Suchergebnisse

Subsidiarity idea combining opposites makes sense as a principle of creating this diversity in unity, which ensures the integrity of autonomous structures making up the whole, preserving national, regional and cultural specificities of countries and people around the globe. The support of these processes provides the public with the opportunity to discover effective forms for the realization of self-organization and implementation of their needs and developing appropriate social structures and legal institutions regulating their activity. Through the examination of the concept of subsidiarity and aspects of its practical application in organizations, the article discusses the polarities of the different structure and management forms of the institutionalization of the principle of subsidiarity in the countries and its effect in the formation of the governance levels in the state, showing how balance of powers is achieved based on the subsidiarity principle, creating an effective mechanism of function distribution (determination of exclusive competencies) and their implementation (institutional interaction, their operational control). In structuring the institutional systems of the organization of the state, the subsidiarity concept is complemented with the elements of the management system decentralization, democratization, federalism and regional and local self-governments.

Subsidiarity idea combining opposites makes sense as a principle of creating this diversity in unity, which ensures the integrity of autonomous structures making up the whole, preserving national, regional and cultural specificities of countries and people around the globe. The support of these processes provides the public with the opportunity to discover effective forms for the realization of self-organization and implementation of their needs and developing appropriate social structures and legal institutions regulating their activity. Through the examination of the concept of subsidiarity and aspects of its practical application in organizations, the article discusses the polarities of the different structure and management forms of the institutionalization of the principle of subsidiarity in the countries and its effect in the formation of the governance levels in the state, showing how balance of powers is achieved based on the subsidiarity principle, creating an effective mechanism of function distribution (determination of exclusive competencies) and their implementation (institutional interaction, their operational control). In structuring the institutional systems of the organization of the state, the subsidiarity concept is complemented with the elements of the management system decentralization, democratization, federalism and regional and local self-governments.

The article's attention is focused on one of the most serious social and political organizational problems – the so-called disability of civilization – and on the features of the spreading of this phenomenon in Lithuania, and the Lithuanian nation. The author's own interpretation of the disability of civilization is seen as the nation and the nation based state's areas of behavior, which are filled with excessive polarization, deviance, shady economy, crime and actions lacking wisdom and/or continuity (and, therefore, strategically unplanned). Social disability promotes the scattering of anomies, social arrhythmias and social fatigue, consequently giving birth to and supporting the so-called "false consciousness", etc. The author believes that a disability of civilization is not a distinctive feature of any nation. However, in each country it has its own idiosyncrasies, determined by its historical legacy, its relationship with today's world and with globalization overshadowing it. The author also draws attention to Lithuania's approach towards a meaningful relationship with the EU.

The article's attention is focused on one of the most serious social and political organizational problems – the so-called disability of civilization – and on the features of the spreading of this phenomenon in Lithuania, and the Lithuanian nation. The author's own interpretation of the disability of civilization is seen as the nation and the nation based state's areas of behavior, which are filled with excessive polarization, deviance, shady economy, crime and actions lacking wisdom and/or continuity (and, therefore, strategically unplanned). Social disability promotes the scattering of anomies, social arrhythmias and social fatigue, consequently giving birth to and supporting the so-called "false consciousness", etc. The author believes that a disability of civilization is not a distinctive feature of any nation. However, in each country it has its own idiosyncrasies, determined by its historical legacy, its relationship with today's world and with globalization overshadowing it. The author also draws attention to Lithuania's approach towards a meaningful relationship with the EU.

Referendum processes in the six post-communist countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – have been analyzed. Classification of the referenda into categories, such as plebiscites, constitutional referenda, ratification referenda, and that of ratification, of political routine, has been proposed. Separatist referenda organized in the Republic of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria have not been recognized by international community. In the two cases, Azerbaijan and Belarus, referenda were used for a for constitutional amendments consolidating authoritarian regimes. Formal attribution of them to the simply "constitutional" would be inadequate; they rather should be categorized as sub-type of "Asian" referenda. Renewing traditional "transitional" logic, civilization theoretic approach, concept of "bridging civilization spaces" has been utilized in order to more adequate perception of processes within East European space.

Referendum processes in the six post-communist countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – have been analyzed. Classification of the referenda into categories, such as plebiscites, constitutional referenda, ratification referenda, and that of ratification, of political routine, has been proposed. Separatist referenda organized in the Republic of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria have not been recognized by international community. In the two cases, Azerbaijan and Belarus, referenda were used for a for constitutional amendments consolidating authoritarian regimes. Formal attribution of them to the simply "constitutional" would be inadequate; they rather should be categorized as sub-type of "Asian" referenda. Renewing traditional "transitional" logic, civilization theoretic approach, concept of "bridging civilization spaces" has been utilized in order to more adequate perception of processes within East European space.

Referendum processes in the six post-communist countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine – have been analyzed. Classification of the referenda into categories, such as plebiscites, constitutional referenda, ratification referenda, and that of ratification, of political routine, has been proposed. Separatist referenda organized in the Republic of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Transnistria have not been recognized by international community. In the two cases, Azerbaijan and Belarus, referenda were used for a for constitutional amendments consolidating authoritarian regimes. Formal attribution of them to the simply "constitutional" would be inadequate; they rather should be categorized as sub-type of "Asian" referenda. Renewing traditional "transitional" logic, civilization theoretic approach, concept of "bridging civilization spaces" has been utilized in order to more adequate perception of processes within East European space.

Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: Time and stones : conceptions of cultural heritage in modern Lithuania

This paper analyses the theoretical approaches of the concept of "identity", which refers to the "historisation" of public life. It is argued that throughout the history people can recognize and interpret social life and people's behaviour is affected by the projections, expectations and memories arising from a broad and defined social, cultural, and historical field in which they are available. While studying the identity of Russian society, the Soviet period is analyzed, in which a national identification was characterized by vertical interaction (human – Soviet government) by levelling down horizontal identity types like ethnic, religious, regional. It is believed that the transformation of Russian to Soviet identity in the nineteenth century overcame the crisis of imperial Russian identity, but almost completely destroyed week ethnic identity layer. The main representatives of the Eurasian concept that had a huge influence in forming the theoretical background to Russian identity were Nicholas Danilevsky (1822-1885), Nicholas Trubeckoi (1890-1938), and Lev Gumiliov (1912-1992). This article emphasizes the ideas of Trubeckoi and his opinion that Western civilization is the greatest enemy of all mankind and the greatest obstacle for the formation of other civilizations and cultures identity. Finally the real, contemporary Russian political steps are analysed which reflected the answers of the Russian identity issue. Vladimir Putin re-established the czarist and Soviet eras' symbols in this way searching for "useful history" that would unite the nation by appealing to the nostalgia. A key trend that is followed is Russia's desire to emphasize that it manages its own affairs and that the West has no right to dictate the direction of democracy or Russia identity development.

This paper analyses the theoretical approaches of the concept of "identity", which refers to the "historisation" of public life. It is argued that throughout the history people can recognize and interpret social life and people's behaviour is affected by the projections, expectations and memories arising from a broad and defined social, cultural, and historical field in which they are available. While studying the identity of Russian society, the Soviet period is analyzed, in which a national identification was characterized by vertical interaction (human – Soviet government) by levelling down horizontal identity types like ethnic, religious, regional. It is believed that the transformation of Russian to Soviet identity in the nineteenth century overcame the crisis of imperial Russian identity, but almost completely destroyed week ethnic identity layer. The main representatives of the Eurasian concept that had a huge influence in forming the theoretical background to Russian identity were Nicholas Danilevsky (1822-1885), Nicholas Trubeckoi (1890-1938), and Lev Gumiliov (1912-1992). This article emphasizes the ideas of Trubeckoi and his opinion that Western civilization is the greatest enemy of all mankind and the greatest obstacle for the formation of other civilizations and cultures identity. Finally the real, contemporary Russian political steps are analysed which reflected the answers of the Russian identity issue. Vladimir Putin re-established the czarist and Soviet eras' symbols in this way searching for "useful history" that would unite the nation by appealing to the nostalgia. A key trend that is followed is Russia's desire to emphasize that it manages its own affairs and that the West has no right to dictate the direction of democracy or Russia identity development.