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The appearance and growth of an active community in a seigneurial town were determined by several factors, usually connected with its economic development. There were also various external factors that could influence the process. An important role was played by the royal power that, as it is well known, held a strong position in England and was disinclined to support towns in their struggle for self-governance. This article considers one more factor, i.e. the influence of town alliances. The Confederation of the Cinque Ports, a privileged association of towns of south-east England that were obliged to serve the king with their ships, is taken as an example of such an alliance. It is used to analyse the influence of the Confederation on the development of an urban community in a seigneurial town. The research mostly focuses on a particular type of mediatised town, the one under monastic rule. In the Cinque Ports, there were seven towns like that, i.e. Brightlingsea, Faversham, Fordwich, Rye, Sandwich, Stonar, and Winchelsea. The article examines the causes and the process of the towns' entry into the Confederation, their position there, as well as the influence of this membership on their fight against their monastic lords and the formation of a self-governing community. The policy of the Cinque Ports concerning the seigneurial towns and their interactions with the lords is also under consideration, which allows the author to make some conclusions not only about the development of the towns in question but also about the nature of this urban association. The royal policy towards seigneurial towns also comes into view, as the ports studied had special obligations towards the king and, thus, he was more interested in their affairs. The study mostly refers to the documentation of the Confederation and the materials of the towns' archives. Although the membership of the Cinque Ports did not guarantee release from seigneurial power, it still gave the towns a basis, even a legal one, to fight against their monastic lords. The struggle for their rights led to the consolidation of the townspeople and formation of an urban community. The Confederation supported its members morally, politically, and financially in order to maintain their liberties. However, this was not enough to deliver them from the monastic lordship, which was only possible with royal support. ; Появление и развитие в Средние века активной общины в сеньориальном городе было обусловлено целым множеством факторов, как внутренних, так и внешних. Важную роль играла королевская власть, которая, как известно, в Англии занимала весьма крепкую позицию и была не склонна оказывать поддержку городам в их борьбе за самоуправление. В статье рассматривается еще один возможный фактор — членство в городских союзах. На примере Конфедерации Пяти Портов, привилегированной ассоциации городов юго-восточной Англии, обязанных несением корабельной службы королю, рассматривается влияние такого объединения на развитие городской общины в сеньориальном городе. Для исследования были выбраны семь членов Конфедерации — города с одинаковым типом сеньора — монастырем (Брайтлингси, Рай, Стонар, Сэндвич, Уинчелси, Фавершем и Фордвич). В статье исследуются причины и процесс вступления данных городов в Пять Портов, их позиция в Конфедерации, а также то влияние, которое данное членство оказало на борьбу данных городов со своими монастырскими сеньорами и формирование в них самоуправляющейся общины. Также уделяется внимание политике Конфедерации в отношении сеньориальных городов и их взаимодействия с сеньорами, что позволяет сделать выводы не только о развитии изучаемых городов, но и о природе данной городской ассоциации. Политика королевской власти в отношении сеньориальных городов также оказывается в фокусе исследования, поскольку она показана на примере городов, которые несли службу перед королем и таким образом представляли для него определенный интерес. Основными источниками для исследования служат документы Конфедерации и материалы городских архивов. Хотя членство в Пяти Портах не гарантировало освобождения от сеньориальной власти, тем не менее оно позволяло обрести городам опору, в том числе правового характера, для того, чтобы противостоять своим сеньорам-монастырям. Отстаивание своих прав способствовало консолидации горожан и формированию городской общины. Кроме того, Конфедерация оказывала моральную, политическую и финансовую поддержку своим членам в их борьбе за свои привилегии. Тем не менее, этого было недостаточно для освобождения данных городов из-под монастырской власти, что могло произойти только при помощи королевской власти.

Submitted on 09 June, 2019. Accepted on 14 October, 2019. ; Поступила в редакцию 09.06.2019. Принята к печати 14.10.2019. ; Появление и развитие в Средние века активной общины в сеньориальном городе было обусловлено целым множеством факторов, как внутренних, так и внешних. Важную роль играла королевская власть, которая, как известно, в Англии занимала весьма крепкую позицию и была не склонна оказывать поддержку городам в их борьбе за самоуправление. В статье рассматривается еще один возможный фактор — членство в городских союзах. На примере Конфедерации Пяти Портов, привилегированной ассоциации городов юго-восточной Англии, обязанных несением корабельной службы королю, рассматривается влияние такого объединения на развитие городской общины в сеньориальном городе. Для исследования были выбраны семь членов Конфедерации — города с одинаковым типом сеньора — монастырем (Брайтлингси, Рай, Стонар, Сэндвич, Уинчелси, Фавершем и Фордвич). В статье исследуются причины и процесс вступления данных городов в Пять Портов, их позиция в Конфедерации, а также то влияние, которое данное членство оказало на борьбу данных городов со своими монастырскими сеньорами и формирование в них самоуправляющейся общины. Также уделяется внимание политике Конфедерации в отношении сеньориальных городов и их взаимодействия с сеньорами, что позволяет сделать выводы не только о развитии изучаемых городов, но и о природе данной городской ассоциации. Политика королевской власти в отношении сеньориальных городов также оказывается в фокусе исследования, поскольку она показана на примере городов, которые несли службу перед королем и таким образом представляли для него определенный интерес. Основными источниками для исследования служат документы Конфедерации и материалы городских архивов. Хотя членство в Пяти Портах не гарантировало освобождения от сеньориальной власти, тем не менее оно позволяло обрести городам опору, в том числе правового характера, для того, чтобы противостоять своим сеньорам-монастырям. Отстаивание своих прав способствовало консолидации горожан и формированию городской общины. Кроме того, Конфедерация оказывала моральную, политическую и финансовую поддержку своим членам в их борьбе за свои привилегии. Тем не менее, этого было недостаточно для освобождения данных городов из-под монастырской власти, что могло произойти только при помощи королевской власти. ; The appearance and growth of an active community in a seigneurial town were determined by several factors, usually connected with its economic development. There were also various external factors that could influence the process. An important role was played by the royal power that, as it is well known, held a strong position in England and was disinclined to support towns in their struggle for self-governance. This article considers one more factor, i.e. the influence of town alliances. The Confederation of the Cinque Ports, a privileged association of towns of south-east England that were obliged to serve the king with their ships, is taken as an example of such an alliance. It is used to analyse the influence of the Confederation on the development of an urban community in a seigneurial town. The research mostly focuses on a particular type of mediatised town, the one under monastic rule. In the Cinque Ports, there were seven towns like that, i.e. Brightlingsea, Faversham, Fordwich, Rye, Sandwich, Stonar, and Winchelsea. The article examines the causes and the process of the towns' entry into the Confederation, their position there, as well as the influence of this membership on their fight against their monastic lords and the formation of a selfgoverning community. The policy of the Cinque Ports concerning the seigneurial towns and their interactions with the lords is also under consideration, which allows the author to make some conclusions not only about the development of the towns in question but also about the nature of this urban association. The royal policy towards seigneurial towns also comes into view, as the ports studied had special obligations towards the king and, thus, he was more interested in their affairs. The study mostly refers to the documentation of the Confederation and the materials of the towns' archives. Although the membership of the Cinque Ports did not guarantee release from seigneurial power, it still gave the towns a basis, even a legal one, to fight against their monastic lords. The struggle for their rights led to the consolidation of the townspeople and formation of an urban community. The Confederation supported its members morally, politically, and financially in order to maintain their liberties. However, this was not enough to deliver them from the monastic lordship, which was only possible with royal support. ; The research is sponsored by the Russian Science Foundation (Project 16-18-10393 "Self-Organising Structures of Medieval Towns: Genesis, Classification, and Mechanisms of Functioning"). ; Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда в рамках научного проекта № 16-18-10393-П «Самоорганизующиеся структуры средневекового города: генезис, классификация, механизмы функционирования».

In the article the socio-philosophical analysis of the influence of classical philosophical-legal model of development of the world politics on international relations is held. Such phenomena as law, international law are considered in the context of moral imperatives and presented in numerous historical and philosophical narratives. This approach involves the fact that the modern world is changing rapidly, but classic teachings remain intact. ; В статье проводится социально-философский анализ особенностей влияния классической философс-ко-правовой модели развития мирового политикума на международные отношения. Феномены права, международ-ного права рассмотрены в контексте моральных императивов и представлены в многочисленных историко-философских наративах. Такой подход сопряжен с тем, что современный мир стремительно меняется, однако кла-ссические учения остаются незыблемыми. ; У статті проводиться соціально-філософський аналіз особливостей впливу класичної філософсько-правової моделі розвитку світового політикуму на міжнародні відносини. Феномени права, міжнародного права розглянуті в контексті моральних імпера-тивів і представлені в численних історико-філософських наративах. Такий підхід зумовлений тим, що сучасний світ швидко міняється, однак класичні вчення залишаються незмінними.

The article is devoted to the development of the Muslim community of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) in 2021. The author continues a series of articles exploring the Muslim community of Tatarstan in 2000–2010-s. The article concludes that stability in the religious sphere is generally maintained in the Republic of Tatarstan. In the context of the continuation of the pandemic, social activities are becoming increasingly important. The most important socio- political plot for the Tatar religious fi gures of Russia was the preparation and participation in the All- Russian Population Census of 2021. The VIII Congress of the Muslim Spiritual Administration (MSA) of the Republic of Tatarstan retained the former Mufti and Bash-qadi (the main Sharia judge) of the MSA of the Republic of Tatarstan in their posts. Law enforcement agencies continue to identify the activities and punish representatives of radical organizations banned in the Russian Federation ; Статья посвящена развитию мусульманской общины Республики Татарстан (РТ) в 2021 году. Автор продолжает серию статей, посвященных мусульманской общине Татарстана в 2000–2010-е годы. В статье делается вывод о том, что в Республике Татарстан в целом сохраняется стабильность в религиозной сфере. В контексте продолжения пандемии социальная деятельность приобретает все большее значение. Важнейшим общественнополитическим сюжетом для татарских религиозных деятелей России стала подготовка и участие во Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года. VIII съезд Мусульманского духовного управления (ДУМ) Республики Татарстан сохранил на своих должностях бывшего муфтия и Баш-кади (главного шариатского судью) ДУМ Республики Татарстан. Правоохранительные органы продолжают выявлять деятельность и наказывать представителей радикальных организаций, запрещенных в Российской Федерации.

The article deals with the complex and controversial problems of the new regional communities' formation and the impact of the interethnic relations sphere on them. The author notes that the processes of interaction between representatives of different cultures and civilizations, ethnic groups and religions have become increasingly controversial and tense in the context of continuous social dynamics. Similarly to the Russian society as a whole, regional communities are in a state of transitivity. They get transformed, they acquire new qualities such as multicasting and heterogeneity, multi-ethnicity and multi-confessionalism, fragmentarity and multiculturality.

This fact increases the risks and uncertainties, problematizes future prospects. National non-governmental organizations are increasingly positioning themselves as civil society institutions at the present stage of social development at the regional level. They perform a difficult dual task: on the one hand, they ensure the preservation and development of history, native language, culture, ethnic traditions, and on the other hand, they work on the integration, on the common identity and the Russian nation formation.

On the territory of the Volgograd region, largely due to the active cooperation of regional authorities and local authorities with national public associations, international and inter-confessional relations are stable. The basis of such activity is respect for history, native language, culture, tradition, religion, national dignity of all people in the region, regardless of their belonging to a certain ethnic group or religion. Over two decades of accumulated considerable experience of joint inter-ethnic dialogue and cooperation, provided tolerance and peace, harmony and mutual understanding between people of different ethnicities and religions in the country.

One of the most prominent and at the same time the most complicated storylines of Lithuanian history between two world wars — the conflict between Lithuania and Poland for Vilnius. It is important to note that dramatic events occurred in Vilnius and around it, which essentially determined the democratic relations between Lithuania and Poland in the interwar period, influenced not only Lithuanians and Poles, but also national minorities living there for many centuries, first of all — the most numerous and influential Jewish communities. Geopolitical changes, the loss of historical capital and proclamation of Provisional capital affect the new search of coexistence of Vilnius and Kaunas Jewish communities with the dominant nation and directly affects cultural, political development. This paper attempts to present how the Vilnius question influenced the positions and choices of the Kaunas Jewish community in interwar years. Kaunas Jews have survived the crisis of identity in a provisional capital. In this period, Kaunas Jews began to create a new system — the alternative "Jerusalem of Lithuania". Furthermore, Kaunas Jews joined the Vilnius liberation campaign in 1930s together with Lithuanians.

The traditional subjects of civil society, which have been active for a long period of time, are losing their former influence and importance. Researchers point out a decrease in the population's civil engagement in many countries of the world. The existing concepts of civil society are losing their explanatory power. This article presents an attempt to resolve the issue in question. The purpose of this article is to analyze the social community of parents as a new subject of civil society. In order to achieve this goal, civil society is examined from a community approach standpoint, according to which it is interpreted as a special form of social community. Its specific nature is conditioned by the fact that such a community consists of individuals (and their associations) which support distinct needs, interests and value orientations. It is shown that individuals (and their associations), when possessing the necessary resources (mainly social capital), engage in cooperative actions to fulfill and protect their needs and interests within certain boundaries of time and space. The article stresses the fact that such activity turns into a dominant model of living, in other words – a lifestyle for members of a civil society community. Analyzed are the key characteristics, functions and the structure of civil society as a social community, together with the creation and development of a parent community within it as a new element of the former. This serves as a foundation for demonstrating that the modern parent community is evolving. While preserving its traditional community features and functions, the social community of parents is acquiring more traits and functions inherent to a civil society community, transforming into a special type of the latter. The gradual process of integrating the parent social community into the community structure of civil society is shown. Also highlighted is the fact that this process is occurring with varying intensity in time and space, as a result of the non-uniformity and inconsistency of the parent community itself. The objective disparity between parents affects their degree of involvement in practices of civil society, as well as the nature of interactions within and between communities. The article suggests regarding the interior structure of the parent community as dynamic, consisting of a core, semi-periphery and periphery. The conclusion states that in modern conditions the parent community turns into what drives the development of civil society.

If the beginning of the 21st century, with its rapid changes, somewhat led into deep confusion of the world in general and the country in particular, then the arisen is unknown from where Covid 19 and the so-called digitalization are already testing the strength of the human community once again and even more with tough manifestations. Target attitudes, formed over decades, are shifted in the criteria. Living preferences, built priorities, prevailing moral but ethical standards. Of course, the forms of social consciousness, among which economic science, if you use a generalizing term is crucial. And the history of countries with their various characteristics confirms this, as well as the fact that science itself is not represented is a set of dogmas or once and for all frozen truths. Economic science, reflecting, to one degree or another, the cyclically developing economic world, also changes its object, subject, methodological approaches, tools analysis.

The task of paramount importance for any state is the preservation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity, the sustainable development of territories. Globalization, which has affected all spheres of social life, has exacerbated the problem of the loss of a person's identity to the local. In conditions when the state, under pressure from the external environment, needs to maintain sovereignty and create conditions for development, universalists, for whom sovereignty is not a value, carry a protest potential, which under certain conditions manifests itself in conflict forms of interaction with the authorities.
The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental capabilities of the territory in strengthening the connection of the individual with the place of residence, to identify the resources of collective integration at the level of local communities with the prospect of reaching wider social institutions.
It is determined that the objective condition that ensures the stability of society in the context of the transformation of the social structure is the presence of consolidation — the social cohesion of its citizens, their identity with the place of residence.
The conceptual basis of the study is a socio-territorial approach that contributes to an objective analysis of the processes occurring in local communities under the influence of globalization processes. Within the framework of the approach, interrelations and interdependencies between economic, moral, ethical, institutional processes observed on the territory of local communities in the context of globalization are established.
The properties of global processes that level out local specifics are named. Theoretically substantiated social practices of forming a person's commitment to the place of residence, in particular, one of the solutions is the accumulative effect of horizontal connections, the network principle of interaction between residents of the local community.
The study of local communities in the context of globalization expands the possibilities of modeling the possibilities of the local as a field of resistance to the global.

This article analyzes the organization of student affairs, social development and students' extracurricular activities of Voronezh State University, and particularly focuses on the development of students' self-government. The article shows examples of successful projects related to the activities of student organizations. One of the indicators of effective work in this area is the sustained support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the Programme for Student Community Development. ; В статье анализируется организация социальной и воспитательной работы в Воронежском государственном университете, в частности развитие студенческого самоуправления. Приводятся примеры успешно реализованных проектов, связанных с деятельностью студенческих организаций. Одним из условий эффективной работы вуза в данном направлении является устойчивая поддержка Министерством образования и науки РФ Программы развития деятельности студенческих объединений.

Issues of sustainable development (SD) have been attracting attention of the global community since 1980, when certain international organizations presented initial provisions of the concept to the world opinion. Furthermore, the idea of sustainable development was institutionalized in a wide range of international documents, the main of which was the "2030 Agenda for sustainable development", adopted by the UN in 2015. The 2030 Agenda put forward goals for the world community to achieve SD for the next 15 years. China began to attach special significance to the SD idea from the beginning of the 1990s: at that time, it took a clear official stance on the usefulness of the concept and recognized it as a doctrinal support for its foreign and domestic policy. However, in the political science literature, China's position on SD is not often considered. This article highlights current approaches of the PRC to the theory and practice of SD, attempts to reveal their specifics, argues for the special timeliness of the concept for the PRC, and analyzes achievements of China in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda in a number of areas. Also in the context of the SD concept, the author examines the current international situation, which is toughly influenced by the global crisis, aggravated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also touches on the dynamics of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (interpreted by Beijing as a mechanism and vector of sustainable development) in the context of the coronavirus events. In particular, the author concludes, that Beijing's efforts to provide an "institutional guarantee" for the implementation of the 2030 Agenda in China by creating specialized "institutions and mechanisms" have no world precedents. Another conclusion is stipulated by the willingness of the PRC to see a language of global communication used in the construction of a more progressive world order in the SD concept. In light of this, the author draws attention to the "roll call" of the Chinese doctrine of the community ...

The article considers social work as a specific socio-cultural mechanism that promotes positive social changes and harmonious social development. Some approaches to defining the essence of the concept and the role of social work in modern reality are presented. The main levels of social work implementation — individual, group and community one — are considered. It is emphasized that in the conditions of modern reality, there is a need to realize the potential of social work.

The article considers the educational level, needs and activities of the 'third age', and the readiness of the Sverdlovsk Region to develop practices of 'silver' education. The object of research — practices of 'silver' education in the region and the readiness of pensioners and pre-retirees to participate in them. The research is based on the authors' concept of 'silver' education as a resource for preserving and developing the social community of the 'third age'. The theoretical framework of the study combines the key ideas of the theories of adult education, continuing education, human capital and resource capacity. Main research methods are analysis of educational and demographic statistics, regulations and government programs, secondary analysis of sociological data, a survey in the Sverdlovsk Region (respondents older than 45 years), and an expert survey. According to the authors' hypothesis, today the regional system of 'silver' education cannot serve as a resource for its development, since neither the 'third age' community nor the region is ready for it. The authors present the following main results of the research: interpretation of the 'third age' social community and estimates of its educational level; educational needs and activities of the 'third age' in the Sverdlovsk Region; the readiness of the region to develop practices of 'silver' education. The results of the research can be useful for the public policy in the interests of the older generation and the regional development. The authors conclude that it is necessary to develop a concept of the regional 'silver' education system and a corresponding policy for improving the quality of the 'third age' educational capital. © G.E. Zborovsky, P.A. Ambarova, 2020. ; The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Project No. 19-19-011-00096 "Education as a resource for preserving and developing the 'third age'".

The communication space of modern society is rapidly expanding its boundaries. First of all, this can be traced in the modernization of old and the emergence of new types of interaction between individuals in the economic, political, social, spiritual spheres of society. The topic of social networks, as one of the areas of research in theoretical sociology, can be characterized as promising and actively developing, that is especially due to the fact that the network theory is the most natural for the analysis of social structure. In a broad sense, a social network is understood as many points (participants of a social system) related to each other to a greater or lesser extent. The first part of the article presents a theoretical analysis of the evolution of social network theory in the works of foreign researchers, describes a graphic model of its incremental development. The second part offers the analysis of the functioning of social networks in the regional communities (Cherepovets, Vologda) on the basis of the survey "Barriers to civil participation and mechanisms for overcoming them at the regional level", which was conducted by the Vologda Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2019. In conclusion, we formulate the main conclusions about the functioning of social networks in given regional communities, and develop recommendations for further empirical study of this phenomenon. ; Коммуникационное пространство современного общества стремительно расширяет свои границы. Прежде всего, это прослеживается в модернизации старых и появлении новых типов взаимодействия индивидов в экономической, политической, социальной, духовной сферах жизнедеятельности общества. Тема социальных сетей, как одно из направлений исследований в теоретической социологии, можно характеризовать как перспективное и активно развивающееся. Это связано с тем, что сетевая теория является наиболее естественной для анализа социальной структуры. В широком смысле под социальной сетью понимается множество точек (участников социальной системы) в той или иной степени связанных друг другом. В первой части статьи мы проведем краткий теоретический анализ эволюции теории социальной сети в работах зарубежных исследователей. Составим графическую модель поэтапного развития данного феномена. Во второй части статьи мы проанализируем функционирование социальных сетей в региональном сообществе (г. Череповец, г. Вологда) на базе данных опроса «Барьеры гражданского участия и механизмы их преодоления на региональном уровне», который был проведен Вологодским научным центром РАН в 2019году. В заключении нами будут сформулированы основные выводы о функционировании социальных сетей в выбранном нами региональном сообществе, а также будут разработаны рекомендации для дальнейшего эмпирического изучения данного феномена.

Статья посвящена анализу роли депутатов и возможностей парламентаризма в развитии государства на примере функционирования наднационального парламента Союзного государства Беларуси и России. Представительные органы государственной власти рассматриваются автором в качестве института, обеспечивающего согласование общественных интересов при обсуждении и принятии решений, определяющих правила и нормы жизнедеятельности граждан и их объединений. В статье показаны основные этапы становления Союзного государства Беларуси и России, практика работы его Парламентского Собрания, сложность процесса создания российско-белорусского межгосударственного образования. ; The article analyzes the role of lawmakers and opportunities in the development of the state using the example of the supranational parliament of the Union State of Belarus and Russia. The author considers the representative agencies of state power as an institution for coordinating the public interest in the discussion and decision-making, defining rules and standards of citizens and their associations activity. The article illustrates the main stages of the formation of the Union State of Belarus and Russia, the work of the Union Parliamentary Assembly, and the complexity of Russian-Belarusian interstate establishment.