How do changes in climatic conditions and disaster patterns affect the persistence of civil unrest across countries over time? Existing studies postulate that changing climate conditions will exacerbate various social conflicts through their impacts on degraded environmental and economic conditions, which is further conditional on political institutions. Nevertheless, there are two major pitfalls in the existing studies. First, vulnerability as a major underlying mechanism has been used as an umbrella term or been presumed. Using vulnerability as an umbrella term has a detrimental effect on climate-conflict theory-building because it prevents scholars from deriving testable empirical implications for relevant concepts. Second, previous research has pinpointed the importance of political institutions in moderating impacts of climate on conflict, but the literature says little about what aspects of political institutions might aggravate or alleviate vulnerability to climate in ways that are simmering or amplifying civil strife. Using the structural causal approach and machine learning methods, this dissertation improves the identification of the mediation effect of vulnerability and the moderation effect of political institutions on the climate-conflict relationship. The important mechanisms and implications revealed by this study are twofold. First, this dissertation finds that the impacts of extreme climatic events are more important in shaping local vulnerability than that of annual weather variations, and that adaptive capacity is more important than economic sensitivity in mitigating local vulnerability. Annual weather variations (i.e., the slow-moving mechanics) have a significant impact on cumulative conflict hazards, whereas extreme climatic events (i.e., the fast-moving drivers) fuel onset of a new conflict. In the presence of socio-psychological vulnerabilities, an increase in annual weather variations can boil new conflicts. Second, the state capacity is more important than democracy in exacerbating a country's vulnerability to climate, and the degree of executive bribery especially plays a crucial role in moderating the impacts of vulnerability to climate on civil conflict. However, of different aspects of democracy, freedom of academic and cultural expression has the most important moderating effect on conflict. What is striking is the role of socio-psychological vulnerability in transmitting the impacts of extreme climate and weather variations on civil conflict. Mainstream conflict theory has shown that institutional and economic conditions are the most important factors determining conflicts even though socio-psychological factors are meaningful contexts. However, this present study shows that socio-psychological vulnerability is more important than institutional and economic conditions in shaping civil conflict.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food in the Nepalese context. Chitwan district of Nepal was purposively selected to analyze the rice production from the socio-economic and environmental perspective. A total of 100 rice growing farmers, 50 organic and 50 inorganic were selected as the sample for the purpose of the study using the simple random method of sampling. Primary data were collected through a pre-tested semi-structure interview schedule and key informant interviews; secondary data were collected reviewing related publications. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression and chi-square test were used for data analysis. The multiple regression revealed that the four explanatory variables included in the model: age of the household head, primary occupation of the household head, number of family members involved in agriculture and subsidy in inputs for rice farming were found to have positive and statistically significant effect on rice yield (P<0.01). Moreover, chi-square test revealed that the farming practices that contributes to climate change mitigation such as: minimum tillage practice (P<0.05), crop diversification (P<0.01), green manuring (P<0.01), agro forestry practice (P<0.05), incorporating crop residues (P<0.1), weed management practice (P<0.01) and pest management practice (P<0.01)were found to be well adopted by the organic rice farmers, in contrast, the farming practices of inorganic rice farmers were statistically and significantly different in this respect. Government should make such policy that could grave the attention of the Nepalese people towards organic agriculture; moreover, encouraging them to make it their primary occupation.
10 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107699 ; Sardine and anchovy have shown important changes in landings, biomass, abundance and body condition with time in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these changes, including the negative interaction with jellyfish blooms. Increases in jellyfish blooms may be one of the reasons for a decline in these fish stocks because several jellyfish species have been shown to feed on fish larvae and juveniles. The main aim of the present study was to test the plausible relationship between jellyfish blooms and stock dynamics (abundance, biomass, and fitness) of anchovy and sardine, and its fisheries within an ecological context of the western Mediterranean Sea. Our main hypothesis was that jellyfish blooms, in combination with other environmental drivers, could have negative effects due to their predation on early stages of small pelagic fish (direct mortality) or due to predation on zooplankton, which is also prey of the small pelagic fish at different ontogenetic stages (direct competition). To test our hypothesis, we developed Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Models to compare landings, biomass, abundance, and Kn condition factor of both species with several climatic indices, oceanographic variables, and the occurrences of jellyfish blooms. Our results revealed that the jellyfish bloom occurrence had a high probability of negatively and broadly affecting both species in addition to changes in environmental conditions. This suggests that jellyfish blooms should be added to the likely causes of change when analyzing small pelagic fish change ; This study was carried out within the Spanish Research project PELWEB (CTM2017-88939-R) funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and the Catalonian Government PELCAT projects (CAT 152CAT00013, TAIS ARP059/19/00005). [.] MC acknowledges the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC). ; Peer reviewed
This work was supported by the Latvian Council of Science , project NN-CARMA, project No. lzp-2018/1-0194. ; Background: This work studied how the exposure to an unusual substrate forced a change in microbial populations during anaerobic fermentation of crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, with freshwater sediment used as an inoculum. Results: The microbial associations almost completely (99.9%) utilized the glycerol contained in crude glycerol 6 g L−1 within four days, releasing gases, organic acids (acetic, butyric) and alcohols (ethanol, n-butanol) under anaerobic conditions. In comparison with control medium without glycerol, adding crude glycerol to the medium increased the amount of ethanol and n-butanol production and it was not significantly affected by incubation temperature (28 °C or 37 °C), nor incubation time (4 or 8 d), but it resulted in reduced amount of butyric acid. Higher volume of gas was produced at 37 °C despite the fact that the overall bacterial count was smaller than the one measured at 20 °C. Main microbial phyla of the inoculum were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. During fermentation, significant changes were observed and Firmicutes, especially Clostridium spp., began to dominate, and the number of Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria decreased accordingly. Concentration of Archaea decreased, especially in medium with crude glycerol. These changes were confirmed both by culturing and culture-independent (concentration of 16S rDNA) methods. Conclusions: Crude glycerol led to the adaptation of freshwater sediment microbial populations to this substrate. Changes of microbial community were a result of a community adaptation to a new source of carbon. How to cite: Paiders M, Nikolajeva V, Makarenkova G, et al. Changes in freshwater sediment microbial populations during fermentation of crude glycerol. ; Latvian Council of Science lzp-2018/1-0194; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²
A policy change in the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) provides us with a unique opportunity to measure the impact of carbon pricing on aviation, the most climate-intensive mode of transport. We implement a difference-in-differences strategy on a sample based on all flights within Europe from 2010 to 2016 to examine the causal impact of the EU ETS on emissions and supply. We find that the EU ETS reduced emissions by 4.7% in the regulated routes relative to the counterfactual. When we restrict the sample to short-haul flights, routes on which competition from other means of transport may exist (less than 1,000 km), the reduction in emissions is 10.7%. Finally, the reduction in emissions is also high for low-cost airlines (−11%) but it is not statistically significant for network airlines. In sum, the EU ETS has helped to mitigate emission growth by 3 Mt CO2 per year during the period analyzed, but not to reduce absolute emissions in the sector, as needed.
Reliable tree height-diameter (H-D) allometric equations are a key tool for the estimation of forest productivity and Above Ground Biomass (AGB). Most existing H-D allometric equations developed for the tropical region are based on large-scale multi-species datasets, and their use to derive information on productivity and AGB at the species level is prone to uncertainties. The single-species H-D allometric equations available are mainly focused on monocultures or stands with simple tree species mixtures and did not account for the site effects. Here we measured the height and diameter of 2,288 trees of the emergent tree species Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and in Cameroon. We first examined how accurate multispecies H-D allometric equations are in predicting the total height of P. elata. We then tested whether single-species H-D allometric equations vary between sites. We developed the first H-D allometric equation of P. elata and tested whether and how stand-level and environmental variables induce changes in H-D allometric relationship of P. elata at the regional level. We additionally evaluated whether tree-level variables are important at the local level where climate and stand development stage are expected to be less variable. We found that pantropical, regional and local H-D allometric equations significantly underestimate the total height of P. elata. The local multi-species H-D allometric equation developed for Yangambi showed the highest underestimation in all the studied sites. This result supports the need for an H-D allometric equation specific for P. elata. The species-level H-D allometric equation developed showed significant underestimations for trees from the disturbed and undisturbed forests in DRC, while overestimations were observed for similar sites in Cameroon. Using a mixed-effect H-D allometric equation, we showed that even within a single species, a substantial variation exists between sites. This variation showed to be driven by the differences in the maximum asymptotic height (Hmax) between sites. We found that P. elata trees are taller and attain higher Hmax in DRC than in Cameroon. The basal area showed to be a significant covariate accounting for the site effects at the regional-scale where climate variables showed minor effects. However, at the local-scale, none of climate or stand variables showed to be significant. Local-scale variation showed to be associated with differences in light availability, highlighting the potential of management options that shape the local environment in driving species productivity. ; Peer reviewed
Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country's water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. ; Validerad;2020;Nivå 1;2020-11-18 (johcin)
The Gnassingbé clan has ruled the country since 1967. The demand for political alternance, initiated by institutional and electoral reforms, constituted the major contentious issue between the government and the challengers of the Gnassingbé regime throughout the survey period. The legislative elections of 20 December 2018, boycotted by the major opposition parties, resulted in an easy victory of the ruling party. The first local elections since more than 30 years took finally place on 30 June 2019 and resulted in the victory of the ruling party. Shortly afterwards, in February 2020, the President won also the disputed presidential elections and even consolidated his power, assisted by the loyal army and security services. The outbreak of the Corona epidemic in Togo in April and the subsequent economic recession may have contributed to limit popular protest against the Gnassingbé regime. The human rights record of the government has improved but remains poor. Despite undeniable improvements to the framework and appearance of the regime's key institutions during the review period, democracy remains far from complete. However, the international community, notably Togo's African peers, the AU and ECOWAS, followed a 'laissez-faire' approach in the interests of regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum (before Corona). Public investment in infrastructure and increases in agricultural productivity, notably of export crops, had been the key drivers of economic growth. However, growth remains vulnerable to external shocks and the climate and has not been inclusive. Positive growth was overshadowed by increasing inter-personal and regional inequality as well as an increase in extreme poverty. Moreover, money-laundering, illegal money transfers and trafficking grew alarmingly. The business climate improved considerably nevertheless. ; Author's enhanced version ; RÉSUMÉ: Le clan Gnassingbé dirige le pays depuis 1967. La revendication d'alternance politique, initiée par des réformes institutionnelles et électorales, a constitué le principal litige entre le gouvernement et les challengers du régime Gnassingbé tout au long de la période d'enquête. Les élections législatives du 20 décembre 2018, boycottées par les principaux partis d'opposition, se sont soldées par une victoire facile du parti au pouvoir. Les premières élections locales depuis plus de 30 ans ont finalement eu lieu le 30 juin 2019 et ont abouti à la victoire du parti au pouvoir. Peu de temps après, en février 2020, le président a remporté également les élections présidentielles contestées. Par cela il a même consolidé son pouvoir, aidé par l'armée fidèle et les services de sécurité. Le déclenchement de l'épidémie de Corona au Togo en avril 2020 et la récession économique qui a suivi, ont peut-être contribué à limiter les protestations populaires contre le régime de Gnassingbé. Le bilan du gouvernement en matière de droits humains s'est amélioré, mais reste médiocre. Malgré des améliorations indéniables du cadre et de l'apparence des principales institutions du régime pendant la période à l'examen, la démocratie reste loin d'être achevée. Cependant, la communauté internationale, notamment les pairs africains du Togo, l'UA et la CEDEAO, ont suivi une approche de «laissez-faire» dans l'intérêt de la stabilité régionale et de leurs intérêts nationaux face au Togo. La croissance économique est restée stable à environ 5 % par an (avant Corona). Les investissements publics dans les infrastructures et les augmentations de la productivité agricole, notamment des cultures d'exportation, ont été les principaux moteurs de la croissance économique. Cependant, la croissance reste vulnérable aux chocs externes et au climat, et le développement n'a pas été inclusive. La croissance positive a été éclipsée par l'augmentation des inégalités interpersonnelles et régionales ainsi que par une augmentation de l'extrême pauvreté. En outre, le blanchiment d'argent, les transferts d'argent illégaux et le trafic ont augmenté de façon alarmante. Le climat des affaires s'est néanmoins considérablement amélioré. --- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Gnassingbé-Clan regiert das Land seit 1967. Die Forderung nach politischer Abwechslung, die durch institutionelle Reformen und Wahlreformen ausgelöst wurde, war das Hauptstreitpunkt zwischen der Regierung und den Herausforderern des Gnassingbé-Regimes während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraums. Die von den großen Oppositionsparteien boykottierten Parlamentswahlen vom 20. Dezember 2018 führten zu einem leichten Sieg der Regierungspartei. Die ersten Kommunalwahlen seit mehr als 30 Jahren fanden schließlich am 30. Juni 2019 statt und führten zum Sieg der Regierungspartei. Kurz darauf, im Februar 2020, gewann der Präsident auch die umstrittenen Präsidentschaftswahlen. Somit festigte er sogar seine Macht, unterstützt von der loyalen Armee und den Sicherheitsdiensten. Der Ausbruch der Corona-Epidemie in Togo im April und die anschließende wirtschaftliche Rezession haben möglicherweise dazu beigetragen, den Protest der Bevölkerung gegen das Gnassingbé-Regime zu begrenzen. Die Menschenrechtsbilanz der Regierung hat sich verbessert, ist aber weiterhin schlecht. Trotz unbestreitbarer Verbesserungen des Rahmens und des Erscheinungsbilds der wichtigsten Institutionen des Regimes im Berichtszeitraum bleibt die Demokratie bei weitem nicht umfassend. Die internationale Gemeinschaft, insbesondere die afrikanischen Kollegen Faure Gnassingbés in der AU und ECOWAS, verfolgten jedoch im Interesse der regionalen Stabilität und in ihren nationalen Interessen im Umgang mit Togo einen "Laissez-Faire"-Ansatz. Das Wirtschaftswachstum blieb stabil bei etwa 5% pro Jahr (vor Corona). Öffentliche Investitionen in die Infrastruktur und die Steigerung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität, insbesondere in Exportkulturen, waren die Haupttreiber des Wirtschaftswachstums. Das Wachstum bleibt jedoch anfällig für externe Schocks und das Klima und war nicht inklusiv. Das positive Wachstum wurde durch die zunehmende zwischenmenschliche und regionale Ungleichheit sowie die Zunahme der extremen Armut überschattet. Darüber hinaus nahmen Geldwäsche, illegale Geldtransfers und Menschenhandel alarmierend zu. Das Geschäftsklima hat sich dennoch erheblich verbessert.
Over the last 50 years there has been a paradigmatic shift in the climate of ideas and governing orthodoxy from Keynesian-corporatism to neoliberalism. Such paradigms provide the philosophical goals that are pursued by policy and practice and determine what are considered to be the legitimate means of attaining those goals. We use evolving policy and practice relating to the protection and management of street trees as a vehicle for examining the relations between the competing paradigms of corporatism and neoliberalism, and the ways that they are expressed 'on the ground'. In doing so we highlight the tensions between the amenity value and the economic value of street trees and between techniques for their estimation. The legitimacy of measures of the former, such as Helliwell and CAVAT, that embody corporatist concepts are subject to continuing challenges based on their (lack of) scientific rigour or economic principle. The strengths of measures of the latter, such as i-Tree, are emphasised on the same grounds. Such is the success of these efforts that the equation of the value of a street tree with an estimation of the price that people will pay for the ecosystem services it delivers is not seen as controversial.
APPROVED ; Interpretations of the period following the disintegration of the Carolingian empire in Western Europe at the end of the ninth century have long divided historians, between those who believe a violent rupture in political and social structures took place around the year 1000 and those who argue for an essential continuity. This thesis aims to transcend these debates, by approaching medieval society through a case-study in the Loire valley region relying on two fresh methodological insights. Firstly, it will investigate changes in the economic structures which provided society's material base; secondly, it will analyse how those ?lites claimed, performed and maintained their status. Based on these two approaches, the thesis explores changing patterns of ?lite behaviour in order to better understand the social and economic changes which took place from the late ninth century onwards. The thesis examines the effects of shifting landholding patterns, the emergence of seigneurial customs, changing attitudes to church patronage and lay violence, and the methods by which ?lites were identified in documents, to establish their implications for the ways by which ?lites could claim and maintain their status. It concludes that there was a significant and fundamental transformation of social and economic structures, beginning in the middle of the tenth century, in the middle Loire valley, although the pace of change is slower than would be appropriate for a 'Feudal Revolution'. Nevertheless, the breakdown of the Carolingian political order unleashed a wave of competition amongst local and regional ?lites, which saw them innovate and adapt the heritage of Carolingian culture to create a new, 'feudal' social order. This was fuelled by the changes in economic structures which provided ?lites with more wealth to promote their own status; the competition for status in turn fuelled ?lites' need for more wealth and their incentive for economic expansion.
Satire in verse on the King's attempt to regulate the dress and clothing styles of the French. "Hé quoy? faut-il que vos Edicts Nous fassent changer nos Habits?" ; Electronic reproduction ; [6], [2] pages; 16 cm
Early legislation relating to the art of the goldsmith and silversmith: methods of work, jewelers' marks, importation of gold and silver, role of the money-changer and lender, etc. ; Electronic reproduction; [32] p. ; 17 cm. (8vo)
A insegurança alimentar e o desperdício de alimentos são abordados pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da atual Agenda 2030, desenvolvidos pelos países membros das Nações Unidas (ONU). Cada um dos estados-membros da ONU promoveu planos, programas, estratégias e / ou legislações aprovadas, destinados a lidar com o desperdício e a perda de alimentos (DPA) ao mesmo tempo em que alcançam os objetivos de todos os ODS. Essas participações efetivas são descritas por cada país num Relatório Nacional voluntário divulgado pela ONU na sua Plataforma de Conhecimento de Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para ajudar a União Europeia (UE) a alcançar os ODS, a UE desenvolveu uma estratégia para reduzir o desperdício e a perda de alimentos, uma vez que a redução de DPA pode também: 1) lutar contra as alterações climáticas, através da redução das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE); 2) ajudar na erradicação da fome e da desnutrição, por meio da redistribuição dos alimentos resgatados; 3) gerar poupança económica para produtores e distribuidores; 4) ter impactos sociais positivos na vida das populações empobrecidas; 5) fortalecer os sistemas alimentares. Esta estratégia, denominada Estratégia Farm to Fork, apresenta uma série de ações que visam uma transição mais rápida para um sistema alimentar sustentável a qual deve ter um impacto ambiental neutro ou positivo, reverter a perda de biodiversidade, ajudar a mitigar as mudanças climáticas, garantir a segurança alimentar, nutrição e saúde pública, e preservar a acessibilidade dos alimentos. As políticas da UE com relação ao DPA são postas em prática pelos membros da UE aprovando leis ou implementando outras iniciativas para prevenir, reciclar ou reutilizar o DPA. Em Portugal, para promover a redução do desperdício alimentar através de uma abordagem integrada e multidisciplinar, a Presidência do Conselho de Ministros instituiu a Comissão Nacional de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (CNCDA). Um dos objetivos da Comissão Nacional de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (CNCDA) é identificar, avaliar e monitorizar as necessidades de adaptação da Estratégia Nacional de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (ENCDA) e do Plano de Ação de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (PACDA), apresentando relatórios periódicos ao Ministro da Agricultura. Depois de promover um inquérito às partes interessadas ao longo da cadeia alimentar, durante o 3º trimestre de 2020, o CNCDA concluiu que, exceto no canal HORECA: 1) houve um aumento nas doações / excedentes de alimentos resgatados, embora o canal HORECA não tenha seguido esta tendência global; 2) em todos os setores de atividade, a perceção geral era de que a pandemia COVID-19 tinha contribuído para a redução do desperdício de alimentos. Em simultâneo com as políticas internacionais e nacionais, os movimentos civis surgiram com o foco no combate ao desperdício, em todas as suas dimensões, da produção ao consumo. Esses movimentos têm como objetivo unir várias partes interessadas em uma luta ativa contra o desperdício de alimentos usando abordagens e possibilidades inovadoras. Uma das abordagens para combater a insegurança alimentar das famílias de baixos rendimentos, consiste em organizações de ajuda alimentar que resgatem e redistribuem os excedentes alimentares, do canal HORECA e do setor de distribuição. Como resultado, a adequação dos alimentos ou refeições distribuídas por cantinas sociais, mercearias solidárias ou bancos de alimentos têm sido objeto de investigação científica em diversos países. No entanto, os alimentos fornecidos nas organizações estudadas são, principalmente, ou adquiridos pela organização ou adquiridos por doadores que posteriormente doam esses alimentos à organização, ou ainda, em quantidades menores, resultantes de sobras de alimentos. Nessas organizações, devido ao seu custo e às necessidades de logística de transporte e refrigeração, os alimentos frescos costumavam ser fornecidos em quantidades baixas ou muito baixas. Como resultado, o teor de nutrientes das refeições e cestas de alimentos geralmente carece de vitaminas e minerais. Além disso, os resíduos alimentares sendo um reservatório de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, lípidos e outros macro e micronutrientes orgânicos e inorgânicos, podem ser considerados como uma fonte material na indústria de alimentos, indústria de ração animal ou indústria farmacêutica como aromatizantes e fragrâncias, antioxidantes, aditivos e suplementos alimentares. No entanto, como os processos de extração industrial exigem know-how e consomem mais tempo, materiais, energia e recursos humanos, a maneira mais favorável do ponto de vista ambiental de aumentar o ciclo de alimentos é usá-los como estão, para alimentar a população em insegurança alimentar. Tanto quanto sabemos, nenhuma outra investigação mediu e avaliou a contribuição de alimentos frescos ou preparados na hora, para uma dieta equilibrada de famílias de baixos rendimentos. Assim, nesta tese de doutoramento, pretendeu-se explorar as formas como o desperdício de alimentos é reciclado, focando principalmente no processo que leva ao consumo humano, medindo seus resultados no que diz respeito à quantidade de micro e micronutrientes reaproveitados, para a contribuição para uma alimentação equilibrada, para o alívio da insegurança alimentar e, finalmente, para a contribuição para o alcance dos ODS. Com base na lacuna de investigação identificada acima, esta tese é regida por quatro questões investigativas principais: a) Com é que o desperdício de alimentar está a ser reutilizado? b) Como é que os alimentos reciclados podem contribuir para a dieta equilibrada de famílias de baixos rendimentos? c) Qual é o conteúdo nutricional dos alimentos resgatados e redistribuídos veiculados por uma organização de ajuda alimentar, em relação aos valores de doses diárias recomendadas? d) Como é que o processo de reciclagem e redistribuição de alimentos pode contribuir para o cumprimento dos ODS? Derivando destas questões, foram estabelecidos seis objetivos principais de pesquisa: i) Fornecer uma atualização sobre o que foi encontrado para aumentar a reutilização do desperdício alimentar como um material ou fonte de energia, mas também para encontrar soluções de uso de desperdícios alimentares para consumo humano. ii) Avaliar o contributo dos alimentos frescos ou acabados de confecionar, resgatados e redistribuídos como complemento da alimentação das famílias de baixos rendimentos, de acordo como guia alimentar português (Roda dos Alimentos), utilizando a organização Refood-Leiria como estudo de caso. Esta avaliação é feita, em primeiro lugar, apenas considerando os dados categorizados como alimentos redistribuídos pertencentes à Roda dos Alimentos Portuguesa. Em segundo lugar, são considerados os dados totais, pertencentes ou não à Roda dos Alimentos Portuguesa, o que permite também a terceira avaliação, que consiste em comparar os alimentos reciclados, na organização do estudo de caso, com o padrão alimentar da população portuguesa em geral. iii) Quantificar os nutrientes dos alimentos resgatados e redistribuídos na organização do estudo de caso. iv) Avaliar como esses nutrientes contribuem para aliviar a insegurança alimentar das famílias beneficiárias. v) Avaliar as formas pelas quais o processo de reaproveitamento de alimentos frescos pode contribuir para o alcance dos ODS. vi) Propor uma estratégia para tornar o processo de resgate e redistribuição de alimentos uma atividade perene, naturalmente integrada na vida dos cidadãos. O projeto de investigação escolhido leva naturalmente a um desenvolvimento de pesquisa sequencial. A questão-chave inicial no início desta pesquisa foi "O que está a ser feito para melhorar a reutilização dos alimentos, principalmente para consumo humano?". Após pesquisa exploratória da literatura, realizou-se a reflexão crítica, identificou-se uma possível organização do estudo de caso, foram estabelecidas questões de pesquisa mais específicas e consequentes objetivos iniciais. Além disso, um projeto à escala de uma tese de doutoramento requer constante aperfeiçoamento e adaptação. Assim, num processo iterativo, os objetivos iniciais i), ii) e iii) foram expandidos para iv), v) e vi). Em termos de materiais, novamente num processo iterativo, paralelamente à constante pesquisa bibliográfica, foram solicitadas autorizações, na organização do estudo de caso, para recolha de dados relativos aos alimentos redistribuídos e dados sociodemográficos. Foram pesquisadas e selecionadas ferramentas adequadas para avaliar o conteúdo nutricional dos alimentos redistribuídos e sua adequação, bem como valores de referência nutricional e guias alimentares. Para medir a insegurança alimentar, foi selecionada a Escala de Experiência em Insegurança Alimentar (FIES). Os programas utilizados na análise e tratamento dos dados foram o Food Processor Plus® (ESHA Research, Salem, Oregon), Microsoft Excel Office® 365 e IBM® SPSS® Statistics versão 27 para Windows®. Esta tese tem um formato cumulativo e baseia-se em três publicações científicas com revisão por pares, resultantes das diferentes fases da investigação. As publicações foram organizadas em três partes principais. A Parte I é baseada no capítulo do livro "Rerouting Food Waste for Climate Change adaptation: the paths of research", apresentado no 4th World Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation WSCCA- 2021), que decorreu em paralelo com a COP26 em Glasgow, Scotland, a 3 de novembro de 2021, e aceite como capítulo do livro 4th World Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation Book - "Climate Change Strategies: handling the challenges of adapting to a changing climate", a publicar na editora Springer. Fornece uma compilação de como a investigação para a reutilização de DPA tem evoluído desde a crise económica de 2008, para encontrar soluções inovadoras de uso de DPA tanto como fonte de biomateriais e bioenergia, como para consumo humano para combater a insegurança alimentar. Os resultados são discutidos sob as seguintes perspetivas: distribuição geográfica da instituição do autor, categorias temáticas e palavras-chave dos autores. Foram identificadas as tendências atuais e previsíveis na gestão de resíduos alimentares como matéria-prima e para a segurança alimentar. Verifica-se que os campos de interesse da pesquisa de DPA têm sido, por um lado, o desperdício alimentar como fonte de matériaprima para a produção dos biocombustíveis e dos biomateriais e, por outro lado, a reciclagem dos resíduos alimentares para consumo humano, como solução para a insegurança alimentar. A Parte II é baseada no artigo "The Contribution of Up-Cycled Food Waste to a Balanced Diet of Low-Income Households" publicado na revista Sustainability (2021), 13 (9): 4779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094779 e compreende a avaliação da contribuição de alimentos frescos ou recém confecionados, resgatados e redistribuídos para complementar a dieta familiar de baixo rendimento, de acordo com o guia alimentar português (Roda dos Alimentos), tendo como estudo de caso a organização Refood-Leiria. Em primeiro lugar, apenas são considerados os dados categorizados como alimentos redistribuídos pertencentes à Roda Alimentar Portuguesa. Em segundo lugar, são tidos em consideração os dados totais, pertencentes ou não à Roda dos Alimentos Portuguesa, o que permitirá também a terceira avaliação que consiste na comparação dos dados recolhidos, relativos a alimentos resgatados e redistribuídos, com o padrão alimentar da população portuguesa em geral. Os resultados sugerem que os alimentos reciclados podem contribuir para uma alimentação mais equilibrada em termos de "Batata, Cereais e Produtos de Cereais", "Legumes", "Carne, Peixe, Marisco e Ovos" e "Frutas", ambos de acordo com a Roda Alimentar Portuguesa e em comparação com a população portuguesa em geral. A Parte III é baseada no artigo "The Nutritional Content of Rescued Food Conveyed by a Food Aid Organization", publicado na revista International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2021), 18(22):12212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212212. Concentra-se na determinação do conteúdo nutricional de cestas de alimentos fornecidos pela nossa organização de estudo de caso. Todos os itens de cestas de alimentos são pesados, em três rodadas de pesagem durante um período de quatro meses. A Escala de Experiência de Insegurança Alimentar (FIES) foi aplicada para medir a insegurança alimentar das famílias. Os resultados mostraram que, no nosso estudo de caso de organização de ajuda alimentar, as doações de alimentos contribuem substancialmente para a ingestão da Dose Diária Recomendada (DDR) de energia, macro e micronutrientes. Ao avaliar como esses nutrientes contribuem para aliviar a insegurança alimentar das famílias beneficiárias, concluímos que a perceção de insegurança alimentar é independente da quantidade de nutrientes servidos. Tanto quanto sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo que mede o conteúdo nutricional de alimentos resgatados frescos ou recém confecionados, redistribuídos por uma organização de ajuda alimentar. Essas três partes são acompanhadas de um capítulo anterior, uma introdução geral à tese, e um último capítulo sobre as reflexões e conclusões finais em que as questões de pesquisa são respondidas. Limitações do estudo, bem como uma perspetiva sobre futuras investigações estão incluídas no último capítulo desta tese, seguidas pela bibliografia compilando todas as fontes citadas de todos os capítulos. Ao final da tese, são fornecidos dois apêndices, nos quais estão organizados todos os materiais de pesquisa relevantes, como os diagramas metodológicos da Parte II e da Parte III, Escala de Insegurança Alimentar em Língua Inglesa e Língua Portuguesa. O Apêndice B contém o diagrama da metodologia usado na parte II, e o Apêndice C contém todos os materiais usados na parte III. ; There has been a growing concern in food waste and food loss reduction while the number of food insecure families in the European Union has increased resulting in an increasing number of households depending on food assistance programs. The practice of up-cycling food to improve the diet of low-income households not only tackles food wastage and food insecurity, but also has the potential to contribute to the fulfilment of other Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) (SDG 2 and SDG 12, as well as the potential to contribute to the fulfilment of other SDG, such as SDG 1, SDG 3, SDG 10, and SDG 13). After having conducted a scientific literature compilation in the food waste reuse field adopting a methodology based on the use selected key words, extracted results were divided in two categories: raw material and food security. Actual and predictable trends on food waste management were identified for both categories: food waste is regarded as a source of raw materials to produce biofuels and high value biomaterials, or as a solution to food insecurity through food aid organizations. However, there has been an increasing concern with the adequacy of food provided by these organizations, whether up cycled or not, due a lack a fresh food. Therefore, we endeavoured in a pilot study concerning the contribution of up-cycled fresh food to vulnerable households. This study analyses the contribution to a balanced diet of an upcycling food organization which rescues and redistributes fresh or freshly cooked food to low-income households, to determine the nutritional balance of food hampers provided by our case study organization, according to the Portuguese food guidelines. We also evaluate the ways in which the process of upcycling fresh food can contribute to achieve SDG. We determine the nutritional content of food hampers provided by our case study organization, weighing all items of food hampers in three weighing rounds over a period of four months. To evaluate how these nutrients contribute to alleviate food insecurity of the beneficiary households, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was applied to measure households´ food insecurity. In the conclusion we propose a strategy to make the food rescue and redistribution process a perennial activity, naturally integrated into citizens´ lives.
Inclui correções e alterações sugeridas pelo Júri. ; The COVID-19 pandemic is the disaster of the 21st century, the disease that shook the world and change life of entire populations. Its tremendous negative impact on economy caused permanent changes in organizational functioning, triggering companies to create crisis management strategies and adopt new innovative practices. The agro-sector was not an exemption. Considering that this sector manifests constant growth related to not only the increase of human population, but also to continuous life-style changes, it is crucial to develop recovery strategies on organizational and governmental levels. Therefore this study provides the general overview of crisis management concept with its main characteristics and frameworks; analyses the importance of innovation in agro-sector; offers agro-sector overview; examines the pandemic's impact on this particular sector and some of the recovery strategies; and explores the attitudes of agro-sector professionals towards COVID-19 crisis in two countries – Portugal and Russia. This research intends to discover differences and similarities in crisis management solutions between agro business professionals in both countries, as well as possible approaches to crisis outcome minimization. ; A pandemia COVID-19 é a tragédia do século XXI, a doença que abalou o mundo e mudou a vida de populações inteiras. O seu forte impacto negativo na economia provocou mudanças permanentes no funcionamento organizacional, levando as empresas a criar estratégias de gestão de crise e a adotar as novas práticas inovadoras. O setor agrícola não foi a exceção. Visto que este sector demonstra um crescimento constante relacionado não apenas com o aumento da população a nível mundial, mas também com as mudanças contínuas no seu estilo de vida, um desenvolvimento de estratégias de recuperação a nível organizacional e governamental torna-se imperativo. Deste modo, este estudo oferece um panorama geral do conceito de gestão de crise com as suas principais características e estruturas; analisa a importância da inovação no setor agrícola; oferece uma visão geral do setor; apresenta o impacto da pandemia neste sector e algumas das estratégias de recuperação; por fim, explora as atitudes dos profissionais do setor agrícola em relação à crise da COVID-19 em dois países – em Portugal e na Rússia. Esta investigação pretende descobrir as diferenças e semelhanças nas soluções de gestão de crise entre os profissionais de agro-negócios de ambos os países, bem como os possíveis abordagens relativamente à minimização dos impactos da crise.
Discrimination against minority groups still occurs in Indonesia, both in the form of verbal and non-verbal violence. The last discrimination that occurred was the closure of the Ahmadiyah Mosque in Garut, West Java in 2021. According to Foucault, discrimination occurs due to the existence of a power system to regulate knowledge and hegemony in society through the normalization of knowledge which is a tool of power so that discrimination and even intolerance can be justified in society. The Wawuh boardgame is a medium for spreading tolerance and peace through 9 basic human rights, namely; the right to life, the right to receive, the right to work, the right to health, the right to education, the right to facilities, the right to protection, the right to voice, and the right to administration. This study aims to determine the extent of changes in perspective and behavior of tolerance after playing the Wawuh Boardgame. This game is played to members of the Scouts of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Batch 39 who have not been exposed to the issue of peace and violence based on minority group discrimination. This research method uses a combined qualitative and quantitative approach because the data collection uses a questionnaire whose results will be described in written form and the researcher can describe with a clear purpose. The results and discussion of this study prove that there is an attitude of tolerance and a change in perspective by 86% as well as increasing information about minority groups against members of the Scouts of UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Batch 39. The conclusion of this study is that the Wawuh Boardgame is effective in campaigning for peace and can introduce minority groups as well as being able to prevent discrimination at all levels.
