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Preamble: We the people of the co-operative of Guyana, the proud heirs of the indomitable spirit and unconquerable will of our forefathers who by their sacrifices, their blood and their labour made rich and fertile and bequeathed to us as our inalienable patrimony for all time this green land of Guyana. (Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen) ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

The governance of modern science requires a heightened sensitivity to societal issues in relation to, and in particular within, the life sciences. Current opinion about practices, potential achievements and applications of genomics research oscillates between hope and fear; promise and realization; intended and unintended consequences; knowledge and non-knowledge; understanding and misunderstanding—on all sides, including scientists. Governments, research funding agencies and industry seem to have learnt, to some extent, that what was once fittingly called "organized irresponsibility" (Beck, 1995) must be transformed into 'organized responsibility' if scientific research, new therapies and diagnostics, improved health care, and new consumer products and services are to stand any chance of being accepted by society.

It certainly cannot be said that aquaculture has ignored sustainable development, judging by the number of standards, guides and indicators devoted to it, produced mainly under the aegis of international organisations such as FAO, the European Union and some NGOs. However, these continue to be perceived in large measure as constraints rather than as shared objectives by the actors in the field. Faced with this situation, which is not specific to aquaculture but on the contrary quite general regardless of sector, context or scale, this guide seeks to propose a generic approach that through a collective process, i.e. a joint construction, promotes the implementation and the appropriation of sustainable development. What makes this approach original is not only the participatory nature of the construction, which brings the actors together and takes into account their representations, but also the regional nature of the approach which includes both aquaculture systems and their host areas. It is based on a selection process that nests principles and criteria and which, by linking indicators to the actors' issues and representations, encourages their appropriation of both sustainable development and the indicators produced. Designed in the form of an instruction manual that is as flexible as possible, the approach alternates various sequences in order to modulate the range and the involvement of stakeholders and to emphasise the collective learning process. This guide is the fruit of fieldwork undertaken by a group of French researchers in partnership with teams of scientists and actors in France, in Europe and in Southern countries (Cameroon, Indonesia and Philippines). Aquaculture systems, representative of a broad range of farming systems and of governance mechanisms, were studied. This guide is intended for aquaculture producer groups, supervisory administrations in the sector, as well as research bodies, NGOs,. and any group wishing to implement sustainable development in aquaculture or in any other domain. It may also be very useful to teachers and students who wish to study how aquaculture works in a given region.

With China's emergence as a global manufacturing centre, reshaping the country's logistics industry is assuming a global dimension too. The Chinese transport sector, despite its tremendous potential in facilitating the economic development of the country, is plagued with problems of insufficient infrastructure; overlapping regulatory authority; operational inefficiencies and a lack of logistics culture. The thesis shows that China urgently needs to restructure the architecture of its transport industry by incorporating logistics thinking and by embodying the strategic objectives of logistics development. Restructuring the architecture of transport logistics (ATL) aims to improve, the mechanism of integrated operations and planning, as well as the development of transport logistics infrastructure and facilities. Based on experiences from developed economies as a reference, and by integrating its own conditions and situation, the thesis argues that China needs to strengthen co-ordination and harmonization among the various components of its logistics system. The architecture of transport logistics (ATL) consists of an integrated and coordinated system. The main function of the system is to accelerate interaction and coordination among transport logistics enterprises, government agencies, and relevant institutions at national level. This research presents a framework for the establishment of an efficient ATL system in China with appropriate structure, complete functions, and efficient operations. The presented framework focuses on the macroeconomic environment of transport logistics and supporting systems, presenting at the same time a monitoring and early warning system for effective pre-emptive decision making at policy level.

Altres ajuts: SEJ2005-06357 ; Altres ajuts: SEJ2006-4444 ; The concept of polarization is linked to the extent that a given distribution leads to the formation of homogeneous groups with opposing interests. This concept, which is basically different from the traditional one of inequality, is related to the level of inherent potential conflict in a distribution. The polarization approach has been widely applied in the analysis of income distribution. The extension of this approach to the analysis of international distribution of CO2 emissions is quite useful as it gives a potent informative instrument for characterizing the state and evolution of the international distribution of emissions and its possible political consequences in terms of tensions and the probability of achieving agreements. In this paper we analyze the international distribution of per capita CO2 emissions between 1971 and 2001 through the adaptation of the polarization concept and measures. We find that the most interesting grouped description deriving from the analysis is a two groups' one, whichbroadly coincide with Annex B and non-Annex B countries of the Kyoto Protocol, which shows the power of polarization analysis for explaining the generation of groups in the real world. The analysis also shows a significant reduction in international polarization in per capita CO2 emissions between 1971 and 1995, but not much change since 1995, which might indicate that polarized distribution of emission is still one of the important factors leading to difficulties in achieving agreements for reducing global emissions.

In the West of Burkina Faso, improving the integration of crop and livestock activities could allow to strengthen the productivity and sustainability of farming systems. But few of the technical propositions of agronomists were adopted and transformed into innovations by farmers. The TERIA project (2005-2007) tested a framework of Participative Action Research to co-design agropastoral innovations with farmers from the identification of problems to the experimentation of solutions. This project proposed a method to organize the partnership between the different stakeholders of the project and an original experimental framework. It allows building scientific knowledge on local practices and favouring the training of the stakeholders on contextualised techniques.

The purpose of this article is to deepen the understanding of how co-management and deliberative democracy relate to one another. Deliberation is an understudied aspect of common-pool resource theory that could be developed by a closer connection to deliberative democratic theory. Co-management studies may also provide needed empirical insights to deliberative democratic theory. A framework is developed to analyze to what degree co-management arrangements incorporate deliberative elements. To test its usefulness, a case study of a co-management process in Sweden is analyzed. In Funäsdalsfjällen, a conflict-ridden situation caused by snowmobiles ended in agreement and the establishment of a municipal regulation area. Central and regional authorities initially failed to resolve the conflict, but when the municipality started working directly with the relevant interest groups, agreement was reached. Deliberative elements are shown central to the success, and it is concluded that co-management and deliberative democratic approaches indeed do cross-fertilize one another.

The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the development of adaptive co-management systems and of the role the State plays in promoting or hampering such a development. Natural resource issues are often characterised by conflicting interests and in general implemented by conventional, top-down management systems. Therefore this thesis also investigates the effect conflicting interests and institutional path dependencies have on the development of adaptive co-management systems. The Swedish moose management system was established in the beginning of the 20th century as the State was trying to rectify a "tragedy of the commons" situation since moose at the time was almost extinct. The administrative system erected can be characterised as a conventional, top-down, single- species management system, and had features of both corporate arrangements and legal-rational bureaucratic administrative models. Due to high administrative costs and the explosion of the moose population in the late 1970's which resulted in significant grazing damages on commercial tree species, the State changed its policies. One change in formal rules allowed for hunting rights owners to establish so called Moose Management Units (MMU) which entailed that they gained management rights, and thereby could decide on their own the number of moose to be shot in a hunting season. This is a critical right since approximately 1/3 of the moose populations are decimated during a hunting season and this right is therefore an efficient tool for controlling the size of the moose populations. The State also made alterations in the corporate arrangement, from primarily only including the hunting interest organisation SAHWM to increase landowner interests' influence in the public administration. A quantitative study of the MMUs revealed that these can not be characterised as adaptive co-management systems to a high degree due to inadequate monitoring, inability to meet management goals, and failure to apply ecosystem management. Part of the reason for this is that there is an ecological and social misfit since MMUs are too small to contain its own moose populations. Another reason is inadequate knowledge regarding population dynamics on behalf of the local resource users. However, there were variations not only among MMUs but also on the regional level as to the extent of adaptive co-management characteristics. Two counties were selected for further study due to the fact that the MMUs in one county had more characteristics of adaptive co-management systems than in the other one. The case studies revealed that high levels of conflicts in a corporate arrangement hampered the development of adaptive co- management systems. In the county with low conflict levels regarding the moose question, a key steward holding a key position in the moose administrative system was a critical actor in promoting the development of adaptive co-management systems. It is concluded that devolution of management rights does not automatically foster adaptive co-management. Nor is a centralized system easily converted to a bottom-up system. The study shows that institutional change is path dependent but also that the State has an important role to play in developing adaptive co-management systems. This is particularly decisive if an ecological and social misfit is likely to arise since the State then can provide linkages both on an organisational level but also on a geographical level and thereby mitigate potential negative effects of local resource systems. However, this role differs significantly from that in conventional resource management and therefore it is also important that the organisation and tasks of the State is ensured legitimacy among both the public and affected resource users. ; Godkänd; 2008; 20081120 (ysko)

This paper reviews the economic effects of the EU Savings Taxation Directive. The Directive aims at enabling taxation of foreign interest payments received by individuals in accordance with the rules of their State of residence. The data suggest that the Directive, which is based on automatic information exchange, has not led to major shifts in international savings. However, this result has to be interpreted with caution since the available data is scarce and not always conclusive. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

We study the term structure implications of the fiscal theory of price level determination. We introduce the intertemporal budget constraint of the government in a general equilibrium model in continuous time. Fiscal policy is set according to a simple rule whereby taxes react proportionally to real debt. We show how to solve for the prices of real and nominal zero coupon bonds.

This paper reviews the economic effects of the EU Savings Taxation Directive. The Directive aims at enabling taxation of foreign interest payments received by individuals in accordance with the rules of their State of residence. The data suggest that the Directive, which is based on automatic information exchange, has not led to major shifts in international savings. However, this result has to be interpreted with caution since the available data is scarce and not always conclusive.

SUMMARY PECULIARITIES OF THE EXERCISE OF CO – OWNERS' RIGHTS AND DUTIES Co – ownership is the type of individual co – ownership. Co – ownership can be common partial ownership or common joint ownership. Common partial ownership is ownership when shares of each co-owner are established in the co-ownership, while common joint ownership right is ownership when such shares are not established. The purview of exercise of the owners' rights was the main discrepancy, which determined the separation between individual co – ownership and co – ownership. The owners of individual ownership implement their rights considering the law and the rights and concerns of third parts. The owners of co – ownership exercise their rights considering the law and the rights and concerns of third parts and other co – owners (the consistence of concerns). Such a determination influenced some peculiarities of the co – owners' rights and duties and their exercise. The common elements of shared ownership are defined in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania, in the fourth book (tangible law), V chapter, section four. The specific elements of shared ownership are defined also in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania and in other legislation - Homeowners' association law and Gardeners' association law. The common joint ownership exists only while talking about marriage and the joint ownership assert as statutory legal regime of property of spouses. The third book (family law), VI chapter, second section in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania regulates common joint ownership. The legal relations between co – owners are confusing because the object subject to common partial ownership is possessed, used and disposed of by a common agreement of co-owners. Such the exercise of the owners' rights is inefficiency and complicated. According to these reasons the legislator determined the peculiar rights and duties of co – owners and the peculiar exercise of co – owners' rights and duties. Considering to what was mentioned and also according to the theme and purpose of the work, the peculiarities of rights and duties of common partial ownership of owners of flats and other premises, of common partial ownership of owners of garden – plots, of joint ownership of spouses and of other essentials for co – ownership to appear and the exercise of all these rights and duties are analysed in this work. More attention was paid to confusing and tricky co – owners' rights and duties and to their specific exercise. Most common problems were analysed and summed up. The recommendations and solutions were supplied.

SUMMARY PECULIARITIES OF THE EXERCISE OF CO – OWNERS' RIGHTS AND DUTIES Co – ownership is the type of individual co – ownership. Co – ownership can be common partial ownership or common joint ownership. Common partial ownership is ownership when shares of each co-owner are established in the co-ownership, while common joint ownership right is ownership when such shares are not established. The purview of exercise of the owners' rights was the main discrepancy, which determined the separation between individual co – ownership and co – ownership. The owners of individual ownership implement their rights considering the law and the rights and concerns of third parts. The owners of co – ownership exercise their rights considering the law and the rights and concerns of third parts and other co – owners (the consistence of concerns). Such a determination influenced some peculiarities of the co – owners' rights and duties and their exercise. The common elements of shared ownership are defined in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania, in the fourth book (tangible law), V chapter, section four. The specific elements of shared ownership are defined also in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania and in other legislation - Homeowners' association law and Gardeners' association law. The common joint ownership exists only while talking about marriage and the joint ownership assert as statutory legal regime of property of spouses. The third book (family law), VI chapter, second section in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania regulates common joint ownership. The legal relations between co – owners are confusing because the object subject to common partial ownership is possessed, used and disposed of by a common agreement of co-owners. Such the exercise of the owners' rights is inefficiency and complicated. According to these reasons the legislator determined the peculiar rights and duties of co – owners and the peculiar exercise of co – owners' rights and duties. Considering to what was mentioned and also according to the theme and purpose of the work, the peculiarities of rights and duties of common partial ownership of owners of flats and other premises, of common partial ownership of owners of garden – plots, of joint ownership of spouses and of other essentials for co – ownership to appear and the exercise of all these rights and duties are analysed in this work. More attention was paid to confusing and tricky co – owners' rights and duties and to their specific exercise. Most common problems were analysed and summed up. The recommendations and solutions were supplied.

Introduction: In an economy geared to innovation and competitiveness in research and development activities, inter-relationships between the university, private enterprise and government are of considerable interest. Networking constitutes a priority strategy to attain this strategic objective and a tool in knowledge-based economies. Method: Drawing from a full inventory of co-authored scientific articles, collaborating networks are defined and analysed with the social network analysis method, using Pajek software and graphed with the Kamada-Kawai algorithm for visualization. Analysis: Scientific production involving intraregional collaboration in the Madrid region is analysed across three subject categories. The data used were taken from the Web of Science for the years 1995-2003. The main indicators of social networking obtained were: density average degree, normalized degree and degree centralization, betweenness centralization, closeness centralization and clustering coefficient. Results: Networking led to a moderate rise in the number of links and participating actors, with more Spanish companies and multi-national subsidiaries in the second period. The largest number of links was recorded for public universities located in the Community of Madrid. Conclusions: The data resulting from the social network analysis conducted provided insight into the structural characteristics of the networks generated and their evolution. The visualization methodology used proved to be highly informative for identifying not only the main actors, but clusters and components as well. The analysis afforded a useful perspective for understanding the dynamics of collaborating networks. ; Financiado por Comunidad de Madrid, Consejería de Educación, Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación. 06/HSE/0166/2004. ; Publicado

Dans cette huitième e-note, Benjamin Huybrechts (Centre d'Economie Sociale, HEC Management School, Université de Liège) analyse la relation entre le commerce équitable et l'entrepreneuriat coopératif. Il en conclut que le modèle du commerce équitable a tout à gagner à tenter d'appliquer les principes d'équité, de justice et de démocratie qu'il promeut également à l'interne des organisations, tant au Sud qu'au Nord. A l'inverse, le mouvement coopératif a tout à gagner à s'appuyer sur le commerce équitable pour donner un nouveau souffle à ses principes et à ses acteurs dans un contexte de dialogue Nord-Sud. ; In deze e-note verkent Benjamin Huybrechts (Centre d'Economie Sociale, HEC Management School, Universiteit van Luik) de relatie tussen coöperatief ondernemen en fair trade. Hij argumenteert dat het model van fair trade er alles bij te winnen heeft om te trachten haar principes van billijkheid, rechtvaardigheid en democratie ook intern in haar organisaties toe te passen, in het Zuiden zowel als in het Noorden. Omgekeerd heeft de coöperatieve beweging er alles bij te winnen wanneer ze zich richt op fair trade om een nieuwe adem te geven aan haar principes en aan haar actoren in een context van Noord-Zuid dialoog