Partiendo de la baja masa crítica de comportamiento medioambiental en España y el análisis de las limitaciones para alcanzar el reto urgente de lograr una reducción de emisiones GEI, este artículo tiene por objetivo evaluar la tendencia del videojuego serio medioambiental como medio digital interactivo para adquirir hábitos de comportamiento ecológico en España. Se analiza la revolucionaria aportación de la tecnología de "gamificación" para lograr entretener y divertir con videojuegos educativos. Se concluye y recomiendan actividades para que los actores sociales públicos y privados se impliquen en difundir y mejorar los videojuegos medioambientales actualmente disponibles en España. Y se destaca su oportunidad de participar en nuevos desarrollos participativos, con empresas del sector de videojuegos, orientados a atender necesidades de formación medioambiental de grupos sociales. ; Through almost 20 years of public policies to reduce GHG emissiones to mitigate climate change, fortunately the level of sensitivity facing the problem has been increasing among the citizens of contruies like Spain and similar countries. However, dates indicate that, in practice, civic and business behavior remain highly polluting in transport, agriculture, industry, waste, etc. The surveys confirm a strong imbalance between intellectual knowledge of the problem, by the citicenry or the business community, regarding the mitigating behavior of climate change, when consuming and producing. Serious environmental video games are emerging since 2005 as interactive digital instruments capable of accelerating the experimental learning of ecological behavioral habits. Others resources such as watching television, video, cinema, reading, etc, are passive and slower on their own and the video game is able to combine all of them together with the subject's own imagination. This article delves into the imbalance between knowledge and behavior in order to outline the future unsatisfied demand for serious environmental video games in Spain. The study includes a tour of the video game sector in Spain and the current offer of serious environmental video games avaliable. The conclusions show a predominance of the game with role of politician, that abundantly documents the player in his decisions and directed to individual young men or for educational support. The unattended requirement of games for a multitude of feminine and masculine roles of different ages and professiones is observed practicing behaviors of daily life and work.
Partiendo de la baja masa crítica de comportamiento medioambiental en España y el análisis de las limitaciones para alcanzar el reto urgente de lograr una reducción de emisiones GEI, este artículo tiene por objetivo evaluar la tendencia del videojuego serio medioambiental como medio digital interactivo para adquirir hábitos de comportamiento ecológico en España. Se analiza la revolucionaria aportación de la tecnología de "gamificación" para lograr entretener y divertir con videojuegos educativos. Se concluye y recomiendan actividades para que los actores sociales públicos y privados se impliquen en difundir y mejorar los videojuegos medioambientales actualmente disponibles en España. Y se destaca su oportunidad de participar en nuevos desarrollos participativos, con empresas del sector de videojuegos, orientados a atender necesidades de formación medioambiental de grupos sociales. Through almost 20 years of public policies to reduce GHG emissiones to mitigate climate change, fortunately the level of sensitivity facing the problem has been increasing among the citizens of contruies like Spain and similar countries. However, dates indicate that, in practice, civic and business behavior remain highly polluting in transport, agriculture, industry, waste, etc. The surveys confirm a strong imbalance between intellectual knowledge of the problem, by the citicenry or the business community, regarding the mitigating behavior of climate change, when consuming and producing. Serious environmental video games are emerging since 2005 as interactive digital instruments capable of accelerating the experimental learning of ecological behavioral habits. Others resources such as watching television, video, cinema, reading, etc, are passive and slower on their own and the video game is able to combine all of them together with the subject's own imagination. This article delves into the imbalance between knowledge and behavior in order to outline the future unsatisfied demand for serious environmental video games in Spain. The study includes a tour of the video game sector in Spain and the current offer of serious environmental video games avaliable. The conclusions show a predominance of the game with role of politician, that abundantly documents the player in his decisions and directed to individual young men or for educational support. The unattended requirement of games for a multitude of feminine and masculine roles of different ages and professiones is observed practicing behaviors of daily life and work.
The People's Republic of China, the European Union and the United States of America are responsible for just under half of global greenhouse gas emissions and almost half of global energy consumption. Therefore, Beijing's, Brussels' and Washington's policies have far-reaching implications for global climate and environmental security. International cooperation on climate change has stagnated in recent years; nevertheless, 2021 and 2022 may mark a shift in the global response to the problem, increasing cooperative climate diplomacy. Countries are scheduled to submit revised commitments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and negotiate at the Conference of the Parties (COP26) and (COP27) to bring global mitigation plans back into compliance with the Paris Agreement targets. While the US has at times been inconsistent in its climate change policy, the EU has remained committed, and China has hastened the transition to low-cost renewables energy. In real life, cooperation, rivalry, and consistency are essential. With the COVID-19 pandemic causing uncertainty in many developed countries and vaccination programs still in their early stages, several factors will determine the priority of climate change action, as well as the level of international climate cooperation and competition: the effects of COVID-19 on energy supply, demand and emissions; the nature and extent of measures in economic recovery packages; and the speed or slowness of the energy transition. ; La República Popular China, la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos de Norteamérica son responsables de poco menos de la mitad de las emisiones mundiales de gases de efecto invernadero y de casi la mitad del consumo energético. Por ello, las políticas de Pekín, Bruselas y Washington tienen implicaciones de mucho alcance para el clima mundial y la seguridad medioambiental. La cooperación internacional en materia de cambio climático se ha estancado en los últimos años; sin embargo, 2021 y 2022 puede marcar un cambio en la respuesta ...
El presente artículo describe un estudio de caso de los retos para la puesta en marcha de una política pública de doble dividendo —que genera beneficios económicos y ambientales de manera simultánea— en el contexto de posibles iniciativas de mitigación ante el cambio climático. Se analiza la génesis y desarrollo del Proyecto nacional de eficiencia energética en alumbrado público municipal en México. Se describe el análisis de factibilidad técnica y económica, del cual se desprende que existen amplias oportunidades de inversión rentables con una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) promedio de 63% y una posible captura de 15 929 t de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e), que representa una reducción de 30% con respecto a las emisiones que se generarían sin la inversión. Asimismo, describe obstáculos diversos para su realización y estrategias de política para enfrentarlos. Finalmente, se presentan los resultados logrados hasta la fecha. Este artículo ilustra cómo implementar medidas que aporten al desarrollo sustentable, considerando elementos de eficiencia económica, social y ambiental, así como la dimensión política. ; In this article we describe a case study of policy challenges for the implementation of a public policy which generates social, economic and environmental benefits simultaneously and thus achieving climate change mitigation. Specifically, we analyze the creation of the National Energy Efficiency Project for Municipal Street Lighting in Mexico. We present a technical and economic analysis which identifies profitable investment opportunities yielding an average Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 63% and a capture of 15 929 carbon dioxide equivalent tons. We describe the obstacles faced by the stakeholders in the implementation of the project as well as its latest performance. This article presents evidence of how it is possible to implement measures contributing to sustainable development by considering elements of social, economic and environmental efficiency while coping with its policy constraints.
"En los estados del sur de México, entre un 25% y un 55% de los hogares dependen de la leña para cocinar, lo cual trae consecuencias en el ambiente, el desarrollo y la salud. No obstante, el conocimiento de estas consecuencias y la migración hacia combustibles modernos ha permanecido relegada de las políticas de desarrollo. En este trabajo, partiendo de una descripción del panorama de uso de leña en el país y su importancia como fuente de energía, se presenta una aproximación para estimar ahorros en emisiones de CO2 logrables por la transición a gas licuado a presión (GLP), los cuales pueden alcanzar 3.14 Mt CO2e, 26% menos que el escenario base. Se finaliza con una discusión de la transición hacia combustibles modernos, las barreras que la impiden y los logros y fallos de la distribución de estufas ahorradoras de leña, la principal iniciativa gubernamental para aliviar el consumo de leña en el país." ; "Between 25% and 55% of households in southern Mexico depend on biomass for cooking, which carries serious consequences on the environment, development and health. In spite of the knowledge of these consequences, transition from biomass to modern fuels has remained outside energy and development policies. In the present work, after describing the panorama of fuelwood use in the country and its importance as an energy source, an approach is presented for estimating CO2 savings achievable by transition to pressurized liquefied gas (LP). These savings can reach 3.14 Mt CO2e, 26% less than the baseline scenario. At the end we discuss on the transition to modern fuels in Mexico, the barriers that hinder it and the achievements and failures of the distribution of fuelwood saving cookstoves, as the only and most important governmental initiative to alleviate biomass use, comparing it with other priorities in the government's agenda."
Climate Change is one of the problems faced in Nicaragua, whose policy of attention is based on the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change 2010-2015 and taken up in Article 60 of the Political Constitution of the country, referred to in Article 60 of the same, and the National Plan of Human Development. Both agree that the deforestation of large areas of the territory has led to soil erosion and the increase of dry areas, putting at risk the food security of the population, the economy, trade and biodiversity. This article is a reflection on the social role of the university in the training of professionals with a broad vision and awareness for adaptation and mitigation to climate change, a role that can be strengthened and impact through the establishment of an institutional policy in the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, Managua, as an instrument that facilitates an integral action, taking into account the potential resources of all the actors that converge in this alma mater, which in an articulated manner allow the coordination and reduction of the adverse impacts of climate change , and offer a framework of actions that contribute to increasing environmental resilience.Keywords: institutional policy, adaptation to climate change, mitigation to climate change. ; El Cambio Climático es una de las problemáticas que enfrenta Nicaragua, cuya política de atención está sustentada en la Estrategia Nacional de adaptación al cambio climático 2010-2015 y retomada en el artículo 60 de la Constitución Política del país, referida en el artículo 60 de la misma, y el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Humano. Ambas coinciden que la deforestación de grandes extensiones del territorio, ha provocado la erosión del suelo y el aumento de zonas secas poniendo en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria de la población, la economía, el comercio y la biodiversidad. Este artículo es una reflexión sobre el rol social de la universidad en la formación de los profesionales con una amplia visión y sensibilización para la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático, papel que puede ser fortalecido y de impacto a través del establecimiento de una política institucional en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua, como instrumento que facilite un accionar integral, tomando en cuenta los recursos potenciales de todos los actores que convergen en esta alma mater, que de manera articulada permitan la coordinación y disminución de los impactos adversos del cambio climático, y ofrecer un marco de acciones que contribuyan a incrementar la resiliencia ambiental.Palabras clave: política institucional, adaptación al cambio climático, mitigación al cambio climático.
RESUMEN: El Cambio Climático es un problema de interés mundial que no hace distinción de territorios, ni sectores económicos. El turismo no es ajeno a las consecuencias que este genera sobre los ecosistemas ya que, este es totalmente dependiente de las condiciones climáticas, partiendo del hecho que su funcionamiento implica la participación de sectores que contribuyen significativamente a las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero-GEI, los cuales son los principales precursores de la problemática por parte de la intervención antrópica. Por estas razones el sector turístico se ha visto en la necesidad de implementar acciones de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, que minimicen el impacto generado por el sector y le permitan estar preparado ante las adversidades ocasionadas por el fenómeno en las condiciones climáticas presentes y futuras. En este documento se presenta una revisión de las estrategias de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático en el sector turístico, a partir de información generada por entidades rectoras a nivel nacional e internacional; por medio del análisis de la misma se concluyó que el sector turístico ha establecido diversas acciones encaminadas a enfrentar el Cambio Climático acorde a los principios para una mitigación y adaptación eficaz establecidos por el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático-IPCC , especialmente en el sector público y parte del sector privado, pese a esto aún existen algunos aspectos por mejorar dirigidos a la formulación de políticas climáticas y la identificación de limitaciones que pueden obstaculizar la planificación en materia de adaptación . Para el caso de Colombia es importante establecer una mejor conectividad entre las acciones y tener mayor liderazgo sectorial desde el gobierno y las empresas. ; ABSTRACT : Climate Change is a problem of global interest that has no distinction of territories or economic sectors. Tourism is not oblivious to the consequences that this genre has on ecosystems, since it is totally dependent on climatic conditions, based on the fact that its operation implies the participation of the sectors that affect greenhouse gas-GHG emissions, which are the main precursors of the problem on the part of the anthropic intervention. For these reasons, the tourism sector has seen the need to implement mitigation and adaptation actions to climate change, which minimizes the impact generated by sector and the frequency of being prepared for the adversities caused by the phenomenon in present and future climatic conditions. This document presents a review of mitigation and adaptation strategies to climate change in the tourism sector, based on information generated by governing bodies at the national and international level; Through its analysis, it was concluded that the tourism sector has established various actions aimed at addressing Climate Change according to the principles for effective mitigation and adaptation established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-IPCC, especially in the public sector and From the private sector, despite this, there are still some areas for improvement aimed at formulating climate policies and identifying limitations that may hinder adaptation planning. In the case of Colombia, it is important to establish better connectivity between actions and to have greater sector leadership from the government and companies.
Caribbean economies, lifestyles, activities, practices and operational cycles are intricately linked to climate, making them vulnerable to its variations and/or changes. As examples, climate extremes impact agriculture, fisheries, health, tourism, water availability, recreation, and energy usage, among other things. There is however limited incorporation of climate information in the long term developmental plans and policies of the region. This is in part due to a knowledge deficit about climate change, it's likely manifestation in the region and the possible impact on Caribbean societies. In this paper, a review of the growing bank of knowledge about Caribbean climate science; variability and change is undertaken. Insight is offered into the basic science of climate change, past trends and future projections for Caribbean climate, and the possible implications for the region. In the end a case is made for a greater response to the threats posed by climate change on the basis of the sufficiency of our current knowledge of Caribbean climate science. A general profile of what the response may look like is also offered. ; Las economías de los países caribeños, los estilos de vida, las actividades, y las prácticas y ciclos operativos están íntimamente ligados al clima, por lo que estas sociedades son vulnerables a los cambios y/o las variaciones del mismo. Los extremos climáticos afectan la agricultura, pesca, salud, turismo, disponibilidad de agua, recreación, uso de energía, para sólo mencionar algunos ejemplos. Sin embargo, no se incorpora mucha información acerca del clima en los planes de desarrollo a largo plazo ni en el desarrollo de políticas públicas de la región. Esto se debe en parte a un desconocimiento acerca del cambio climático, su manifestación probable en la región y su posible impacto en las sociedades caribeñas. Este artículo presenta una revisión del creciente banco de conocimiento sobre la ciencia climática caribeña; sus cambios y variabilidad. Se ofrece una breve descripción de los fundamentos de la ciencia que estudia el cambio climático, las tendenciaspasadas y las proyecciones futuras para el clima en el Caribe, así como los posibles impactos para la región. Al final se aboga por que haya una mayor respuesta a las amenazas que representan los cambios climáticos entendiendo que la ciencia climática caribeña cuenta con suficiente información actualizada. Además, se presenta un perfil general de cómo podría ser tal respuesta. ; Les économies des pays caribéens, les modes de vie, les activités, les pratiques et les cycles opérationnels sont intimement liés au climat, à cause de la vulnérabilité de ces sociétés face aux changements climatiques et/ou aux variations de ces deniers. Les extrêmes climatiques affectent l'agriculture, la pêche, la santé, le tourisme, l'approvisionnement en eau, la consommation d'énergie, pour ne citer que quelques exemples. Cependant, peu d'importance est accordé au climat dans les plans de développement à long terme, ni dans le développement des politiques publiques de la région. Ceci est dû en partie à un manque de connaissance sur le changement climatique, sa probable manifestation dans la région et son possible impact dans les sociétés caribéennes. Cet article présente une vue d'ensemble de la croissante banque de connaissances sur la science du climat caribéen ; ses changements et ses variabilités. On propose une brève description des éléments fondamentaux de la science qui étudie le changement climatique, les tendances passées et les projections futures pour le climat dans la Caraïbe, ainsi que les menaces que représentent les changements climatiques, tout en considérant que tenant compte la science climatique caribéenne dispose suffisamment de données récentes. En outre, on présente un aperçu général de la façon dont le problème climatique pourrait être abordé.
The population of environmentally displaced people has increased recently, thus this article aims to address the challenges climate change may impose on Nation-States concerning human rights in relation to forced migration. The relationship between climate change and forced migration will be studied in order to present the problems arising from the allocation of international responsibility among States and the international protection (or the lack thereof) of "Climate Refugees" and stateless persons caused by the disappearance of Nation- States under climate change; solutions will be proposed under the existing International Human Rights Law.
Climate change is the biggest problem that humanity has faced in recent decades, one of the main causes are the greenhouse gases (GHG). To mitigate it, it has been proposed and international agreement in Paris 2016, known as COP21 by several countries. On it, the Colombian government got engaged a 20% reduction on its GHG to achieve it they will focus on the energy sector and deforestation to zero in the Colombian Amazon. This article analyzes the implications and challenges of energy policies for GHG mitigation in Colombia related to opportunities in energy demand, electric power generation sources, smart grid systems, reduction on energy loss in transport, demand schemes and management of methane in carbon deposits. The main conclusion reached in this analysis is that in energy matters COP21 objectives will not be met, the strategies that the government has chosen are not well focused based on the emission source in the country, ve of the six strategies have not yet been legislated and much less implemented. Being in the second semester of 2020, the objectives will not be met this year or in the short term, the government opted for strategies that could not have been achieved
*Bayartsengel Damdinjav, Chuck Davis, Steven Jones, Zach Long, Claudia Risner, Sydney Sheppard, Christina Slentz Climate change is the global challenge of the twenty-first century, a threat that carries dire environmental, social, security, and economic implications for every region of the world. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the primary driver of climate change is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions attributed to human activities. Although climate change must be met with a comprehensive global response in order to effectively address the effects of harmful greenhouse gases (GHG), these efforts depend on the actions taking place within nations. The United States, the greatest per-capita emitter of GHG, and China, that produces the largest amount of GHG overall, bear a good deal of responsibility for the problem. The United States, in particular, with its rejection of the Kyoto Protocol and its inability to craft a viable climate change agenda, has failed to offer the leadership needed to secure meaningful reductions in GHG. This essay seeks to establish perspective by profiling the political, social, and economic circumstances within six nations (three advanced industrial countries and three newly modernizing countries) and the European Union (EU) in order to better understand the dynamics involved in achieving a global solution to climate change.Case Studies1.- European UnionThe European Union has led the push for climate change regulationsto curb emissions 30% by 2030 and 80%-95% by 2050. To reach that goal, it has invested significant funds targetting 20% of the EU budget from 2014-2020 towards climate related measures. The EU believes that climate change policies will not only preserve the planet for generations to come but will also create greater long-term health and economic benefits. This position can be attributed to the lack of politicization of climate change in the EU allowing politicians to advocate forward thinking policies without the constant fear of political or electoral retribution. Furthermore, the close proximity of EU member states and their relatively small size creates an "all in this together" mentality allowing them to harness their resources to compete with larger world powers.2.- United KingdomWidely acknowledged as one of the foremost countries addressing climate change, the United Kingdom moved definitively to establish a science-based framework for approaching this global phenomenon even prior to the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. This de-politicizing effort is revealed in the staunch support of conservatives like Margaret Thatcher, whose instrumental leadership set this critical tone and aided in the formation of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1990, and Tony Blair, who seized his 2005 G-8 presidential term as an opportunity to promote the reduction of GHG through mitigation technologies, sustainable energy, and adaptation strategies. The UK has fostered domestic integration of climate and energy policies to reduce ill effects at home as well as international cooperation in the form of a post-Kyoto strategy and the ongoing European Union's Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), designed to blend climate change collaborative goals of equity distribution and cost effectiveness.3.- CanadaCanada's efforts to address climate change can be best described as leaping forward, stepping back and, finally, standing in place. An original early proponent for mitigation since 1975, under the Chrétien administration in the 1990s, the country committed to relatively aggressive reductions - - a 30% decrease over projected 2010 emissions - - as part of the Kyoto Protocol. However, a clear implementation plan proved elusive until 2005, at which time "Project Green" successfully established meaningful initiatives. Although temporarily rolled back the following year under the more business-friendly Harper administration, a brief surge in climate change public awareness subsequently forced the return of some mitigation initiatives. Currently, climate change policy stagnation is largely explained by prioritizing economic growth over environmental concernsparticularly in the wake of the 2008 Credit Crisis.It is further complicated by Canada's neighbor to the south - - the administration of President Barack Obama who supports addressing GHG emissions and a clean energy future.4.- AustraliaAustralia's international position on climate change reflects its domestic policy agenda. For the first 10-years of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997-2007, Australia was a climate change laggard based on both its refusal to ratify the agreement and its largely symbolic GHG reduction policies. In 2007, Australia ratified the Protocol and implemented stringent abatement policies but is now reversing course. What caused the shifts Down Under? Two domestic factors, electoral interests and political leadership, are most influential. Compared to economic growth, voters' prioritization of environmental issues rose until 2007 and then declined. The political leadership within the Coalition government (1996-2007, reelected in 2013) favors business and the fossil fuel industry, and is skeptical of climate change. This stands in contrast to the Labor Party (2007-2013) that favors GHG emissions reductions. So, although Australia has committed internationally to a 5% reduction of 2000 level emissions by 2020, it still lacks a consistent domestic policy to achieve this goal. Russia Russia experienced massive industrial decline in the immediate aftermath of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991. Despite the fact that there has been a significant reduction of GHG emissions, Russia still ranks third on the list of the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the world. Problems caused by climate change in recent decades include public health risks, increased recurrence, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions, extreme precipitation patterns, floods, and over-moisturized soil and permafrost degradation in the northern regions. However, the climate change issue does not constitute a priority for Russian authorities. Several internal factors, such as a well-rooted skepticism within the Russian scientific community towards anthropogenic global warming, low environmental awareness among Russian citizens, and the priority given to the country's economic restoration, suggests that Russian climate policy is to a great extent being driven by the pursuit of benefits in areas other than that of environmental policy.ChinaOne of the best ways to summarize China's approach to climate change is via a domestic politics model. Decisionmakers involved in China's climate change policy belong to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and there is little or no foreign influence over them. Among these decision makers, the most influential have managed to frame the issue as one of sovereignty and economic development. These hardliners see climate change as an issue that threatens China's sovereignty and its right to develop economically. As such, it has taken a stance of not joining any multilateral agreement until the U.S. does so. Thus, China's right to develop economically is assured. Domestically, China has made progress developing solar and wind technology for domestic use and for foreign markets. However, it continues to use fossil fuels, especially coal,to ensure that it develops along the lines deemed acceptable to the CCP.IndiaIndia's position on climate change is guided by two priorities - - namely, sustainable development and the elimination of poverty. With a growing economy that demands more energy for growth, there are hundreds of millions of people without access to electricity in India. Energy use and consequently greenhouse gas emissions will grow substantially in the coming decades. As a modernizing country, India is not bound to any GHG emission reduction goals under the Kyoto Protocol. However, it has established a National Action Plan on Climate Change and implemented a combination of mitigation and adaptation policies to reduce the country's contributions to climate change. These policies include energy conservation, promotion of renewable energy, abatement of air pollution among others. While India's development will require growth in energy use, the country must work to reduce the energy intensity of its production processes.Comparative AnalysisOn the basis of political, economic and social factors, a comparative analysis of the case studies reveals three key groupings: supporters of international climate change policy that involves implementing significant carbon mitigation reduction requirements; fickle hesitators who, if cooperative, face major reduction requirements; and unburdened supporters who face little-to-no mitigation requirements. The EU and the UK, as a climate change leader, fall into the first category, politically defined as highly democratic and economically and regionally integrated. The EU and the UK have softened views on sovereignty, have historically utilized the market for political/social ends, and normatively seek international cooperation as a means of reducing risk.For Canada and Australia,reduced support for international action on climate change is largely based on modern era socio-political attitudes and a perceived threat to their economic viability. Stemming from strong political views on state sovereignty, they are historically less likely to cooperate on international initiatives and, unlike the economically integrated EU and UK, are not willing to constrain markets in the name of political or social ends. These nations traditionally prefer individualistic as opposed to collective responses to major issues and consequently see cooperative action as risky.The newly modernizing countries of China, India and Russia exhibit different degrees of democracy and are not economically integrated nor fully industrialized. While highly centralized political authority is helpful in making international level commitments, enforcement capacity is hindered domestically. Willingness to cooperate is generally conditional upon gaining financial assistance and technical support needed for development. For China and Russia, the first priority is maintaining state authority and social well-being for the sake of stability. Environmental policy is put forward only when these priorities are not threatened. For India, the focus centers on lifting its population out of poverty that takes precedence over international climate change cooperation.ConclusionOverall, countries willing to cooperate internationally and make sacrifices to mitigate the causes of climate change perceive a lower economic and political threat for doing so than countries that refuse. In fact, the supporters of international climate change policy are more likely to view global warming as an all-encompassing economic, political, and social threat rather than as a discrete environmental threat. Having said this, they also see potential opportunities in assuming the role of early adaptors to climate change.Countries reluctant to support international cooperation face domestic political barriers that the comparative analysis above indicates is due primarily to economic perceptions and viability. Some countries that have rejected a commitment to international cooperation have, in fact, implemented national or sub-state abatement policies. At the same time, others ignore the threat entirely.In short, differences in behavior toward climate change indicates that not all countries perceive the threat the same. The task for climate change leaders, therefore, is to maintain their resolve to educate global populations such that perceptions of economic risk become less significant than perceptions of climate change risk. At the same time, they must offer best practices of reducing compliance costs and sharing knowledgeto build a clean energy agenda in order to ensure a sustainable global solution to climate change. *Students in the Graduate Program in International StudiesOld Dominion University, USAUnder the Direction of Professor Glen Sussman
This article looks at some relationships between economic and political views and legal proposals on global value chains and climate change conceived a world wide phenomenon. To see this linkage it should be noted that in the current literature are frequent misdiagnosis about technological innovations and the operation of the international economic system. If carried into practice, rules based on those mistakes in diagnosis would be entirely unfeasible. At the starting point, the concepts of globalization and free trade usually are treated as if they were synonyms. Therefore it is unknown the role of national states to reduce the undesirable residents operates as a feed back because it favors the global economy itself in order to regulate the rate of depreciation of goods and services as they are forced out of the markets by successive waves of technological innovation.But what does "protect residents" means from the requirements imposed by this global economy? It means systematically negotiate under the umbrella of reciprocity. The contribution of so-called "free trade agreements" (FTA) is still not sufficiently appreciated. They have become the instrument to negotiate on the basis of reciprocity measures for a variety of for issues among which are the value chains and climate change mitigation.On one hand this paper analyzes trade policy proposals based on misdiagnosis and, on the other hand, trade policy regulations effectively applied by WTO, FTA and national law with regard to global value chains and against pollution and environmental degradation: customs duties, non-tariff restrictions, rules of origin, facilitation, transparency, subsidies, trade in services, investment and intellectual property.In short, the author attempts to recreate a more realistic legal approach and therefore more suited to the demands of sustainable development.Finally, the paper challenges the tendency of developing countries to subscribe to misdiagnosis and simply ask special and differential treatment that will deeper over time technological gaps with the developed world. In contrast, the author suggests focusing efforts for assistance and linking technological and financial cooperation to trade and economic negotiations. ; Este artículo examina las implicaciones jurídicas de algunos enfoques actuales y muy difundidos, acerca de las cadenas globales de valor y el cambio climático entendido también como un evento de alcance mundial.En tal sentido, abundan los diagnósticos equivocados acerca de las innovaciones tecnológicas y el funcionamiento del sistema económico internacional. Estos errores llevan a la formulación de propuestas de cambios normativos que, si fueran llevados a la práctica resultarían inviables. En el punto de partida, los diagnósticos que se cuestionan asimilan el concepto de "globalización" al de "libre comercio". Por lo tanto desatienden al rol de los Estados nacionales en la reducción de los efectos indeseables de la globalización a fin de garantizar la subsistencia de sus propias poblaciones. Así se ignora que ese rol de protección tiene también un efecto de retroalimentación positiva para la propia economía global al regular el ritmo de amortización de bienes y servicios a medida que van siendo desplazados progresivamente de los mercados por las sucesivas oleadas de innovaciones tecnológicas.Pero ¿qué significa "proteger a los residentes" desde el punto de vista de los requerimientos impuestos por esta economía global? Significa: negociar sistemáticamente bajo el paraguas del criterio de reciprocidad. Al respecto todavía no se valora suficientemente la contribución de los mal denominados "tratados de libre comercio" (TLC). Se han convertido en el instrumento para negociar y de esa manera armonizar, sobre la base del criterio de reciprocidad, las soluciones normativas para una gran variedad de cuestiones entre las cuales están incluidas las cadenasde valor y la reducción del cambio climático.El trabajo compara propuestas normativas con disposiciones efectivamente aplicadas en la OMC, los TLC y los ordenamientos nacionales en relación a las cadenas globales de valor y a las políticas frente a la contaminación y degradación ambiental: aranceles, medidas restrictivas, reglas de origen, facilitación, transparencia, subsidios, comercio de servicios, inversiones y propiedad intelectual.En resumen, el autor aspira a recrear una perspectiva jurídica más realista y por lo tanto acorde a las demandas del desarrollo sustentable.Por último, es objetada la tendencia de los países en desarrollo al suscribir los diagnósticos equivocados y limitarse a pedir tratamientos especiales y diferenciados que van profundizando en el tiempo las brechas tecnológicas con el mundo desarrollado. En cambio se sugiere concentrar los esfuerzos para obtener asistencia y cooperación tecnológica y financiera vinculándola operativamente a las negociaciones comerciales y económicas.
In the legislative production process on climate change mitigation we highlight, within the forestry sector, the use of typical forestry techniques, specifically those of reforestation, carried through sustainable forest management, and which have suffered a logical upgrade process. In addition, a practical and detailed regulation of the forests is detected in their function of natural sinks of greenhouse gases, being forced the society and the market to resort to alternative systems to achieve economic compensation to the investments that are executed in these forest lands and in exchange for the externalities that are generated in favor of society. ; En el proceso de producción legislativa en materia de mitigación del cambio climático destacamos, dentro del sector forestal, el uso de típicas técnicas de silvicultura, concretamente las de repoblación forestal, vehiculadas a través de la gestión forestal sostenible, y que han sufrido un lógico proceso de actualización. Además, se detecta una regulación práctica y detallada de los montes en su función de sumideros naturales de gases de efecto invernadero, viéndose obligada la sociedad y el mercado a acudir a sistemas alternativos para alcanzar contraprestaciones económicas a las inversiones que se ejecutan en esos terrenos forestales y a cambio de las externalidades que se generan a favor de la sociedad.
