Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Series: In the National Interest -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Australia on the Brink: Avoiding Environmental Ruin -- At the Edge of the Cliff -- The Global Picture -- Investing in Cleaner Energy -- Using Energy Efficiently -- Modernising Transportation -- Tackling Other Emissions -- Using the Whole Toolkit -- A Clever Country? -- The Fundamental Issue of Growth -- A Demanding Population -- A Sustainable Future Australia? -- Grounds for Cautious Optimism -- Acknowledgements -- Notes -- About this Book -- About the Author -- In the National Interest: Other Books on the Issues that Matter.

The Chinese government is going to &ldquo ; push ahead the revolution of energy production and consumption, and establish a clean, low-carbon, secure, and efficient energy system&rdquo ; which points out a direction for the energy industry in the new era. Using the analytic hierarchy process of the system analysis method, we constructed an indicator system of the modern Chinese energy system, and by determining the weighting of each indicator, we obtained the composite index of the modern Chinese energy system, as well as four sub-indexes of clean, low-carbon, secure, and efficient. Then, we investigated policy changes and energy development characteristics of important periods, and performed historical trend analysis. Finally, we forecasted the composite index and four sub-indexes by 2050, and proposed an energy development path and policy suggestions to achieve a modern Chinese energy system as soon as possible.

Waste generation and management are closed linked to population, urbanization and affluence. The waste production per capita rises as a result of many factors such as migration to urban centers, population growth, change in the habits of consume, etc. The energetic potential contained in the Urban Solid Waste has gained importance in the last years; mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism try to provide the right tools to encourage the inversion in projects that mean Greenhouse Gasses emissions reduction, and also to become valuable tools for the sustainable development of developing countries in cooperation with developed countries. The energetic security also, is becoming one of the main challenges of Chile. The country imports almost three quarters of its energetic consume, which places the country in a vulnerable situation due to the volatility of the energy prices and interruptions in the supply chains. In order to promote the diversification of the energetic matrix and achieving a higher autonomy grade Chilean government has promoted the Non Conventional Renewable Energy. The main purpose of the investigation was to set a base to understand the actual conditions of the landfills located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, as sources of landfill gas as a fuel. It also explored the different use possibilities for the gas, and the Clean Development Mechanism as auxiliary financing tool. The study attempted to become a useful tool which promotes the renewable energy sources and the improvement of the waste management conditions in Latin America.

Solar energy has been used in Indian organizations at a very slow pace. Then government of India has decided to aid consumers choosing to invest in solar in hopes of supporting "green energy" movement. Solar energy is clean and free of emission which is great for the environment. We have to select a size of a solar system in and optimum way to reduce the recurring cost of energy. In this paper we present a case study for implementing solar energy sources in order to meet an energy demand at C.C.S. University, Meerut with lowest cost. It would be beneficial to switch over to renewable energy source like solar, wind, tide and biomass. This study basically focuses on making use of solar energy as alternative source of energy. The objectives of the study are the consumption pattern of electric energy in C. C. S. University, Meerut; to study the effect of the use of solar energy in C. C. S. University, on cost of energy consumed and to study other benefits of solar energy at C. C. S. University campus, Meerut. The field of study is focused at C.C.S. University campus, Meerut and generalized findings and suggestion have been given based on the secondary data. The problem is formulated as to minimize the recurring annual expenditure of electric energy at C.C.S. University campus by use of solar energy. Classification-JEL : D23, O13, Q42

Although geothermal energy is globally recognized as a clean and reliable source of heat and electric power its development can inadvertently lead to adverse outcomes that disproportionately disadvantage women. Based on good practices and lessons learned, this report introduces ways that geothermal projects can mitigate risks and pursue opportunities to address gender gaps within the project cycle. It outlines the risks and opportunities associated with (i) changes in land and natural resource use, (ii) changes to employment and economic patterns, and (iii) changes to environment and health. Beyond mapping risks and opportunities, the report makes the case for focusing on the gaps between men and women from the project outset. Once gaps, key stakeholder risks, and additional development opportunities have been identified, project teams have an opportunity to address them through actions. The report provides guidance on how to include specific monitoring and evaluation indicators in the results framework for geothermal projects that measure progress toward closing gaps between men and women. In addition, the report contains an overview of guidance and toolkits developed, selected global case studies, and other resources so that project teams, governments, and geothermal developers have additional guidance on hand to prepare more equitable projects.

This article provides an analysis from a European perspective of the influence of environmental objectives on American energy policy. It describes how environmental legislation, such as the Clean Air Act, NEPA and the Surface Mining Act, constrains growth in the energy sector by way of cost increases in energy production and use and interference with, the pursuit of energy security (e.g., through constraints on coal extraction and use, nuclear development and off-shore exploration). At present, despite the Bush Administration's restrained position on the greenhouse effect, environmental objectives appear to have a high priority in the setting of energy policy. Thus, even before the current Gulf crisis, there was a growing interest in energy conservation as a policy objective.

Greenhouse cultivation in the Mediterranean region has undoubtedly enhanced the economic growth and has generated social benefits by making an efficient use of resources. However, these production systems caused undesirable environmental impacts. In order to move towards cleaner production in greenhouse areas, this study has assessed the potential environmental benefits and trade-offs of the integration of an on-farm reverse osmosis system powered by photovoltaic solar energy to recycle the drainage effluents from greenhouses. To that end, we compare the environmental footprint of a greenhouse tomato crop using this technology in a hydroponic system (HS), versus the conventional sanded soil 'enarenado' (CS) with free-drainage to soil. Additionally, for comparison, three independent irrigation sources (desalinated seawater with low electrical conductivity and two different mixes of underground and desalinated water, with moderate and high electrical conductivity, respectively) were evaluated. The use of desalinated seawater can help reduce the overexploitation of aquifers, although if the desalination process is not done with clean energy it also comes with a negative impact on the carbon footprint. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to analyse and evaluate six environmental impact indicators associated with these production systems and water treatments. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the potential environmental benefits of increasing the use of renewable energy for desalinated water production, whilst also curbing the common over-fertilisation malpractice reported in the study area. Based on our findings, the HS with leachate treatment technology showed, compared to the CS system, a significant reduction in the eutrophication (72 %), although it did inevitably increase the depletion of fossil fuels (43 %) global warming (37 %) and acidification (32 %) impacts, due to the need for additional infrastructure and equipment. Among the inputs considered for the cultivation systems, the greenhouse structure, and the production of fertilisers and electricity for fertigation represented the highest environmental burdens. When comparing the three irrigation treatments, it was observed that the partial substitution of desalinated seawater by brackish groundwater substantially mitigated (27 %) the global warming footprint. The sensitivity analysis revealed that a significant reduction in the environmental impact is feasible. ; This study was funded by the LIFE Program of the European Union through the DESEACROP project (LIFE16-ENV-ES-000341). Gallego-Elvira acknowledges the support from The Ministry of Science, Innovation and University ("Beatriz Galindo" Fellowship BEAGAL18/00081).

Purpose Net energy importing countries (NEICs) pursue strategic policies to reduce the consumption of energy from conventional sources and increase that of renewable energy to attain energy security and sustainable development. However, net energy exporting countries (NEECs) rely substantially on the proceeds realised from oil and gas exports to mainly NEICs to finance government activities. This paper aims to investigate the effect of increased consumption of renewable energy in developed NEICs on the Nigeria's oil and gas exports. Design/methodology/approach The study was undertaken by analysing macro-economic annual time-series data set (1980-2014) using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. Findings Both the short-run and the long-run results of the ARDL modelling reveal that renewable energy consumption in developed NEICs is affecting Nigeria's oil and gas exports negatively, thereby causing significant decrease in the amounts of revenue being generated therefrom. Research Limitations/implications Like most empirical studies, the conduct of this research has encountered some challenges. Thus, the use of rather small sample in terms of period covered (1980-2014), annual frequency of data and focus on one NEEC (Nigeria) are the key limitations of this paper. While the first two challenges were dealt with by using ARDL, future research can focus on other NEECs to extend the study. Practical Implications The findings have several policy implications, including the need for Nigeria to focus on developing internal market trajectories to increase domestic utilisation of its conventional energy rather than depending on external markets. The results also suggest the need for public policymakers to develop a strategic plan that will effectively address the external economic threat arising from the influence of global energy transition. Originality/value To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper represents the first effort to empirically examine the effect of renewable energy consumption by developed NEICs on the Nigeria's oil and gas exports. The paper contributes to the literature by providing insight into and documenting evidence that the world is taking transitioning to cleaner energy sources very seriously.

Energy is considered to be the life line of an economy, the
most vital instrument of socioeconomic development and has been
recognised as one of the most important strategic commodities [Sahir and
Qureshi (2007)]. Energy is not only essential for the economy but its
supply is uncertain [Zaleski (2001)]. Energy is a strategic source that
influenced the outcomes of wars, fueled and strangled economic
development and polluted as well as clean up the environment. In the era
of globalisation, a rapidly increasing demand for energy and dependency
of countries on energy indicate that energy will be one of the biggest
problems in the world in the next century. This requires for alternative
and renewable sources of energy. Traditional growth theories focus much
on the labour and capital as major factor of production and ignore the
importance of energy in the growth process [Stern and Cleveland (2004)].
The neo-classical production theories stresses that economic growth
increases with the increases in labour, capital and technology. Today
energy is indispensable factor and plays an important role in the
consumption as well as production process.1 Research suggests that
energy plays an important role as compared to other variables included
in the production and consumption function for countries which are at
intermediate stages of economic development [IEA (2005)]. When we
examine disaggregating components of energy demand, it is seen that
electricity is the highest quality energy component and its share in
energy consumption increases rapidly. Natural gas, petroleum and coal
follow electricity respectively.

In February 2019 Common Weal set out our vision for the design and development of Scotland's publicly-owned national energy company (NEC) and a Scottish Energy Development Agency (SEDA), which would act as a strategic body to prioritise and direct the development of new energy generation projects and associated infrastructure and fuel supply chain needs. In this paper we highlighted the particularly complex problem of how to better enable to development of district heating systems (DHS) and heat networks, and how considerable benefits to this could be unlocked through the roles of these organisations in Scotland's energy future. This new paper builds directly on this report, as well as our previous report on energy performance certificates, by reviewing the evidence for how sustainable, low / zero-carbon DHS projects have been developed elsewhere in the world, particularly in Denmark, and proposing a set of criteria for designing and delivering successful DHS projects in Scotland. The concerns raised in this report, and our proposals for addressing them, are entirely within the powers and responsibilities currently devolved to the Scottish Government. However, as recognised in our previous papers, we are of the view that there are clear and substantial benefits to be had from the full devolution of all energy powers to Scotland, and more still from becoming an independent country within the European Union. The purpose of this paper is to highlight key barriers to the successful deployment of new DHS in Scotland, conduct an extensive review of evidence on how they should be addressed, and to outline a set of criteria for use as part of strategic planning and procurement to leverage new DHS projects. These criteria have been developed in consultation with other experts with specialist knowledge of developing and deploying DHS, and are intended to deliver new DHS and heat networks that best meet the needs of Scotland's agendas for climate change, energy, employment, regeneration, fuel poverty, and community empowerment. Furthermore, the data needs for assessing these criteria can already be met from sources available to the Scottish Government. As always, we would welcome further comments from other experts and stakeholders as to how these proposals can be refined and implemented.

In the absence of industrial Eskom-IDM (Industrial Demand Management) funding, industry is forced to look elsewhere for energy efficiency project funding. This paper outlines various taxes and government incentives for cleaner production and energy efficiency technologies in the South African mining and manufacturing context. The applicability, eligibility and financial benefit for each of the following incentives are investigated: National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC); Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); Section 12I Industrial Policy Projects; Section 12L Tax Incentives; Manufacturing Competitive Enhancement Programme (MCEP); IDC Green Energy Efficiency Fund. The universal objective of these incentives is to stimulate the reduction of Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) by 34% by 2020 and 42% by 2025. This commitment was made by South Africa in the National Climate Change Response White Paper. However, in reality carbon tax, electricity cost inflation and a declining economy are the driving forces for industry to participate in these initiatives. These policies and programmes are promulgated by several different spheres of government and it is therefore important to understand the eligibility criteria when a combination of these programmes is utilised. This quick guide will create awareness and assist energy managers in the procurement of energy efficiency project funding ; http://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/xplore_conference_proceedings.html

The power sector reform experiences of developing countries vary greatly. To help explain this from a political economy perspective, this paper reviews several dozen statistical analyses, multi-country case studies, and development practice publications. The frame of reference is the model of market-oriented reforms that became a global norm in the 1990s. Findings are organized in terms of the history, theory, motives, processes and outcomes of reforms. Market orientation emerged around the 1980s as part of a shift in economic theory and policy away from state control, and was expected to improve efficiency and investments. Reform advocates never took political economy issues into full consideration. Yet, policy makers have had sociopolitical as well as technical motives for reform, such as crisis response. International norms and competition for foreign investment and trade pulled governments to model reforms, while development partners pushed them as a condition of aid. Reform implementation has been characterized by strong tensions among different public and private interests. Concretely, 1990s model reforms were based on a logic of depoliticizing pricing and investment decisions; often placing policy makers in a conflict of interest situation. Thus, the political costs and risks of reform have often exceeded the benefits perceived by local decision makers, especially as reforms did not generally result in immediate benefits for citizens. In practice, incremental, inclusive processes may be better than quick and stealthy reforms that sidestep stakeholders' concerns. While there was limited evidence of efficacy at the time the reforms were implemented, ex post the outcomes of reforms are ambiguous, as improvements in some areas have been offset by negative results elsewhere. For increasing access to electricity and clean energy, 1990s model reforms may help, but they are neither necessary nor sufficient, nor did they focus on these objectives. In conclusion, the success or failure of policy prescriptions such as 1990s model reforms are contingent on dynamic, context-specific institutions as well as factors beyond the sector. More work is needed on integrated, flexible approaches to think and work politically in the sector, and to account for new technology and diverse sector development objectives.

"Serial no. 107-45." ; Shipping list no.: 2002-0214-p ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche ; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Science." ; Cover title ; Includes bibliographical references ; Pt. 1. Clean coal technology and oil and gas R&D -- Pt. 2. Hydrogen and nuclear energy R&D legislation ; Mode of access: Internet.

In the current global environmental problems, reducing CO2 emissions is an important goal and guide for countries all over the world in developing environmental and economic policies. It has become a global consensus to jointly promote greenhouse gas emission reduction. From 1970 to 2004, CO2 emissions increased yearly, accounting for 76% of the total emissions in 2004. According to the prediction of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the total global CO2 emission reached a record of 30 billion tons in 2010. In 2005, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) specially recommended Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to achieve significant emission reduction of greenhouse gases. In 2007, the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) identified CCS as one of the six ways to deal with global climate change. The global climate conference in Cancun in 2010 incorporated CCS into the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The United States, Canada, the European Union, and other countries have taken CCS as an important part of future energy strategies and carbon emission reduction strategies and have formulated corresponding technology research plans that include Research and Development (R&D) and project demonstration. The NET-Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario proposed by the IEA for 2050 puts global CO2 capture at 1.7 gigatonnes per year in 2030 and 7.6 gigatonnes per year in 2050. Presently, CCS is a hot topic all around the world.