote a high level of attention to the landscape, as a common asset. According to the Convention each part of the landscape conveys meanings: the areas of particular beauty, daily life landscapes and degraded ones. The evidence of this changed reading is the "Law on the Cultural Heritage and Landscape" (DLgs 22 n. 42 of 2004), which in the 2008 version (Dlgs. n. 63) embrace even the principles of the European Landscape Convention, which Italy ratified in 2006. If the Territorial Landscape Plan and the Territorial Coordination Plan have the useful role of containing guidelines, directives and safeguard provisions for the areas with landscape value, the Urban City Plans are the most appropriate tool to allow a planning which is respectful of landscape requirements. As a consequence, the urban city planning has to investigate the values of the landscape decoding both its specific and relational characters. The proposed landscape decoding method, already experimented with different scales of planning, offers a possible key to read and interpret the landscape in order to orient the Government projects on territorial-land transformations, which must be linked to protection, redevelopment and enhancement.
Counter to prevailing theories among urbanists which seek to explain urban phenomena on the basis of common characteristics of cities, this thesis argues that every city, because of its environment and its own peculiar history, differs from every other city in significant ways and that these differences are more revealing of the inner nature of cities than are their commonalities. To confirm this proposition requires a comparison of the similarities and differences among cities and the demonstration that there are, indeed, essential ditferences among them which account for telling differences in their governance, development and outlook. Comparisons of cities in the same socio-economic and cultural milieu, the same time-period and the same geographic location would be most persuasive: significant differences among such cities are not normally to be expected and, if found, would support the thesis. Accordingly, three cities in the prairie region of Canada which meet these stipulated criteria - Winnipeg, Regina and Calgary - were chosen as the subject cities of this study. The study examines the salient features of the physiography and history of the prairie region, the nature of the city planning function, the notion of a prairie regional personality, and the histories of the three subject cities. It finds that because of constitutional, statutory and historic factors, the common role of city government is administrative rather than policy-making; that the planning function is, in effect, an administrative instrument which simply expresses the city council's politico-economic orientation; and that the "master plan" is an ineffectual planning device. City government could become a true policy-making government if its statutory context were changed, but such a change is most unlikely. The planning function, however, could be made much more effective with some simple by-law changes. The study's principal finding is that although all three cities shared a common environment and had common characteristics at the ...
The paper explores how governing bodies and planning authorities in Norway take urban freight transport into consideration in three different cities. Based on empirical studies of actors and processes relevant to city planning, the paper highlights challenges related to integrating urban freight transport considerations in city planning. The paper demonstrates how different planning approaches shape the integration of urban freight transport in city planning. The paper shows that early integration of freight considerations and stakeholder engagement in city planning is vital for developing more effective and sustainable transport and freight systems in urban environments. Political anchorage, geographical scope, and time are also three dimensions that considerably influence the way urban freight transport is integrated in city planning. Insights from this analysis may be used to develop better ways of integrating freight transport into city planning in the future. ; publishedVersion
The paper aims to analyse the impact of new technologies in developing urban sharing governance, and the consequences of urban planning. New Technologies, smart computing, and monitoring are at the base of the smart city. Socio-economic warns emerge about the dangers coming from technological dominance in relation to the political mission and driven by big companies. The work moves in the opposite direction. The approach focuses on the potential of social inclusiveness in urban planning and urban management, using new technologies. Many authors and local authorities are studying the different paths to better integrate new technologies and increase the "smartness" of cities. Many times, efforts are focused on explaining the opportunities coming from ICT in raising the quality and efficiency of city services. Still now few studies focus on the impact of new technologies in terms of increasing urban sharing governance and how they can review the way in which urban plans are made, for instance, the implications of energy decentralisation. The paper wants to understand the effects of new technologies in opening a new era for urban planning and urban policy-making with a higher impact on citizens' inclusion. We pointed out four grades of improving the Urban Planning quality using new technologies: increase the awareness of urban living impact; increase the monitoring process; increase the urban security and the urban health; increase the sustainable local development. In conclusion, the paper shows opportunities in terms of reducing the risk of technological dominance in urban planning transformation, aspiring to improve the strategic aim of urban planning with a social impact in terms of inclusiveness.
Jerusalem is the declared capital of Israel, fundamental to Jewish tradition, and a contested city, part of the Israel–Palestine conflict. Departing from an analysis of mainly interviews and policy documents, this study aims to analyze the interplay between the Israeli identity politics of Jerusalem and city planning. The role of the city is related to discursive struggles between traditional, new, and post-Zionism. One conclusion is that the Israeli claim to the city is firmly anchored in a master commemorative narrative stating that Jerusalem is the eternal and indivisible capital of Israel. A second conclusion is that there is a constant interplay between Israeli identity politics, city policy, and planning practice, through specific strategies of territoriality. The goals of the strategies are to create a political, historical and religious, ethnic, economic, and exclusive capital. Planning policies are mainly focused on uniting the city through housing projects in East Jerusalem, rehabilitating historic heritage, ancestry, and landscapes, city center renewal, demographic balance, and economic growth, mainly through tourism and industrial development. An analysis of coping strategies shows that Jerusalem planners relate to identity politics by adopting a self-image of being professional, and by blaming the planning system for opening up to ideational impact. Depending on the issue, a planner adopts a reactive role as a bureaucrat or an expert, or an active role, such mobilizer or an advocate. One conclusion drawn from the "Safdie Plan" process is that traditional Zionism and the dominant collective planning doctrine are being challenged. An alliance of environmental movements, politicians from left and right, and citizens, mobilized a campaign against the plan that was intended to develop the western outskirts of Jerusalem. The rejection of the plan challenged the established political leadership, it opened up for an expansion to the east, and strengthened Green Zionism, but the result is also a challenge to the housing needs of Jerusalem. ; Författaren tillhör även "Forskarskolan Urbana och Regionala Studier – Städer och regioner i förändring"
The emerging democratic and privatization reforms are shaping city planning practice in Russia. This paper provides a brief history of city planning, a typical schema of city governance, and describes some of the effects of democratic reform and privatization related to city planning. Also covered are general points about city planning education in Russia and a conclusion on probable city planning practice outcomes from the current societal context. ; Yes ; https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guidelines
Focusing on imaginaries of the ideal city is an important method to illustrate the power of ideas, imagination, representations and even visions, and how these dimensions influence the way in which cities are organized and lived. In this article, we argue that one current and important city imaginary in a Swedish context is the gender-equal city. In this imaginary, the gender-equal city becomes a symbol for the open, tolerant, bustling, safe city, a city aiming to attract the middle and creative classes. However, at the same time, the imaginary of the ideal, gender-equal city is highly ambiguous. This ambiguity will be discussed throughout the article. Based on present planning projects in the city of Umeå in Sweden, we will discuss how the imaginary of the gender-equal city is presented, filled with meaning and used in place marketing, with the overall ambition of discussing the possibilities and pitfalls of what we call the gender-equality planning strategy. The aim of the article is to study how the city of Umeå is acting to create a gender-equal city and what kind of imaginaries these practices build on. The material consists primarily of a case study focusing on projects that aim to create an equal city, and also includes analyses of policy documents and media reports. This study illustrates how imaginaries are produced through local projects and different imaginaries provide different spaces for politicizing gendered power relations. ; Imaginar la ciudad ideal, planear la ciudad géneroigualitaria en Umeå, Suecia RESUMEN Centrarse en los imaginarios de una ciudad ideal es un método importante para ilustrar el poder de las ideas, la imaginación, las representaciones e incluso las visiones, y cómo estas dimensiones influyen sobre la forma en que están organizadas y son vividas las ciudades. En este artículo, sostenemos que un imaginario actual e importante de la ciudad en un contexto sueco es la ciudad género-igualitaria. En este imaginario, la ciudad género-igualitaria se vuelve un símbolo para la ciudad abierta, tolerante, bulliciosa y segura, una ciudad que apunta a atraer a las clases medias y creativas. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, el imaginario de la ciudad ideal y género-igualitaria es altamente ambiguo. Esta ambigüedad será discutida a lo largo del artículo. Basado en los proyectos actuales de planificación en la ciudad de Umeå en Suecia, analizaremos cómo se presenta el imaginario de la ciudad géneroigualitaria, cómo se llena de significado y es utilizado para el márketing dellugar, con el propósito general de discutir las posibilidades y dificultades de lo que llamamos la estrategia de planificación de la igualdad de género. El objetivo del artículo es estudiar cómo la ciudad de Umeå analiza crear una ciudad género-igualitaria y sobre qué tipos de imaginarios se construyen estas prácticas. El material consiste principalmente de un estudio de caso centrado en proyectos que apuntan a crear una ciudad igualitaria, y también incluye un análisis de documentos públicos e informes de medios. Este estudio ilustra cómo los imaginarios son producidos a través de proyectos locales y diferentes imaginarios proveen distintos imaginarios para politizar las relaciones de poder generizadas. ; 在瑞典于默奥想像一座理想的城市,规划性别平等的城市 摘要 聚焦理想城市的想像,是描绘概念、想像、再现甚至是愿景的力量,以 及这些面向如何影响城市组织和生活的方式之重要方法。我们于本文中 主张,在瑞典的脉络中,当前一种重要的城市想像便是性别平等的城 市。在此般想像中,性别平等的城市成为开放、容忍、熙攘、安全城市 的象徵——一个旨在吸引中产与创意阶级的城市。但于此同时,理想且 性别平等的城市之想像是高度模稜两可的。此般模稜两可之处将于本文 通篇进行讨论。我们将根据瑞典于默奥城市当前的规划方案,探讨性别 平等城市的想像如何呈现、注入意义并应用于地方行销,并以探讨我们 所谓的性别平等规划策略的可能性与陷阱做为总体目标。本文的目标在 于研究于默尔城市如何行动,以创造性别平等的城市,以及这些实践是 建构在什麽样的想像之上。研究材料主要包含一个聚焦旨在创造平等城 市的计画之案例研究,并同时包含对于政策档案及媒体报导的分析。本 研究描绘想像如何透过地方计画进行生产,以及不同的想像如何提供不 同的空间,对性别化的权力关係进行政治化。 ; Rädsla och trygghet i ord och handling
Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ecologia Humana e Problemas Sociais Contemporâneos ; In this dissertation the concepts of sustainable city development and socio-ethnic segregation have been linked to determine what role 'diversity' and mixed neighbourhoods play in the achievement of sustainable cities. Segregation can be seen as a natural development (as mentioned by Chicago School) that cannot and should not be disturbed by the local government, but it can also be considered as a social problem that requires specific policies to stop the negative consequences caused by segregation. One of the aspects of sustainable city development, namely 'diversity' has been explored and the policy that connects to that sustainable goal, namely the policy of mixing. A discussion on the effectiveness of this policy on decreasing levels of segregation and on increasing social capital follows. The chapter on socio-ethnic segregation in Portugal has provided an example of the influence of the government on the creation of segregation and how local governments can also work on solutions. A case study of a segregated neighbourhood in Lisbon, the Bairro da Boavista, shows how the segregated neighbourhoods in Lisbon emerged and what the local government has done to improve their living situation. A data analyses of the Boavista neighbourhood has been made in order to determine how segregated its residents live
Phnom Penh was a trading port when Angkor Thom fell to a Siamese army in 1431. Its choice as the site of a new capital for the Kingdom of Cambodia took account of the geographic symbolism of its location, while its urban planning incorporated additional symbolism believed necessary to legitimise royal power. The symbolism evident in the layout of pre-modern Phnom Penh derived from three sources: from Hindu-Buddhist cosmological beliefs that found their mature Khmer expression in Angkor Thom; from beliefs about the legitimisation of royal power in Theravada Buddhism; and from the principles traditionally applied in the design of Tai centres of power. The first rested on correspondences believed to exist between the divine macrocosm and the mundane microcosm. The second emphasized the significance of merit. The third defined a status hierarchy based on the direction of flow of the rivers on which the capitals of Tai polities were always located.
The purpose of this paper is to explore sustainable city planning concepts and practices in emerging economies. Using a systematic review, peer-reviewed articles in an academic database were systematically searched and reviewed. The process included selecting appropriate keywords to assist in screening relevant articles, allowing more comprehensive and integrated findings of the concepts and practices of sustainable city planning in emerging economies, assisted by the NVivo 12 qualitative software package and Microsoft Excel. This paper also developed a framework comprised of key elements to measure the sustainability of city planning. The findings showed that, by reviewing more than 30 peer- reviewed articles, it was understood that Western sustainable city planning concepts have been directly adopted into the policy agendas of emerging countries without significant changes. However, such concepts were interpreted into a number of different practices dealing with the local socio-cultural and political characteristics of the adopting countries. Lastly, during the systematic review, this paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the overall mapping of literature in the framework of sustainable city planning in emerging countries, indicating a number of areas that have been explored by existing studies as well as certain areas that are still lacking and could be potentially explored by future studies.
Cairo, Egypt holds 4 of the 30 largest "mega-slums" in the world with nearly 60 percent of Cairo's population inhabiting informal settlements (Davis, 2007; Khalifa, 2013). Two of these settlements, Ramlet Bulaq and the Maspero Triangle in West Cairo, consistently experience evictions inflicted by state and private developers since the mid-2000s. The central question orienting this research is: How do Ramlet Bulaq and Maspero inhabitants develop insurgent planning practices to resist state and private developer forced removals? The paper builds Beard's (2003) nuanced model of radical planning to address "how citizens [under authoritarian contexts] acquire skills, experience and political consciousness necessary to bring about significant social and political change" (p.13) and Miraftab's (2009) conceptualization of insurgent planning as "counter-hegemonic, transgressive, and imaginative" to explain for the different planning insurgencies under authoritarian contexts. The study shows how insurgents foment direct planning action through an "organizational infrastructure" to establish networks of collective actions and solidarity across the city; the factors that contribute to insurgencies and the degree of organizational formalization; and the factors responsible for derailing both insurgencies.
In this overview of city planning in Graeco-Roman times, starting with Greek gridiron street planning and functional city zoning in the 9th century BC, emphasis is placed on those aspects related to urban health and recreational activities. Etruscan-Roman expertise in hydraulic engineering facilitated the availability of ample water supplies, e.g. for public baths and latrines, and for efficient drainage systems, which had been problematic in the earlier Greek era. The Pax Romana obviated the need for defensive city walls and also potentiated the establishment and maintenance of long distance water supplies. Before the xenodocheia of the Christian era the only hospitals were Roman military institutions (valetudinaria) and some latifundia for sick slaves on large farms. Doctors practiced from very basic consulting facilities (iatreia, later tabernae). Graeco-Roman concepts of "death pollution" restricted structural burial facilities to a minimum, and situated outside the city walls. Greek recreation revolved around athletic sports practiced in stadia, gymnasia and occasionally in urban agoras; dramas were performed in open air theatres. The Romans preferred horse races and blood-thirsty sports in huge amphitheatres in which gladiators fought each other to the death.
