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Preamble: We the people of the co-operative of Guyana, the proud heirs of the indomitable spirit and unconquerable will of our forefathers who by their sacrifices, their blood and their labour made rich and fertile and bequeathed to us as our inalienable patrimony for all time this green land of Guyana. (Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen) ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

This paper reviews some major challenges experienced in the implementation of fisheries co-management initiatives in response to governance reforms being advocated in various countries. Lessons are drawn from Malawi's experiences on the implementation of co-management arrangements. Appropriate policy and legal frameworks that govern management of the fisheries resources in decentralised structures should be formulated as attributes to community empowerment. Defining clear objectives and incentives for fisheries co-management becomes a challenge where appropriation of the commons is for survival especially in areas where poverty is persistent. There are limited resilient co-management institutions due to unclear definition of roles for various stakeholders and limited participation of civil society groups in the management of the commons as part of the governance system. Traditional institutions play a role either in support of or against sustainable resource management is response to inducements of various forms especially from migrants which challenges exclusion of non-members from appropriating the commons. The principles of good governance that include participation and accountability of the representative committees are limited in some areas. The initiation process as to whether the co-management was introduced by government or by the user community affects resilience of the co-management institutions. However, adoption of broad-based co-management regimes with various empowered stakeholders including the civil society, non-governmental organisations and government agencies are a positive step towards achievement of a sustainable fish resource management.

It certainly cannot be said that aquaculture has ignored sustainable development, judging by the number of standards, guides and indicators devoted to it, produced mainly under the aegis of international organisations such as FAO, the European Union and some NGOs. However, these continue to be perceived in large measure as constraints rather than as shared objectives by the actors in the field. Faced with this situation, which is not specific to aquaculture but on the contrary quite general regardless of sector, context or scale, this guide seeks to propose a generic approach that through a collective process, i.e. a joint construction, promotes the implementation and the appropriation of sustainable development. What makes this approach original is not only the participatory nature of the construction, which brings the actors together and takes into account their representations, but also the regional nature of the approach which includes both aquaculture systems and their host areas. It is based on a selection process that nests principles and criteria and which, by linking indicators to the actors' issues and representations, encourages their appropriation of both sustainable development and the indicators produced. Designed in the form of an instruction manual that is as flexible as possible, the approach alternates various sequences in order to modulate the range and the involvement of stakeholders and to emphasise the collective learning process. This guide is the fruit of fieldwork undertaken by a group of French researchers in partnership with teams of scientists and actors in France, in Europe and in Southern countries (Cameroon, Indonesia and Philippines). Aquaculture systems, representative of a broad range of farming systems and of governance mechanisms, were studied. This guide is intended for aquaculture producer groups, supervisory administrations in the sector, as well as research bodies, NGOs,. and any group wishing to implement sustainable development in aquaculture or in any other domain. It may also be very useful to teachers and students who wish to study how aquaculture works in a given region.

Altres ajuts: SEJ2005-06357 ; Altres ajuts: SEJ2006-4444 ; The concept of polarization is linked to the extent that a given distribution leads to the formation of homogeneous groups with opposing interests. This concept, which is basically different from the traditional one of inequality, is related to the level of inherent potential conflict in a distribution. The polarization approach has been widely applied in the analysis of income distribution. The extension of this approach to the analysis of international distribution of CO2 emissions is quite useful as it gives a potent informative instrument for characterizing the state and evolution of the international distribution of emissions and its possible political consequences in terms of tensions and the probability of achieving agreements. In this paper we analyze the international distribution of per capita CO2 emissions between 1971 and 2001 through the adaptation of the polarization concept and measures. We find that the most interesting grouped description deriving from the analysis is a two groups' one, whichbroadly coincide with Annex B and non-Annex B countries of the Kyoto Protocol, which shows the power of polarization analysis for explaining the generation of groups in the real world. The analysis also shows a significant reduction in international polarization in per capita CO2 emissions between 1971 and 1995, but not much change since 1995, which might indicate that polarized distribution of emission is still one of the important factors leading to difficulties in achieving agreements for reducing global emissions.

Much has been written lately in legal scholarship about the role of science in policy and the role of policy in science - and perhaps in no field of law has more been said about them than environmental law. Yet asking the question, "What is the proper role of science in environmental policy?" is utterly misguided, in that it suggests that science operates on the other side of a Wall of Virtue from policy. In The Honest Broker, Roger Pielke, Jr. refers to this as the "linear model" of science in society, "whereby knowledge is created in the lab, packaged by scientific experts, and then handed off to politicians to do what they will." The end result of this vision of science, however, is that "science has come to be viewed as simply a resource for enhancing the ability of groups in society to bargain, negotiate, and compromise in pursuit of their special interests." But in many ways science has asked for this by demanding, as Einstein once put it, to be "left in peace." In contrast to this vision, Pielke outlines a "stakeholder model" in which scientists-as-experts work to understand the interests of different groups and the users of knowledge themselves have some role in its production. Environmental law, in particular, is well-suited to Pielke's stakeholder model. As a body of law it is defined by an intersection between policy and science that entangles the two so much so that it is impossible to unravel a "proper role" for either without considering the "proper role" of the other. Rather, using the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as an example, I contend that law and science co-evolve in a law-science process that is continually in flux and often under stress, with the relevant question being how to manage them in unison so the process leads to sensible decisions. The real question, therefore, is how best to design, build, and maintain it as a set of principles that foster and protect the law-science process of environmental agencies. This paper addresses that question in four stages. Part I briefly lays out the ...

In the West of Burkina Faso, improving the integration of crop and livestock activities could allow to strengthen the productivity and sustainability of farming systems. But few of the technical propositions of agronomists were adopted and transformed into innovations by farmers. The TERIA project (2005-2007) tested a framework of Participative Action Research to co-design agropastoral innovations with farmers from the identification of problems to the experimentation of solutions. This project proposed a method to organize the partnership between the different stakeholders of the project and an original experimental framework. It allows building scientific knowledge on local practices and favouring the training of the stakeholders on contextualised techniques.

The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the development of adaptive co-management systems and of the role the State plays in promoting or hampering such a development. Natural resource issues are often characterised by conflicting interests and in general implemented by conventional, top-down management systems. Therefore this thesis also investigates the effect conflicting interests and institutional path dependencies have on the development of adaptive co-management systems. The Swedish moose management system was established in the beginning of the 20th century as the State was trying to rectify a "tragedy of the commons" situation since moose at the time was almost extinct. The administrative system erected can be characterised as a conventional, top-down, single- species management system, and had features of both corporate arrangements and legal-rational bureaucratic administrative models. Due to high administrative costs and the explosion of the moose population in the late 1970's which resulted in significant grazing damages on commercial tree species, the State changed its policies. One change in formal rules allowed for hunting rights owners to establish so called Moose Management Units (MMU) which entailed that they gained management rights, and thereby could decide on their own the number of moose to be shot in a hunting season. This is a critical right since approximately 1/3 of the moose populations are decimated during a hunting season and this right is therefore an efficient tool for controlling the size of the moose populations. The State also made alterations in the corporate arrangement, from primarily only including the hunting interest organisation SAHWM to increase landowner interests' influence in the public administration. A quantitative study of the MMUs revealed that these can not be characterised as adaptive co-management systems to a high degree due to inadequate monitoring, inability to meet management goals, and failure to apply ecosystem management. Part of the reason for this is that there is an ecological and social misfit since MMUs are too small to contain its own moose populations. Another reason is inadequate knowledge regarding population dynamics on behalf of the local resource users. However, there were variations not only among MMUs but also on the regional level as to the extent of adaptive co-management characteristics. Two counties were selected for further study due to the fact that the MMUs in one county had more characteristics of adaptive co-management systems than in the other one. The case studies revealed that high levels of conflicts in a corporate arrangement hampered the development of adaptive co- management systems. In the county with low conflict levels regarding the moose question, a key steward holding a key position in the moose administrative system was a critical actor in promoting the development of adaptive co-management systems. It is concluded that devolution of management rights does not automatically foster adaptive co-management. Nor is a centralized system easily converted to a bottom-up system. The study shows that institutional change is path dependent but also that the State has an important role to play in developing adaptive co-management systems. This is particularly decisive if an ecological and social misfit is likely to arise since the State then can provide linkages both on an organisational level but also on a geographical level and thereby mitigate potential negative effects of local resource systems. However, this role differs significantly from that in conventional resource management and therefore it is also important that the organisation and tasks of the State is ensured legitimacy among both the public and affected resource users. ; Godkänd; 2008; 20081120 (ysko)

Goal, Scope and Background. This paper describes a statistical modelling approach, suggested as a policy tool in the Athens area for the assessment of the emissions reduction level required to meet the air quality standards for two criteria air pollutants, namely CO and NO2. Methods. More than ten years of hourly CO and NOx-NO2 concentration data measured by the monitoring network of the Hellenic Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works were analyzed and the original dataset has been reduced using a data evaluation procedure. Results and Discussion. Seasonal pollutant concentration trends suggested that the reduction of CO and NOx concentrations observed in the beginning of the '90s is almost entirely attributed to the increase of the catalyst-equipped cars during this period. The numerical parameters of an empirical model relating EU standard exceedances with mean annual concentrations were defined and the model was validated using datasets from years that were not used for the estimation of these parameters. This model was used in conjunction with a roll-back equation as a policy tool for the assessment of the effect of different CO and NOx emissions reduction scenarios on air quality standard compliance for CO and NO2. Results predicted with this empirical modelling approach were assessed with monitored data averaged over a 3-year period, giving satisfactory results. Conclusion. A methodology suggested for assessing the effects of different emissions reduction scenarios on air quality standard attainment was successfully applied for CO and NO2 in the Athens area. Recommendation and Perspective. The proposed methodology can provide a useful tool for the evaluation of policies already in progress as well as the development of future policies for emissions reduction in urban areas with similar characteristics, aiming at air quality standard compliance on a timely manner. Such a methodology could be applied in other urban areas of Greece characterized by dense traffic, therefore assisting the development of national policies in relation to air pollutants for which standard exceedances occur. © 2007 ecomed publishers (Verlagsgruppe Hüthig Jehle Rehm GmbH).

We study the term structure implications of the fiscal theory of price level determination. We introduce the intertemporal budget constraint of the government in a general equilibrium model in continuous time. Fiscal policy is set according to a simple rule whereby taxes react proportionally to real debt. We show how to solve for the prices of real and nominal zero coupon bonds.

Introduction: In an economy geared to innovation and competitiveness in research and development activities, inter-relationships between the university, private enterprise and government are of considerable interest. Networking constitutes a priority strategy to attain this strategic objective and a tool in knowledge-based economies. Method: Drawing from a full inventory of co-authored scientific articles, collaborating networks are defined and analysed with the social network analysis method, using Pajek software and graphed with the Kamada-Kawai algorithm for visualization. Analysis: Scientific production involving intraregional collaboration in the Madrid region is analysed across three subject categories. The data used were taken from the Web of Science for the years 1995-2003. The main indicators of social networking obtained were: density average degree, normalized degree and degree centralization, betweenness centralization, closeness centralization and clustering coefficient. Results: Networking led to a moderate rise in the number of links and participating actors, with more Spanish companies and multi-national subsidiaries in the second period. The largest number of links was recorded for public universities located in the Community of Madrid. Conclusions: The data resulting from the social network analysis conducted provided insight into the structural characteristics of the networks generated and their evolution. The visualization methodology used proved to be highly informative for identifying not only the main actors, but clusters and components as well. The analysis afforded a useful perspective for understanding the dynamics of collaborating networks. ; Financiado por Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Educación, Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación. 06/HSE/0166/2004. ; Publicado

The dynamics of this thesis resides in the search for the breach between the historical positioning (in relation to scientific fact itself) of homeopathic medication in the history of medical sciences, and the representation made of it in the past and present. By distinguishing what may be at stake, we are led to identify the positioning and impact of the mode of transmitting scientific fact as lacking a historical link to the history of medical sciences, notably medication. Our research hypothesis thus postulates that the transmission mode is at the source of discrepancies in representation. The links between context breakthroughs, such as the role of influences, are just parameters that, when transmitted, both color and help define a subject. For our topic we have been able to demonstrate this lack of bridging as a lack of transmission of the history of medication over the course of time. The only type of transmission was an operational one. The hindsight and analysis of the evolution were barely transmitted, if at all.Given these observations and in order to approach our topic, we were led to retrace the history of medication in the history of civilizations, in relation to the cultural, political and scientific context. Then, we examined the origins of homeopathy in order to demonstrate its positioning in the history of medication, its influences on the history of medication, and all ensuing confrontations. Because of the lack of pluri-disciplinary transmission, aimed at binding the subject to its temporal context, we designed an on-line museum in order to better demonstrate this positioning, thanks to open and dynamic interpretation made possible by digital media. The aim of this work is to illustrate our hypothesis on the positioning of transmission mode via a concrete application which intends to reduce this breach. ; Résumé : La dynamique de cette thèse est dans la recherche de l'écart entre la place historique - en rapport au fait scientifique même - du médicament homéopathique dans l'histoire des sciences médicales et la représentation qui en est faite hier comme aujourd'hui. En dégageant ce qui peut être en jeu, nous sommes conduit à repérer la place et l'impact du mode de transmission du fait scientifique comme le manque de lien historique en histoire des sciences médicales, autour de la question du médicament. Notre hypothèse de recherche est donc que le mode de transmission est à la source des écarts de représentation. Le lien entre les avancées, comme le jeu des influences, des contextes sont autant de paramètres lorsqu'ils sont transmis qui colorent et contribuent à définir un sujet. Pour notre question nous avons pu montrer le manque de lien comme le manque de transmission de l'histoire du médicament au cours du temps. La seule transmission a été opérationnelle. Le recul comme l'analyse de l'évolution n'a pas été transmis ou très peu.De ces observations, nous avons été conduit pour aborder notre étude de retracer l'histoire du médicament dans l'histoire des civilisations en rapport au contexte culturel, politique, scientifique. De là nous avons travaillé l'origine de l'homéopathie afin de montrer sa place dans l'histoire du médicament, ses influences pour l'histoire du médicament comme les confrontations qui en sont nées. De ce manque de transmission pluridisciplinaire, visant à relier le sujet au contexte de son temps nous avons réalisé un musée en ligne afin de montrer la place comme l'apport d'une lecture ouverte, dynamique que nous permet le support numérique. L'objectif de cette réalisation est d'illustrer notre hypothèse sur la place du mode de transmission par une application concrète qui vise à réduire cet écart.

The dynamics of this thesis resides in the search for the breach between the historical positioning (in relation to scientific fact itself) of homeopathic medication in the history of medical sciences, and the representation made of it in the past and present. By distinguishing what may be at stake, we are led to identify the positioning and impact of the mode of transmitting scientific fact as lacking a historical link to the history of medical sciences, notably medication. Our research hypothesis thus postulates that the transmission mode is at the source of discrepancies in representation. The links between context breakthroughs, such as the role of influences, are just parameters that, when transmitted, both color and help define a subject. For our topic we have been able to demonstrate this lack of bridging as a lack of transmission of the history of medication over the course of time. The only type of transmission was an operational one. The hindsight and analysis of the evolution were barely transmitted, if at all.Given these observations and in order to approach our topic, we were led to retrace the history of medication in the history of civilizations, in relation to the cultural, political and scientific context. Then, we examined the origins of homeopathy in order to demonstrate its positioning in the history of medication, its influences on the history of medication, and all ensuing confrontations. Because of the lack of pluri-disciplinary transmission, aimed at binding the subject to its temporal context, we designed an on-line museum in order to better demonstrate this positioning, thanks to open and dynamic interpretation made possible by digital media. The aim of this work is to illustrate our hypothesis on the positioning of transmission mode via a concrete application which intends to reduce this breach. ; Résumé : La dynamique de cette thèse est dans la recherche de l'écart entre la place historique - en rapport au fait scientifique même - du médicament homéopathique dans l'histoire des ...

International audience ; UK scientific advice on the possible health risks of mobile phones has embraced (or seems to be embracing) broader engagement with interested non-experts. This paper explains the context of lost credibility that made such a development necessary, and the implications of greater engagement for the construction (and expert control) of "public concern." I narrate how scientific advice matured from an approach based on compliance with guidelines to a style of "public science" in which issues such as trust and democracy were intertwined with scientific risk assessment. This paper develops existing conceptions of the "public understanding of science" with an explanation based around the co-production of scientific and social order. Using a narrative drawn from a series of in-depth interviews with scientists and policymakers, I explain how expert reformulation of the state of scientific uncertainty within a public controversy reveals constructions of "The Public," and the desired extent of their engagement. Constructions of the public changed at the same time as a construction of uncertainty as solely an expert concern was molded into a state of politically workable public uncertainty. This paper demonstrates how publics can be constructed as instruments of credible policymaking, and suggests the potential for public alienation if non-experts feel they have not been fairly represented.

Introduction: In an economy geared to innovation and competitiveness in research and development activities, inter-relationships between the university, private enterprise and government are of considerable interest. Networking constitutes a priority strategy to attain this strategic objective and a tool in knowledge-based economies. Method: Drawing from a full inventory of co-authored scientific articles, collaborating networks are defined and analysed with the social network analysis method, using Pajek software and graphed with the Kamada-Kawai algorithm for visualization. Analysis: Scientific production involving intraregional collaboration in the Madrid region is analysed across three subject categories. The data used were taken from the Web of Science for the years 1995-2003. The main indicators of social networking obtained were: density average degree, normalized degree and degree centralization, betweenness centralization, closeness centralization and clustering coefficient. Results: Networking led to a moderate rise in the number of links and participating actors, with more Spanish companies and multi-national subsidiaries in the second period. The largest number of links was recorded for public universities located in the Community of Madrid. Conclusions: The data resulting from the social network analysis conducted provided insight into the structural characteristics of the networks generated and their evolution. The visualization methodology used proved to be highly informative for identifying not only the main actors, but clusters and components as well. The analysis afforded a useful perspective for understanding the dynamics of collaborating networks. ; This research is supported by grants from Comunidad de Madrid (06/HSE/0166).

We present a generalization of the transfer Hamiltonian method to include inelastic currents due to electron-vibration coupling. This formalism is applied to CO vibrations on Cu(100). The method describes the changes in conductance across the vibrational threshold of both the inelastic (increase) and elastic (decrease) contributions, which are evaluated from electronic structure calculations of tip and sample. The most active modes are found to be the two frustrated rotations of the CO molecule. A comparison with previous results, based on the local density of states, shows that explicitly including the tip structure significantly improves the quantitative agreement with experiments. Finally, we discuss how different tip terminations affect the inelastic tunneling current. ; G.T. has been funded by EPRSC Grant No. EP/C541898/1. G.T. and N.L. also acknowledge support from the European Science Foundation, ESF exchange grant, Ref. 1280. M.P. and A.A. have been partially funded by the Spanish MEC, the UPV/EHU, and the Basque Government through the ETORTEK program. W.A.H. is supported by the Royal Society. ; Peer reviewed