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Climate change is one of the complex problems facing mankind today. This is evident from observations of increases in the global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and the rising global average sea level. It is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. Economic development at the cost of degradation of the environment will aggravate the problems of poverty, unemployment and disease. Existing legal mechanisms addressing mitigation, adaptation and remediation of climate change are failing to cope with the scale of the global issue and its wide ranging impact on individuals. This paper identifies what all the legal remedy is done to the people affected by climatic disasters and what are the preventive measures should be taken. This paper highlights the study in two ways how the climatic changes affects the person in social and economical status and what is the remedial measures taken by the government of India. And often an issue of climate change justice issues will be always left unaddressed. The environmental laws and act like the Endangered Species Act ("ESA"), the Clean Water Act ("CWA"), and the Clean Air Act ("CAA") where drafted mean that regulations intended to protect natural resources and promote conservation will it be applicable with these act to prevent climatic change is unanswered question. To achieve the original goals of these regulations will require a careful assessment of long-standing assumptions, as well as decisive action to change regulatory practices in ways that accommodate-, offset, and mitigate climate change.

In September 1983, IIASA and UNEP, together with the Austrian Government, gave support to an International Study Conference on The Sensitivity of Ecosystems and Society to Climatic Change, which was attended by scientists from 17 countries. The conference was divided into two parallel workshops - on climate impacts in cold and in semiarid regions. This report brings together eight papers that ultimately arose from discussions in the "cold" workshop. In most cases they report the results of preliminary experiments relating to climatic change, and represent the outcome of a piece of "pilot" research by IIASA for UNEP to test the research methodology before applying it in a wider context. Of the variety of techniques and concepts applied, two deserve mention here. The first is the mapping of impact areas by the spatial shift of isopleths or boundaries. The second is the construction of a hierarchy of climate, impact, and economic models to trace the cascade of climate impacts through biophysical, economic, and social systems. This report marks the completion of IIASA's pilot study. The full research project, funded jointly by UNEP and IIASA, is now being implemented in 12 case studies through a collaborative network of 70 scientists. Its purpose is to evaluate the impact of climatic change and variability on food production in climate-sensitive areas, and to consider appropriate policies of mitigation.

In September 1983, IIASA and UNEP, together with the Austrian Government, gave support to an International Study Conference on The Sensitivity of Ecosystems and Society to Climatic Change, which was attended by scientists from 17 countries. The conference was divided into two parallel workshops - on climate impacts in cold and in semiarid regions. This report brings together eight papers that ultimately arose from discussions in the "cold" workshop. In most cases they report the results of preliminary experiments relating to climatic change, and represent the outcome of a piece of "pilot" research by IIASA for UNEP to test the research methodology before applying it in a wider context. Of the variety of techniques and concepts applied, two deserve mention here. The first is the mapping of impact areas by the spatial shift of isopleths or boundaries. The second is the construction of a hierarchy of climate, impact, and economic models to trace the cascade of climate impacts through biophysical, economic, and social systems. This report marks the completion of IIASA's pilot study. The full research project, funded jointly by UNEP and IIASA, is now being implemented in 12 case studies through a collaborative network of 70 scientists. Its purpose is to evaluate the impact of climatic change and variability on food production in climate-sensitive areas, and to consider appropriate policies of mitigation.

One hundred and ninety-three governments adopted the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015. The agreement foresees, for the near term, a new bottom-up process where countries pledge so-called nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2025–2030. At the same time, the Paris Agreement defines the longterm objective to hold temperature change to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit it further to 1.5 °C. The consistency between the NDCs and the long-term temperature goals is planned to be regularly assessed in global stocktaking exercises as part of the international negotiations. At the same time, countries have also committed themselves to implement a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to eradicate poverty, protect the global environment and spur inclusive economic development. Within this context, the CD-LINKS project (www.cd-links.org) brought together an international team of researchers with global, national and sectoral expertise to explore possible linkages between national and global pathways consistent with the overall objective of the Paris Agreement and sustainable development. Part of this work is summarised in this special issue in Climatic Change, which contains eleven papers, including this introductory one, presenting the insights from the collaboration between national and global modelling teams and yielding a more coherent and detailed picture of the future than is typical of climate change mitigation pathways studies focusing on the global level only.

One hundred and ninety-three governments adopted the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015. The agreement foresees, for the near term, a new bottom-up process where countries pledge so-called nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2025–2030. At the same time, the Paris Agreement defines the longterm objective to hold temperature change to well below 2 °C and to pursue efforts to limit it further to 1.5 °C. The consistency between the NDCs and the long-term temperature goals is planned to be regularly assessed in global stocktaking exercises as part of the international negotiations. At the same time, countries have also committed themselves to implement a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to eradicate poverty, protect the global environment and spur inclusive economic development. Within this context, the CD-LINKS project (www.cd-links.org) brought together an international team of researchers with global, national and sectoral expertise to explore possible linkages between national and global pathways consistent with the overall objective of the Paris Agreement and sustainable development. Part of this work is summarised in this special issue in Climatic Change, which contains eleven papers, including this introductory one, presenting the insights from the collaboration between national and global modelling teams and yielding a more coherent and detailed picture of the future than is typical of climate change mitigation pathways studies focusing on the global level only.

Although the current situation of the Iran's land and the dominance of arid and semiarid conditions cast a doubt on the existence of glacier reign in this land, there is evidence of geomorphological traces of glaciers in different areas of Iran indicating the function of glaciers in these regions. Therefore, regarding these traces and evidences, the past climatic conditions can be reconstructed. Based on what mentioned above, this study mainly aimed to trace the climatic changes through the glacial traces and evidences on the Hezar Mountain. Tracing the climatic changes indicates that the temperature of the study area was 6.58 °C colder than that of the current temperature during the period of glacial reign. In addition, the isopluvial map of the Hezar Mountain during the period of glacial reign indicates that the minimum rainfall at that time was 617 mm at the outlet of the basin and the maximum rainfall was 1340 mm at the highest part of the basin. On the other hand, glacier cirques, glacier valleys, and moraines were identified as the most characteristic geomorphological evidence of glaciers in the study area. Finally, laboratory indicators (granulometry), as a complement to glacier evidence, proved the existence of glacial sediments in the Tenguieh Basin. In addition, the permanent snow line was estimated at the height of 3326 meters in the Tenguieh Basin during the glacial reign and based on Porter's cirque floor height et the height of 3333 m through the Wright method.

We investigate the role that climatic change has played in the pattern of urbanization in sub-Saharan African countries compared to the rest of the developing world. To this end we assemble a cross-country panel data set that allows us to estimate the determinants of urbanization. The results of our econometric analysis suggest that climatic change, as proxied by rainfall, has acted to change urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa but not elsewhere in the developing world. Moreover, this link has become stronger since decolonization, which is likely due to the often simultaneous lifting of legislation prohibiting the free internal movement of native Africans.

We investigate the role that climatic change has played in the pattern of urbanization in sub-Saharan African countries compared to the rest of the developing world. To this end we assemble a cross-country panel data set that allows us to estimate the determinants of urbanization. The results of our econometric analysis suggest that climatic change, as proxied by rainfall, has acted to change urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa but not elsewhere in the developing world. Moreover, this link has become stronger since decolonization, which is likely due to the often simultaneous lifting of legislation prohibiting the free internal movement of native Africans.

Environmental problems are, roughly, of two sorts: concrete, palable, fairly well known, and related primarily to the present; or abstract, unfamiliar, rather badly known, and related primarily to the future. Pollution is mainly of the first sort. Much of it can be seen, smelled, and tasted right now. Given minimal environmental awareness, public pressure is high to lower its incidence and impact. Resource depletion, soil and water depravation and climatic change are of the second sort. Public pressure to diminish the environmental risks associated with these problems cannot be expected from reactions to direct impacts but only from the persistence of a high level of future-oriented environmental concern and an educational and political system supporting it. Environmental politics in regard to problems of the first sort is mainly a matter of enlightened self-interest. Environmental politics in regard to problems of the latter sort is unthinkable without an essentially ethical basis.

The narratives of migration as adaptation and in situ adaptation are well established in mainstream adaptation policy and are usually presented as independent and opposing trends of action. A common and fundamental element of such narratives is the depoliticized conception of both migration and adaptation. Using a trans-scalar approach, we address the migration&ndash ; coffee&ndash ; climate change nexus: first at a regional scale, at the conflictive border of Guatemala&ndash ; Mexico, to show the contradiction between the current Central American migratory crisis and the narrative of migration as adaptation ; second, at a local scale and from an ethnographic perspective, we focus on the process of in situ adaptation in shade-grown coffee plots of smallholder coffee farmers in the Tacaná ; Volcano cross-border region, between Chiapas and Guatemala. We argue that the dichotomy &ldquo ; in situ adaptation&rdquo ; versus &ldquo ; migration as adaptation&rdquo ; is not useful to capture the intertwined and political nature of both narratives, as illustrated in the case of the renovation of smallholders&rsquo ; coffee plots in a context of climatic changes. We provide elements to contribute towards the repolitization of adaptation from an integral perspective.

Rigorous mapping of climatic patterns outstands as one of the mayor issues concerningclimatic change. This paper investigates the extent of the bioclimatic approach to develop a rigorouscartographic methodology to express climatic diversity patterns. Michoacan, Mexico was chosen torepresent a region of complex geo-ecological layout where the Nearctic and Neotropical biogeographicalrealms converge. Bioclimatic indices were computed and their spatial expression was processed in aGeographic Information System. Ground verification was performed at 93 sites across the province. Inaddition, from 2010 until 2012, more than 2000 kilometers of roads were surveyed to gather data onisobioclimate boundaries. In total, one macrobioclimate, two bioclimate s, four thermotypes, fiveombrotypes and 14 isobioclimates were distinguished in Michoacan. The Tropical pluviseasonal bioclimatewas the predominant bioclimate, covering 56.17% of the province. The Tropical xeric covers 43.82% and theTropical pluvial is practically negligible, covering 0.01% of the entire province. The relevance of theoutcome is discussed in light of its potential use for assessing likely effects of climatic change. ; The National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACYT) awarded a PhD scholarship tothe first author. Financial, institutional and logisticsupport was provided by UNAM-DGAPA (projectIN202214) as well as by SUMA, former government ofthe Province of Michoacan; and project AECID 2010-2012 ; SI

Climate change impacts on water systems have consequences for Indigenous communities. We documented climatic changes on water systems observed by Indigenous Shawi and resultant impacts on health and livelihoods, and explored adaptation options and challenges in partnership with two Indigenous Shawi communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Qualitative data were collected via PhotoVoice, interviews, focus group discussions, and transect walks, and analyzed using a constant comparative method and thematic analysis. Quantitative data were collected via a household survey and analyzed descriptively. Households observed seasonal weather changes over time (n = 50 ; 78%), which had already impacted their family and community (n = 43 ; 86%), such as more intense rainfall resulting in flooding (n = 29 ; 58%). Interviewees also described deforestation impacts on the nearby river, which were exacerbated by climate-related changes, including increased water temperatures (warmer weather, exacerbated by fewer trees for shading) and increased erosion and turbidity (increased rainfall, exacerbated by riverbank instability due to deforestation). No households reported community-level response plans for extreme weather events, and most did not expect government assistance when such events occurred. This study documents how Indigenous peoples are experiencing climatic impacts on water systems, and highlights how non-climatic drivers, such as deforestation, exacerbate climate change impacts on water systems and community livelihoods in the Peruvian Amazon.

Póster presentado en la Conferencia EGU 2013, 07-12 Abril 2013, Viena, Austria ; Soil has a key role in the regulation of carbon, water and nutrient cycles. Traditionally, agricultural soil management was oriented towards optimizing productivity. Nowadays, mitigation of climate change effects and maintaining long-term soil quality are evenly important. Developing policy guidelines for best management practices need to be site-specific, given the large spatial variability of environmental conditions within the EU. Therefore, it is necessary to classify the different farming zones that are susceptible to soil degradation. Especially in Mediterranean areas, this variability and its susceptibility to degradation is higher than in other areas of the EU. The objective of this study is therefore to delineate current agro-environmental zones in Spain and to determine the effect of global climate change on this classification in the future. The final objective is to assist policy makers in scenario analysis with respect to soil conservation. Our classification scheme is based on soil, topography and climate (seasonal temperature and rainfall) variables. We calculated slope and elevation based on a SRTM-derived DEM, soil texture was extracted from the European Soil Database and seasonal mean, minimum and maximum precipitation and temperature data were gridded from publically available weather station data (Aemet). Global change scenarios are average downscaled ensemble predictions for the emission scenarios A2 and B2. The k-means method was used for classification of the 10 km x 10 km gridded variables. Using the before-mentioned input variables, the optimal number of agro-environmental zones we obtained is 8. The classification corresponds well with the observed distribution of farming typologies in Spain. The advantage of this method is that it is a simple, objective method which uses only readily available, public data. As such, its extrapolation to other countries of the EU is straightforward. Finally, it presents a tool for policy makers to assess the impact of global change on farming systems and to plan soil conservation measures.

Lack of well-developed supply chain systems for alternative crops expose farmers to considerable risk, making it difficult for them to move away from the paddy/wheat crop rotation cycle. Public policy interventions and supply chain innovations such as targeted insurance products, pooling practices, investments in skill development, entrepreneurial models for service provision, market-side initiatives and a better understanding of supply chain risks are needed to enable farmers to adopt crop diversification.

Purpose: The paper explores how livestock reveals the warming climatic variations particularly in farming and poultry sub-sectors of agriculture. The rising average temperature of the region has been a challenge during the last two decades which has created many complications and health problems in animals as stress, low reproduction, its consequence as draught, adverse effects on milk and meat production. More consumption of water increases the cost of livestock products. It has altered the temperature of the sea and rivers, emerges the negative effects on the species and creatures of water. Methodology: To conduct the empirical study on this economic issue the data has been assumed from 1980 to 2014 due to constraints of statistics. Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag model to cointegration (ARDL) was applied on the time series data and the other econometric tests as Error Correction Mechanism, Cumulative sum of Recursive Residual CUSUM and CUSUM sum of Square Test, Bound Test and Diagnostic tests were operated to conclude the results of the research study. Main findings: The finding of the study is that CO2emission from electricity, gases fuel consumption, and urban population growth raised the average temperature of the region which is discouraging the livestock. Production and increasing the costs of livestock output. Application of the study: The study is the most appropriate and applicable for this subcontinent especially for Pakistan. Originality and novelty of the study: The research study contributes to the agricultural economics literature with advanced information. It suggests the government utilize the planet Badar-1 climatic information and more advanced technology about temperature to formulate comprehensive policies to combat the climatic and environmental changes and more resources are allocated so that international standard of production of livestock can be achieved.