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Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction. Art and Authority in Late Colonial South American Portraiture -- 1. New Pictorial Practices: Early Official Portraits in Viceregal Peru -- 2. Visualizing Empire's History: Royal Portraits in the Iberoamerican World -- 3. Picturing Viceregal Authority in the Lima City Council -- 4. Municipal Collecting: Viceregal Portraits in Bogotá and Buenos Aires -- 5. Portrayal in a Time of Transition: Early Nineteenth-Century Portraits -- Epilogue: The Afterlife of Official Portraits -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

Imperialism, colonialism, and territorial disputes / Mi Yung Yoon -- Ethiopia and Eretria : Affica's classical war / James J. Hentz -- Territorial disputes in the Gulf of Guinea : the cases of Nigeria-Cameroon and Gabon-Equatorial Guinea / Mi Yung Yoon -- Guaranteeing peace in Latin America : a case study in conflict resolution involving the Peru and Ecuador border dispute of 1995 / Richard J. Kilroy, Jr. -- Territorial disputes in South America : an exploratory typology / Roberto Duran -- Conclusion : expanding the discourse on territorial disputes and colonial legacies / Richard J. Kilroy, Jr

This study concerns the representation of colonial Latin American history and the characterisation of Daniel/Hatuey in the 2010 film-about-a-film También la lluvia. A metacinematic work comprising historical study and political commentary, También la lluvia has received mixed critical reactions regarding its portrayal of the historical and social inequalities it analyses. This article examines the ambiguous nature of the work by analysing the motif of conversion. It argues that, by foregrounding the contemporary conversion story of Costa, the film sacrifices both nuanced historical attention to the colonial past it dramatises and sustained development of one of its apparently central characters: Daniel/Hatuey, who is repeatedly converted into narrative and symbolic figures of secondary prominence, despite their importance to the development and legibility of the work as a whole. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of political and economic problems faced by Sub‐Saharan countries.Design/methodology/approachData were compiled from current statistical data from various countries in the region. Also library sources were used to study the historical developments relating to the countries' past and current political and economic situations.FindingsThis paper finds that the Sub‐Saharan countries misruled themselves and ruined their economies soon after they gained independence. They were then forced to seek help from their past colonial masters whom they had fought and got rid of to be independent.Practical implicationsThe implications are that these former colonies have had to face reality and work with some western countries (including their past colonial foes) in order to foster economic development. In so doing, they have had to compromise and be accommodate donor and invest conditionsOriginality/valueThis paper provides explanation as to why the countries in this region have had economic and political problems. Furthermore, it lists comprehensive strategies these countries have devised to get out of their problems.

Persons of mixed European and Asian parentage appeared in the Indonesian archipelago shortly after the arrival of the first "Westerners" in the sixteenth century. Although most of them were absorbed by the indigenous population, some were not and came to constitute a separate, identifiable group. The main reason, apart from paternal pride, seems to have been religious. Christianity, especially during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, encouraged a strong feeling of responsibility toward the biracial offspring of non-European women. A moral obligation was felt to baptize the child and give it the name of the father. Legal rules and regulations facilitated the process: the European father, for example, could "recognize" his natural child by a non-European woman, adopt it, or request a "Letter of legitimation". Possession of "the status of European" in the nineteenth century permitted persons of mixed descent to benefit educationally from the rapid expansion of "European" (i.e. Dutch) schools. Finally, the Dutch nationality law of 1892 — based squarely on thejus sanguinisprinciple — contained the crucial provision that all those who were considered Europeans when the act came into force (July 1, 1893) — including those who were legally assimilated and socially a part of the European group — became Dutch citizens.