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The Message of the President of Uzbekistan Sh.M. Mirziyoyev to Oli Majlis notes that Uzbekistan will always be faithful to its principles in the sphere of interethnic harmony and religious tolerance, strengthening the atmosphere of mutual respect, friendship and harmony between representatives of different nations and faiths. It is considered as the greatest wealth of the state and society.

Torture is prohibited under art. 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and art. 7 of the International Pact on civil and political rights, the Convention against torture and other cruel, Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, other international acts, including the European Convention on Human Rights. However, torture continues to be applied in many states, including the Republic of Moldova. This article is devoted to the fight against torture, the role of civil society in this process is mentioned. It is about the creation by non-commercial organizations of an international network of prison education in the countries of the Eastern Partnership and Central Asia, which also includes organizations from Moldova, including the Institute for Democracy.

The traditional subjects of civil society, which have been active for a long period of time, are losing their former influence and importance. Researchers point out a decrease in the population's civil engagement in many countries of the world. The existing concepts of civil society are losing their explanatory power. This article presents an attempt to resolve the issue in question. The purpose of this article is to analyze the social community of parents as a new subject of civil society. In order to achieve this goal, civil society is examined from a community approach standpoint, according to which it is interpreted as a special form of social community. Its specific nature is conditioned by the fact that such a community consists of individuals (and their associations) which support distinct needs, interests and value orientations. It is shown that individuals (and their associations), when possessing the necessary resources (mainly social capital), engage in cooperative actions to fulfill and protect their needs and interests within certain boundaries of time and space. The article stresses the fact that such activity turns into a dominant model of living, in other words – a lifestyle for members of a civil society community. Analyzed are the key characteristics, functions and the structure of civil society as a social community, together with the creation and development of a parent community within it as a new element of the former. This serves as a foundation for demonstrating that the modern parent community is evolving. While preserving its traditional community features and functions, the social community of parents is acquiring more traits and functions inherent to a civil society community, transforming into a special type of the latter. The gradual process of integrating the parent social community into the community structure of civil society is shown. Also highlighted is the fact that this process is occurring with varying intensity in time and space, as a result of the non-uniformity and inconsistency of the parent community itself. The objective disparity between parents affects their degree of involvement in practices of civil society, as well as the nature of interactions within and between communities. The article suggests regarding the interior structure of the parent community as dynamic, consisting of a core, semi-periphery and periphery. The conclusion states that in modern conditions the parent community turns into what drives the development of civil society.

The article deals with the analogue forms of civil society in the Islamic countries of the South. The author analyzes the formation and development of the civil society in this region of the world, its specifics and peculiarities. The author also shows that burgeoning civil society models of non-western area have their own specific features, which are determined by a unique way of civilizational development and by significant impact of the religious factor. The present research brings up a methodological novation – an analogous civil society. According to this novation, the developing political system (which takes part in civilizational competition with other systems and tries to use their historical experience and accumulated resources explicitly, for example, by attracting ideas, technologies, investments, or implicitly – by creating the same resources through modernization and social mobilization) does not imply an organic link between ideologically reflected meaning of this system's existence, the forms of such existence, and the main institutions' functionality. Moreover, this smoothness is not very important and desirable for the analogue system or its components. The meaning of such system's existence is using the forms, principles, mechanisms, elaborated through historical development of social and political systems for their own specific purposes, for the sake of diametrically opposed goals that sometimes are not very detailed.

The article focuses on the self-organization of social space which results from constructing a network of civil society. Social network morphology is a modern form of organization of social life where each individual enters into the dynamics of social interactions. Social interaction, as well as their organization should be assessed and analyzed within the dialectical synergetic approach. This approach allows to take into account the leading role of social and political movements, and the involvement of people in community activities for more effective management of social processes.Key words: civil society, the network structure, decentralization, self-organization, individual, social and political movements. ; Статья посвящена вопросам самоорганизации социального пространства посредством построения сетевого гражданского общества. Сетевая социальная морфология является современной формой организации социального бытия, где каждый индивид вступает в динамику общественных взаимодействий. Социальные взаимодействия, а также их организацию целесообразно оценивать и анализировать с помощью диалектико-синергетического подхода. Данный подход позволяет учитывать ведущую роль общественно-политических движений в процессе самоорганизации социального пространства, а также вовлеченность людей в общественную деятельность для более эффективной координации их социального бытия. Ключевые слова: гражданское общество, сетевая структура, децентрализация, самоорганизация, личность, общественно-политические движения.

The article analyses the function self-management as one of institution development civil society contemporary Russia. ; В статье анализируется функционирование местного самоуправления как одного из институтов развивающегося гражданского общества современной России.

В статье предпринята попытка историко-теоретической реконструкции понятия "гражданское общество". Гражданское общество является необходимым стимулом развития и процветания государства. Выделены факторы, которые способствуют развитию гражданского общества. Гражданское общество максимально раскрывает свой потенциал в плюралистическом, либерально-демократическом обществе. Степень развития гражданского общества зависит от социально-политических институтов, в которых оно развивается. ; There is no single concept of civil society. The parameters of civil society in different countries will differ. The main idea of civil society formed on the foundation of Greek philosophical thought and actualized in a modern pluralistic, liberal-democratic society. Civil society shaped to achieve specific goals, social change, or control over politicians. Although civil society has a political dimension, political parties are not an attribute of civil society.

The article analyzes theoretical statements concerning interaction of state and civil society, which were formed in the European philosophy of the XVII-XIX centuries (D. Locke, G. Hegel, K. Marx). On the basis of the comparative analysis the generalized concept of civil society is formulated. The specific interaction mechanisms of institutions of the modern Russian state and their impact on the formation and development of civil society are discussed. ; Анализируются теоретические положения о взаимодействии государства и гражданского общества, которые сформировались в европейской философии XVII-XIX вв. (Д. Локк, Г. Гегель, К. Маркс). На основе сравнительного анализа формулируется обобщенный концепт гражданского общества. Рассматривается специфика конкретных механизмов взаимодействия институтов современного российского государства и их влияния на становление и формирование гражданского общества.

The article is focused on the interaction of civil society institutions within government organizations. Effective forms of interaction of civil society institutions with government organizations are examined through the prism of public control, mass media and citizens' appeals. Increasing the effectiveness of civil society leads to simultaneous increase in the efficiency of the state. The government focuses its efforts on performing strategically important functions such as defense, state security and citizens' security, foreign policy, formation of the stable financial and fiscal policy.

The authors emphasise two necessary conditions for civil society: the existence of a public space and a social activism culture that protects personal autonomy. The last condition was substantially developed in the Enlightenment Age, when the belief that civil society was a counterbalance to the state became widespread. In this article the authors justify point of view according to which the connection between the state and the civil society is subject to the dialectics of unity and struggle of opposites. The formation of civil society is closely linked to the development of the bourgeois class under the aegis of the state during the industrial revolution, which was the main focus of Enlightenment thinkers from T. Hobbes to H. Hegel. The social structures growing complexity and the bourgeois society conflict potential was reflected in the liberal constitutionalism which was the basis for diverse political changes leaded to formation of the civil society institutions. The authors conclude that a contemporary civic culture is all the more likely to be successful the deeper Enligtenment's ideological potential, which includes the pluralism values, the free and self-governing citizen associations ideological diversity is realised . ; Авторы статьи выделяют два необходимых условия гражданского общества: наличие публичного пространства и культуру социальной активности граждан, охраняющую автономию личности. Последнее условие получило особое развитие в эпоху Просвещения, когда распространилось убеждение, что гражданское общество является противовесом государству. В статье авторы обосновывают точку зрения, согласно которой, отношение государства и гражданского общества подчиняется диалектике единства и борьбы противоположностей. Становление гражданского общества тесно связано с развитием буржуазного класса под эгидой государства в эпоху промышленной революции, что стало основным фокусом внимания мыслителей Просвещения от Т. Гоббса до Г. Гегеля. Усложнение социальных структур и проявление конфликтного потенциала буржуазного общества нашло отражение в либеральном конституционализме, явившемся основой для разнонаправленных политических изменений, приведших к становлению институтов гражданского общества. Авторы делают вывод, что современная культура гражданского общества тем более может проявить свою успешность, чем глубже будет осознан тот идейный потенциал, который был создан в эпоху Просвещения, включающий в себя ценности плюрализма, идейного разнообразия свободных и самоуправляемых ассоциаций граждан.

In this article, which was compiled with financial support from a Russian Federation presidential grant for supporting young scientists (grant MK-2488.2019.6), examines the regional specifics of developing civil society values in one of Russia's subjects – the Kabardha-Balkar Republic. The issues and specifics of developing a civil society is one of the most relevant topics for social sciences in modern-day Russia. There are still arguments to this day between those who support European integration and joining the Western world and advocates of Russia being its own civilization. Our country's socio-cultural characteristics imply significant regional diversity in the development of a civil society. Expert reports prepared by various research centers note that civil society values tend to be more prominent in the country's more economically developed regions. Citizens create and actively partake in the activities of public organizations, they propagate charity work, and actively protect their own rights. Meanwhile in the less advanced regions, civil society is not as well developed. In this article, the author examines the issues in question based on the example of one of Russia's regions which possesses its own substantial cultural specificity. The methodological underpinnings for the study are based on a systemic and interdisciplinary approach. The study was conducted by means of questionnaire survey method. The sample size amounted to 550 people. In terms of geography, all municipalities of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were covered, including remote and hard to reach highland areas (Chereksky, Zolsky, Elbrussky districts). During the study, it was revealed that residents of Kabardino-Balkaria would more often resort to assistance from their relatives or to corrupt dealings in order to solve their problems. At the same time help from public organizations, law enforcement and the judicial system are sought after by a much smaller proportion of citizens, which might speak to the population bearing a relatively low level of legal awareness. Despite the fact that the republic's youth came of age in post-Soviet Russia, which was being modeled after democratic nations, this socio-demographical population group demonstrates a higher level of social apathy and disapproval for civil society values than the region's population does on average.

The article is based on research on civil society in Russia conducted for the Committee of Civil Initiatives by the Centre of Political Technologies in June-July 2013. It compares the Western model of civil society with its understanding in non-Western nations. The author analyses historical evolution of the Russian society and provides assessment of its current standing. He concludes that non-governmental organisations and civil activities in Russia develop under conditions of low mutual trust among the population and between society and state. The lack of trust of governmental bodies to civil initiatives is clearly reflected in the latest legislation on "foreign agents". The remaining unfavourable conditions are likely to continue to hinder progress of Russian civil society for the years to come. The foundation for the research created the data from surveys, in-depth interviews and group discussions. ; Статья написана по материалам итогового доклада исследования о состоянии гражданского общества в России, осуществленного Центром политических технологий по заказу Комитета гражданских инициатив в июне — июле2013 г. В ней проводится сравнение между западной моделью развития гражданского общества и пониманием этого феномена в других культурных контекстах. Автор анализирует эволюцию российского гражданского общества и диагностирует современное его состояние. Он обращает внимание на то, что некоммерческие организации и гражданский активизм развиваются в условиях низкого доверия российского населения друг к другу и к государству. Аналогичным образом власть также не испытывает доверия к обществу и общественным начинаниям, что ярко проявилось в законодательстве об «иностранных агентах». Сохраняющиеся неблагоприятные условия не позволяют рассчитывать на стремительный прогресс в развитии гражданского общества в ближайшие годы. Источниковой основой исследования стали данные социологических опросов, глубинных интервью и групповых дискуссий.

The article reveals the major problems of the formation of civil society in Russia: traditions andhistorical heritage, the weakness of the legal and social framework of the political culture of the population, the opposition, the state of social anomie, ethno-regional character of civil society, the interaction of the structures and authorities. Concludes that overcoming difficulties and challenges Russia will find its way civil society that will match its history. ; Статья раскрывает основные проблемы формирования гражданского общества в России:традиции исторического наследия, слабость правовой и социальной базы, политическойкультуры населения, оппозиции, состояние социальной аномии, этнорегиональный характергражданского общества, взаимодействие его структур и государственных органов. Делаетсявывод о том, что преодолевая трудности и проблемы Россия найдет свой образ гражданского общества, который будет соответствовать ее истории.

The article offers the brief historical excursion of legal institutionalization of civil society in USA. The article concludes that existent organizational forms and practices of activity of noncommercial sector are the result of combination between embedded traditions of philanthropy and civil engagement in American society and the state policy to support some directions of activity of non-profit sector. The American government made use of different tools to turn voluntary activity and philanthropy funds to major public spheres in various ages. Now the American society is in the process of permanent experimentation with the legal form and status of non-profit sectors organizations which would able to absorb advantages of all three major sectors: the state, the business and the society. ; В статье дан краткий исторический экскурс правовой институционализации гражданского общества в США. Делается вывод, что существующие организационные формы и практики деятельности некоммерческого сектора результат совмещения укорененной в американском обществе традиции филантропии и гражданского участия с государственной политикой по поддержке определенных направлений деятельности некоммерческого сектора. В разные периоды американское государство использовало различные инструменты для направления добровольческой активности и благотворительных капиталов в публично важные сферы деятельности. В настоящий момент американское общество находится в процессе постоянного экспериментирования с правовой формой и статусом организаций некоммерческого сектора, которые были бы способны вобрать в себя преимущества всех трех главных секторов: государства, бизнеса и общества.

The paper dwells on the role of the regional national non-governmental organization in forming of civil society in Russian Federation and their place in the system of regional relationships and political practices in last two centuries. The author analyses citizen's participation in national non-governmental organizations as a result of a possibility of realization of a social and cultural interests and as a mechanism of interaction with government body, educational and cultural institutions ; В статье рассматривается роль региональных национальных общественных организаций в формировании гражданского общества в Российской Федерации. Определяется роль и место национальных общественных организаций в системе региональных связей и политической практике последних двух десятилетий. Участие граждан в национальных общественных объединениях рассматривается как возможность реализации общественных и культурных интересов и как механизм взаимодействия с органами власти, образовательными и культурными учреждениями