The article highlights the education community, drawing the community as a strengthening of local government units; debate on the participation of community members in self-governance process. The article discusses the case study; exposing the local community (Kupiškis district) participation in political and cultural life of the community, directly to the (self) pulling into municipal development processes and public civil debate edge business development actualities positioning. Concerned members of the community competencies, activities and feel, the presentation of their region as a smart social space of the region, in support of a competitive advantage in the global market – i.e. community participation, the promotion of entrepreneurship in the region; the development of tourism, the use of existing natural, cultural and other resources.
The master thesis of Sigita Čiurliene, deals with the issue of social relationship in school society and its democratic expression. It is an attempt to give a definition of social relationship and to show the main ways of its creation and development in learning environment. The concept of democratic relationship is emphasized in Lithuanian main documents. Famous scientists investigated and described social relationship but we are short of exhaustive works in this field. The author's objective in this paper is to analyze democratic relationship in school community and to find out the main factors influenced this relationship. The main focus is to provide analyses of the following problems: determination of social relationship in school society; investigation of students' and teachers' attitude towards social relationship and different factors influenced it; analyses of the relationships between students and teachers and their nature. In accordance with the analyses of special literature, students' and teachers' interviews and observation of students there were made the following conclusions: analyses of scientific literature have disclosed that democratic relationship stipulated active participation based on two- way exchange with respect, trust, openness and it is of the same importance to all members of the society. Only in such learning environment students and teachers become partners. The empirical part of given analyses has disclosed that students consider that democratic relationship is based on respect, tolerance, equal rights, openness. They think that democratic relationship in school depends on socializing with other people, defending of interests, participation in school life, opportunity to participate in decision and influence it. These facts allow to confirm that students' activity contribute to the consolidation of democratic social relationships in school. On the other hand teachers consider that the background of democratic relationship is an opportunity to have your own point of view, to say it without any scare and to be sure to be listened to, respect and socializing. Teachers think that social relationship in school depends on family environment, psychological atmosphere in school and socializinglevel among all the members of school society. According to the students observation data presented in the report we can confirm that relationships in preliminary school differ from that of secondary school. The students in preliminary classes are more aggressive and conflict situations occur much more often. In basic classes social relationships are quiet, open, friendly, conflict situations are very rare, as far as 12th class is concerned their relationships are open, helpful, respectful.
The master thesis of Sigita Čiurliene, deals with the issue of social relationship in school society and its democratic expression. It is an attempt to give a definition of social relationship and to show the main ways of its creation and development in learning environment. The concept of democratic relationship is emphasized in Lithuanian main documents. Famous scientists investigated and described social relationship but we are short of exhaustive works in this field. The author's objective in this paper is to analyze democratic relationship in school community and to find out the main factors influenced this relationship. The main focus is to provide analyses of the following problems: determination of social relationship in school society; investigation of students' and teachers' attitude towards social relationship and different factors influenced it; analyses of the relationships between students and teachers and their nature. In accordance with the analyses of special literature, students' and teachers' interviews and observation of students there were made the following conclusions: analyses of scientific literature have disclosed that democratic relationship stipulated active participation based on two- way exchange with respect, trust, openness and it is of the same importance to all members of the society. Only in such learning environment students and teachers become partners. The empirical part of given analyses has disclosed that students consider that democratic relationship is based on respect, tolerance, equal rights, openness. They think that democratic relationship in school depends on socializing with other people, defending of interests, participation in school life, opportunity to participate in decision and influence it. These facts allow to confirm that students' activity contribute to the consolidation of democratic social relationships in school. On the other hand teachers consider that the background of democratic relationship is an opportunity to have your own point of view, to say it without any scare and to be sure to be listened to, respect and socializing. Teachers think that social relationship in school depends on family environment, psychological atmosphere in school and socializinglevel among all the members of school society. According to the students observation data presented in the report we can confirm that relationships in preliminary school differ from that of secondary school. The students in preliminary classes are more aggressive and conflict situations occur much more often. In basic classes social relationships are quiet, open, friendly, conflict situations are very rare, as far as 12th class is concerned their relationships are open, helpful, respectful.
The increasing need for communities and sociality is evidenced by more and more attention paid to them: on both political levels of the European Union and also on each of its member states the development of communities and the necessity to bring social services closer to local communities are emphasized. For this purpose it is necessary to reconsider the roles of social services providers, their functions and the competences required for this activity. Scientists state that the potential of social workers is not fully used for the purpose of activation, concentration and development of local communities. The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of scientific literature, to highlight the elements of the competence of social workers for acting in a rural community. Based on the performed analysis of scientific literature, the article deals with the preconditions for formation of communities in rural areas, the specifics of social work in rural communities is analysed, the definition of the competence of the social workers for acting in a rural community is presented. The competence of a social worker for acting in a community consists of knowledge, skills and value attitudes. It is important for a social worker acting in a rural community to know potential models for solutions of community problems, the cultural context of the country community, the identity, and the strengths of the community and the specifics of facilitation process. For successful activity in a rural community the social worker shall have social skills, i.e., skills for establishment and maintenance of relationships, keeping the cultural dialog, analytical and technical skills, research performance, facilitation, activating people as well as community organization and mobilisation skills.
The increasing need for communities and sociality is evidenced by more and more attention paid to them: on both political levels of the European Union and also on each of its member states the development of communities and the necessity to bring social services closer to local communities are emphasized. For this purpose it is necessary to reconsider the roles of social services providers, their functions and the competences required for this activity. Scientists state that the potential of social workers is not fully used for the purpose of activation, concentration and development of local communities. The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of scientific literature, to highlight the elements of the competence of social workers for acting in a rural community. Based on the performed analysis of scientific literature, the article deals with the preconditions for formation of communities in rural areas, the specifics of social work in rural communities is analysed, the definition of the competence of the social workers for acting in a rural community is presented. The competence of a social worker for acting in a community consists of knowledge, skills and value attitudes. It is important for a social worker acting in a rural community to know potential models for solutions of community problems, the cultural context of the country community, the identity, and the strengths of the community and the specifics of facilitation process. For successful activity in a rural community the social worker shall have social skills, i.e., skills for establishment and maintenance of relationships, keeping the cultural dialog, analytical and technical skills, research performance, facilitation, activating people as well as community organization and mobilisation skills.
Since the 8th decade of the XXth century the scientifi c and practical level of public administration is dominated by the customer (client) oriented approach, often associated with New Public Management (NPM) doctrine. As an alternative to the New Public Management "customer" model, R. B. Denhardt and J. V. Denhardt (2000) proposed a "new public service" idea, which is based on the concepts of democracy and citizen and citizen participation as an essential precondition for democratic governance. Separation of "citizen" and "customer" attitudes in the provision of public services newly raise the issue of government-citizen interaction and promote discussion on the concept of citizenship. The article deals with the problem of defi nition of conception of public services participants as quality assessors under the assumption that participation of citizens as service recipients in public services is related to public service quality evaluation, i.e., satisfaction, and that the concept of service recipient as "customer" is limited in public services, and may be used to describe only one of the potential positions of behaviour of the service recipients. The aim of the article is to analyze the conception of identifi cation of public service participants as quality assessors on the basis of the aspect of a citizencustomer participation in public services. The paper gives an overview of features describing the particularity of public service characteristics and roles of service. [to full text]
Since the 8th decade of the XXth century the scientifi c and practical level of public administration is dominated by the customer (client) oriented approach, often associated with New Public Management (NPM) doctrine. As an alternative to the New Public Management "customer" model, R. B. Denhardt and J. V. Denhardt (2000) proposed a "new public service" idea, which is based on the concepts of democracy and citizen and citizen participation as an essential precondition for democratic governance. Separation of "citizen" and "customer" attitudes in the provision of public services newly raise the issue of government-citizen interaction and promote discussion on the concept of citizenship. The article deals with the problem of defi nition of conception of public services participants as quality assessors under the assumption that participation of citizens as service recipients in public services is related to public service quality evaluation, i.e., satisfaction, and that the concept of service recipient as "customer" is limited in public services, and may be used to describe only one of the potential positions of behaviour of the service recipients. The aim of the article is to analyze the conception of identifi cation of public service participants as quality assessors on the basis of the aspect of a citizencustomer participation in public services. The paper gives an overview of features describing the particularity of public service characteristics and roles of service. [to full text]
Some critics nowadays are calling for the development of a transracial or "color- -blind" society. They claim that the current focus on multiculturalism is causing undue social conflict. In general, these critics want to promote an absolute culture that provides a universal standard for assimilation. The problem with this approach to maintaining social order is that diversity is undermined, along with key elements of democracy. What is needed, instead, is an image of society that does not require unquestioned assimilation in order to insure solidarity. In this way, the democratization of culture can be promoted.
Some critics nowadays are calling for the development of a transracial or "color- -blind" society. They claim that the current focus on multiculturalism is causing undue social conflict. In general, these critics want to promote an absolute culture that provides a universal standard for assimilation. The problem with this approach to maintaining social order is that diversity is undermined, along with key elements of democracy. What is needed, instead, is an image of society that does not require unquestioned assimilation in order to insure solidarity. In this way, the democratization of culture can be promoted.
Some critics nowadays are calling for the development of a transracial or "color- -blind" society. They claim that the current focus on multiculturalism is causing undue social conflict. In general, these critics want to promote an absolute culture that provides a universal standard for assimilation. The problem with this approach to maintaining social order is that diversity is undermined, along with key elements of democracy. What is needed, instead, is an image of society that does not require unquestioned assimilation in order to insure solidarity. In this way, the democratization of culture can be promoted.
Some critics nowadays are calling for the development of a transracial or "color- -blind" society. They claim that the current focus on multiculturalism is causing undue social conflict. In general, these critics want to promote an absolute culture that provides a universal standard for assimilation. The problem with this approach to maintaining social order is that diversity is undermined, along with key elements of democracy. What is needed, instead, is an image of society that does not require unquestioned assimilation in order to insure solidarity. In this way, the democratization of culture can be promoted.
Information technologies are very important for the equal development of society. Rural communities are still behind in using computers and internet compare to the cities in Lithuania. The possession of information technologies in rural communities, understanding and willing of community members to use computers and internet is very important for the technological development of rural communities. This work is committed to study how the members of Gruzdziai community use computers and internet for their working and individual purposes, how do they attend computer curses organized by European Union and use computers situated in Gruzdziai library. Key words: local community, computerization, internet, information society.
Information technologies are very important for the equal development of society. Rural communities are still behind in using computers and internet compare to the cities in Lithuania. The possession of information technologies in rural communities, understanding and willing of community members to use computers and internet is very important for the technological development of rural communities. This work is committed to study how the members of Gruzdziai community use computers and internet for their working and individual purposes, how do they attend computer curses organized by European Union and use computers situated in Gruzdziai library. Key words: local community, computerization, internet, information society.
The dissertation was prepared in 2000–2004 at the Vilnius Pedagogical University and in 2004-2007 at Mykolas Romeris University, The dissertation is defend without PhD studies Scientific supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S). The doctoral dissertation will be defended at the Management and Administration Research Council of Mykolas Romeris University: Chairman of the Council: Prof. Habil. Dr. Adolfas Kaziliūnas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Members: Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Chlivickas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jolanta Palidauskaitė (Kaunass University of Technology, Social Science, Sociology 05S) Prof. Dr. Alvydas Pumputis (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law 01S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Borisas Melnikas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Vygantas K. Paulikas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) The public defence of the doctoral dissertation will take place at Management and Administration Research Council on 28th December, 2007 at 10 a.m. in the Senate Hall of Mykolas Romeris University (Room C-230). Address: Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th November, 2007. The doctoral dissertation is available at the library of the Mykolas Romeris University and Lithuanian National Library of Martynas Mazvydas (Gedimino Av. 51, Vilnius). Introduction In the modern world the mindset of people as well as self-organization factors of various social groups change. Traditional ideologies that used to reflect the thinking of the majority of people in the past are now losing their popularity, and new ideas appear as unlimited pluralism settles in. Sometimes these ideas are old ones that have come from the past. An example would be the idea of communitarianism – some followers claim that this idea should already be called an ideology. When analysing communitarian ideas, most of them may be found in the ideologies of conservatives, Christian democrats, and social utopians or even anarchists–communists." Therefore it is necessary for contemporary man to choose from many strong or weaker ideological attitudes and to solve the dual problem: to identify new values that are often related with one of the segments of the "new public management" – participation of citizens and communities. So one of the traditional values, closely related with the "new public management" when reforming the public sector (especially when talking about self-governance), is considered more often in the Western democratic states nowadays – this value is sociality. Sociality in the democratic world in the context of public administration was and still is considered to be a special value that defines the quality of social organizations, and therefore it is promoted in various ways in the context of creating civil society, and it is one of the factors of modernisation of the public sector. Analysis of local communities from the managerial point of view may be based on the term of subsidiarity (discretion, additionality) that states that what may be done better by a community should not be done by the state. But where the forces of one man or a community are not enough, society and the state should support their efforts according to means. According to the classical definition of subsidiarity, matters that can be handled by individuals on their own should not be taken from them and assigned to the society as in this way justice would be offended. Scientific novelty of the dissertation may be defined by the following statements: • There are no dissertations in the area of public administration that would analyse especially the functionality of local communities, so this attempt to define and analyse the functionality of non-formal local communities of villages and towns allows to expect polemic with works of other authors that analyse the problem of sociality on the whole; • Factors that influence the functionality of contemporary local community have not been grouped and analysed till now; • The definition of factors and actions of local community functionality will enable to expect a faster realisation and implementation of these principles in practice for Lithuania that is developing state and self-governance local administration based on the principles of de-centralisation and subsidiarity; • The problems and directions of creation, development and expansion of local community functionality were analysed thoroughly and systematically, and theoretical and practical recommendations for solving these problems were prepared for the first time in Lithuania; • The concept that defines a functional local community has not been formed. Practical advantage of the dissertation. The actions intended by the author if performed by institutions existing in local communities will enable politicians, public officials and active citizens to draw attention to certain factors that influence the functionality of local communities and to choose certain managerial actions when creating functional local communities. When defining functional local community the author based himself on theoretical material as well as on personal experience because, having worked as a mayor of a regional municipality for five years, he had set the stimulation of mustering people in local communities as one of his strategic goals. From this point of view the dissertation will be useful for praticians because, according to Richard Fenn, the analysis of all subjects, especially the phenomenon of society, requires the researcher to indulge into institutional details – to experience institutions' habits, day-to-day life, successes and misfortunes, as they are experienced by all who live [169, p. 31]. Scientific problem. Lately sociality has been discussed a lot, but there has been no discussion about what it is in local communities, and only one its active form is acknowledged – the existence of a formalised community centre (registered community centres are counted). No attempt is made for local communities in villages and towns to be functional (while that is the basis of self-governance), and no analysis is performed about what its functionality as well as the efficiency of self-governance depends on. The research emphasizes that: • As traditional values of public life are vanishing, the appearing niche is being filled by negative phenomena that make public life more problematic (empirical data collected on alcoholism, neglect of children, criminality); there is discussion about whether this may be resisted by organising citizens into self-organization groups (cultural, charity, youth groups were researched) thus making local communities functional so that they may contribute to the efficiency of public life; • The functionality of villages and towns (that we call local communities) of contemporary Lithuania has withered or manifests itself episodically, while the re-creation of functionality is one of the activity criteria of public institutions and dimensional expression of democratic (real self-governance) management; • It has been noticed that social capital in Western countries is constantly rebuilding itself thus strengthening administrative structures – local government (municipality, eldership) and local institutions (the church, school, cultural institutions, etc.), citizen initiatives, so it should be discussed if functional local community could be one of such links since full-fledged social capital is not functioning yet in our country? The aim of the dissertation is to indicate that systematic managerial actions performed in certain factors may create functional local communities in Lithuanian villages and towns. Goals of the dissertation: 1. to determine factors that influence local community; 2. to define functional local community; 3. to determine the possibilities of institutions existing in local communities to form a functional local community; 4. to plan specific actions and functions of institutions when creating functional local communities; 5. to prepare practical recommendations for interested government institutions, formal and non-formal citizen groups what priority actions should be performed when creating functional local communities. Research object is non-formal local communities of Lithuanian villages and towns, the institution system that creates functional communities. Research subject is functional local communities. Hypotheses: 1. It is presumable that certain factors have a bigger influence on the creation of functional local community. 2. It is presumable that functional local community will start appearing if a system of factors that influence sociality will be formed in institutions of local self-governance (eldership, school, cultural institutions), parishes, and when organising social and physical security in villages and towns. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Introduction Chapter 1. Analysis of Functionality of Local Communities in the Works of Western and Lithuanian Scientists and in EU Documents. 1.1. Works of Western Scientists and EU Documents about Functionality of Local Communities. 1.2. Works of Lithuanian Scientists on the Functionality of Local Communities. 1.3. Concepts Related to Local Community. 1.4. Conclusions. Chapter 2. Development of Local Communities in Lithuania in the 20th Century. 2.1. Local Communities in Lithuania before World War II. 2.2. The Soviet Period – Interrupted Tradition of Sociality. 2.3. Local Community in Lithuania after the Restoration of Ind
The dissertation was prepared in 2000–2004 at the Vilnius Pedagogical University and in 2004-2007 at Mykolas Romeris University, The dissertation is defend without PhD studies Scientific supervisor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S). The doctoral dissertation will be defended at the Management and Administration Research Council of Mykolas Romeris University: Chairman of the Council: Prof. Habil. Dr. Adolfas Kaziliūnas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Members: Prof. Dr. Eugenijus Chlivickas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration, 03S) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jolanta Palidauskaitė (Kaunass University of Technology, Social Science, Sociology 05S) Prof. Dr. Alvydas Pumputis (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Law 01S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Stasys Puškorius (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Opponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Borisas Melnikas (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) Prof. Habil. Dr. Vygantas K. Paulikas (Mykolas Romeris University, Social Sciences, Management and Administration 03S) The public defence of the doctoral dissertation will take place at Management and Administration Research Council on 28th December, 2007 at 10 a.m. in the Senate Hall of Mykolas Romeris University (Room C-230). Address: Ateities str. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania The summary of the doctoral dissertation was sent out on 20th November, 2007. The doctoral dissertation is available at the library of the Mykolas Romeris University and Lithuanian National Library of Martynas Mazvydas (Gedimino Av. 51, Vilnius). Introduction In the modern world the mindset of people as well as self-organization factors of various social groups change. Traditional ideologies that used to reflect the thinking of the majority of people in the past are now losing their popularity, and new ideas appear as unlimited pluralism settles in. Sometimes these ideas are old ones that have come from the past. An example would be the idea of communitarianism – some followers claim that this idea should already be called an ideology. When analysing communitarian ideas, most of them may be found in the ideologies of conservatives, Christian democrats, and social utopians or even anarchists–communists." Therefore it is necessary for contemporary man to choose from many strong or weaker ideological attitudes and to solve the dual problem: to identify new values that are often related with one of the segments of the "new public management" – participation of citizens and communities. So one of the traditional values, closely related with the "new public management" when reforming the public sector (especially when talking about self-governance), is considered more often in the Western democratic states nowadays – this value is sociality. Sociality in the democratic world in the context of public administration was and still is considered to be a special value that defines the quality of social organizations, and therefore it is promoted in various ways in the context of creating civil society, and it is one of the factors of modernisation of the public sector. Analysis of local communities from the managerial point of view may be based on the term of subsidiarity (discretion, additionality) that states that what may be done better by a community should not be done by the state. But where the forces of one man or a community are not enough, society and the state should support their efforts according to means. According to the classical definition of subsidiarity, matters that can be handled by individuals on their own should not be taken from them and assigned to the society as in this way justice would be offended. Scientific novelty of the dissertation may be defined by the following statements: • There are no dissertations in the area of public administration that would analyse especially the functionality of local communities, so this attempt to define and analyse the functionality of non-formal local communities of villages and towns allows to expect polemic with works of other authors that analyse the problem of sociality on the whole; • Factors that influence the functionality of contemporary local community have not been grouped and analysed till now; • The definition of factors and actions of local community functionality will enable to expect a faster realisation and implementation of these principles in practice for Lithuania that is developing state and self-governance local administration based on the principles of de-centralisation and subsidiarity; • The problems and directions of creation, development and expansion of local community functionality were analysed thoroughly and systematically, and theoretical and practical recommendations for solving these problems were prepared for the first time in Lithuania; • The concept that defines a functional local community has not been formed. Practical advantage of the dissertation. The actions intended by the author if performed by institutions existing in local communities will enable politicians, public officials and active citizens to draw attention to certain factors that influence the functionality of local communities and to choose certain managerial actions when creating functional local communities. When defining functional local community the author based himself on theoretical material as well as on personal experience because, having worked as a mayor of a regional municipality for five years, he had set the stimulation of mustering people in local communities as one of his strategic goals. From this point of view the dissertation will be useful for praticians because, according to Richard Fenn, the analysis of all subjects, especially the phenomenon of society, requires the researcher to indulge into institutional details – to experience institutions' habits, day-to-day life, successes and misfortunes, as they are experienced by all who live [169, p. 31]. Scientific problem. Lately sociality has been discussed a lot, but there has been no discussion about what it is in local communities, and only one its active form is acknowledged – the existence of a formalised community centre (registered community centres are counted). No attempt is made for local communities in villages and towns to be functional (while that is the basis of self-governance), and no analysis is performed about what its functionality as well as the efficiency of self-governance depends on. The research emphasizes that: • As traditional values of public life are vanishing, the appearing niche is being filled by negative phenomena that make public life more problematic (empirical data collected on alcoholism, neglect of children, criminality); there is discussion about whether this may be resisted by organising citizens into self-organization groups (cultural, charity, youth groups were researched) thus making local communities functional so that they may contribute to the efficiency of public life; • The functionality of villages and towns (that we call local communities) of contemporary Lithuania has withered or manifests itself episodically, while the re-creation of functionality is one of the activity criteria of public institutions and dimensional expression of democratic (real self-governance) management; • It has been noticed that social capital in Western countries is constantly rebuilding itself thus strengthening administrative structures – local government (municipality, eldership) and local institutions (the church, school, cultural institutions, etc.), citizen initiatives, so it should be discussed if functional local community could be one of such links since full-fledged social capital is not functioning yet in our country? The aim of the dissertation is to indicate that systematic managerial actions performed in certain factors may create functional local communities in Lithuanian villages and towns. Goals of the dissertation: 1. to determine factors that influence local community; 2. to define functional local community; 3. to determine the possibilities of institutions existing in local communities to form a functional local community; 4. to plan specific actions and functions of institutions when creating functional local communities; 5. to prepare practical recommendations for interested government institutions, formal and non-formal citizen groups what priority actions should be performed when creating functional local communities. Research object is non-formal local communities of Lithuanian villages and towns, the institution system that creates functional communities. Research subject is functional local communities. Hypotheses: 1. It is presumable that certain factors have a bigger influence on the creation of functional local community. 2. It is presumable that functional local community will start appearing if a system of factors that influence sociality will be formed in institutions of local self-governance (eldership, school, cultural institutions), parishes, and when organising social and physical security in villages and towns. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Introduction Chapter 1. Analysis of Functionality of Local Communities in the Works of Western and Lithuanian Scientists and in EU Documents. 1.1. Works of Western Scientists and EU Documents about Functionality of Local Communities. 1.2. Works of Lithuanian Scientists on the Functionality of Local Communities. 1.3. Concepts Related to Local Community. 1.4. Conclusions. Chapter 2. Development of Local Communities in Lithuania in the 20th Century. 2.1. Local Communities in Lithuania before World War II. 2.2. The Soviet Period – Interrupted Tradition of Sociality. 2.3. Local Community in Lithuania after the Restoration of Ind
