Patterns for income tax forecasting are analysed and assessed in the article. Tax revenue is the main funding source to satisfy government needs, hence, a precise forecast is considered to be one of the most important constituents in budget making. Lithuania, as well as many EU countries, applies the software budget form, the system of planning, programming, and budgeting. Therefore, for this budget form, tax revenue forecasting becomes a valuable tool. By accurately forecasting the budget revenue and subsidies, the budget deficit (or surplus) can be provided, together with its cost of financing. Income tax is one of the main components in Lithuanian national budget receipts, and the forecast accuracy is an important condition to ensure the reliability of the revenue and deficit indicators. The research problem is to choose the most appropriate pattern for forecasting income from the income tax. The aim of the article is to assess the options of forecasting pattern application in predicting revenue from the income tax. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) To carry out research on patterns offered by scientists and the ones applied in practice; to justify options of their application in predicting revenue from corporate taxation. 2) To put forward the most appropriate pattern of income tax forecast.
Patterns for income tax forecasting are analysed and assessed in the article. Tax revenue is the main funding source to satisfy government needs, hence, a precise forecast is considered to be one of the most important constituents in budget making. Lithuania, as well as many EU countries, applies the software budget form, the system of planning, programming, and budgeting. Therefore, for this budget form, tax revenue forecasting becomes a valuable tool. By accurately forecasting the budget revenue and subsidies, the budget deficit (or surplus) can be provided, together with its cost of financing. Income tax is one of the main components in Lithuanian national budget receipts, and the forecast accuracy is an important condition to ensure the reliability of the revenue and deficit indicators. The research problem is to choose the most appropriate pattern for forecasting income from the income tax. The aim of the article is to assess the options of forecasting pattern application in predicting revenue from the income tax. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) To carry out research on patterns offered by scientists and the ones applied in practice; to justify options of their application in predicting revenue from corporate taxation. 2) To put forward the most appropriate pattern of income tax forecast.
Patterns for income tax forecasting are analysed and assessed in the article. Tax revenue is the main funding source to satisfy government needs, hence, a precise forecast is considered to be one of the most important constituents in budget making. Lithuania, as well as many EU countries, applies the software budget form, the system of planning, programming, and budgeting. Therefore, for this budget form, tax revenue forecasting becomes a valuable tool. By accurately forecasting the budget revenue and subsidies, the budget deficit (or surplus) can be provided, together with its cost of financing. Income tax is one of the main components in Lithuanian national budget receipts, and the forecast accuracy is an important condition to ensure the reliability of the revenue and deficit indicators. The research problem is to choose the most appropriate pattern for forecasting income from the income tax. The aim of the article is to assess the options of forecasting pattern application in predicting revenue from the income tax. To achieve the aim the following objectives have been set: 1) To carry out research on patterns offered by scientists and the ones applied in practice; to justify options of their application in predicting revenue from corporate taxation. 2) To put forward the most appropriate pattern of income tax forecast.
Research purpose. This study identifies analyses four key higher education policy models on the basis of OECD and EU data base with background discussion. The study provides information and knowledge how higher education policies and some key economic indicators can be combined? Study provides comparative trend analyses, which are policy-relevant and give insights to decision-makers. Design / Methodology / Approach. Since the well-known Mincer-Earnings-Equation in the early 1970s, there has emerged an extensive literature concerning the monetary returns on higher education. Tuition fees in higher education can be considered as private investment in higher personal incomes. Free educa-tion has been opposed on the basis of its unfairness: At the same time as the proportion of public expendi-ture on tertiary educational institutions is an average of near 70 percent of total expenditure in all OECD countries, less educated tax-payers support higher futures incomes of privileged students. In this paper we focus on key trends of economies with their higher education systems. Findings. At present, only few countries, in addition to the Nordic Countries, have adopted tuition-free higher education system. There are growing financial and political pressures to adopt tuition also in these countries. Thus, it is of the greatest importance to acquire research knowledge in this matter. First, we briefly review the relevant theoretical and empirical economic literature. Next, we discuss the potential economic benefits of tuition-free higher education system in terms of dynamic macro efficiency. We suggest an eclectic approach, where aspects of endogenous growth theory and dynamic public economics are em-phasized. Criterion for national success is the balanced growth path with social welfare maximization. We argue that there are plausible links between national success indicators, like competitiveness and welfare, and free higher education. In this paper, we present some empirical comparative analyses which are rele-vant for the assessment of higher education systems in the global OECD study context. The study contrib-utes to (1) the global analysis of higher education systems, (2) to the policy of higher education finance, ,(3) the education and inequality discussion, (4) to the discussion about returns of higher education and (5) to the discussion about education and development. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This study helps decision-makers in the field of higher edu-cation policy to create a big picture of on-going trends of higher education systems. The applies OECD´s analyses as a analytical framework. OECD classifies in its "Education at a Glance" report (2014, 2020) four alternative models of tuition fees and student support systems. Model 1: Countries with no or low tuition fees and generous student support system (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Model 2: Countries with high tuition fees and well-developed student support systems (Australia, Canada, New Zea-land, the United Kingdom and US). Model 3: Countries with high tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Chile, Japan and South-Korea); and Model 4: Countries with low tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland and Spain). The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators. The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators.
Research purpose. This study identifies analyses four key higher education policy models on the basis of OECD and EU data base with background discussion. The study provides information and knowledge how higher education policies and some key economic indicators can be combined? Study provides comparative trend analyses, which are policy-relevant and give insights to decision-makers. Design / Methodology / Approach. Since the well-known Mincer-Earnings-Equation in the early 1970s, there has emerged an extensive literature concerning the monetary returns on higher education. Tuition fees in higher education can be considered as private investment in higher personal incomes. Free educa-tion has been opposed on the basis of its unfairness: At the same time as the proportion of public expendi-ture on tertiary educational institutions is an average of near 70 percent of total expenditure in all OECD countries, less educated tax-payers support higher futures incomes of privileged students. In this paper we focus on key trends of economies with their higher education systems. Findings. At present, only few countries, in addition to the Nordic Countries, have adopted tuition-free higher education system. There are growing financial and political pressures to adopt tuition also in these countries. Thus, it is of the greatest importance to acquire research knowledge in this matter. First, we briefly review the relevant theoretical and empirical economic literature. Next, we discuss the potential economic benefits of tuition-free higher education system in terms of dynamic macro efficiency. We suggest an eclectic approach, where aspects of endogenous growth theory and dynamic public economics are em-phasized. Criterion for national success is the balanced growth path with social welfare maximization. We argue that there are plausible links between national success indicators, like competitiveness and welfare, and free higher education. In this paper, we present some empirical comparative analyses which are rele-vant for the assessment of higher education systems in the global OECD study context. The study contrib-utes to (1) the global analysis of higher education systems, (2) to the policy of higher education finance, ,(3) the education and inequality discussion, (4) to the discussion about returns of higher education and (5) to the discussion about education and development. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This study helps decision-makers in the field of higher edu-cation policy to create a big picture of on-going trends of higher education systems. The applies OECD´s analyses as a analytical framework. OECD classifies in its "Education at a Glance" report (2014, 2020) four alternative models of tuition fees and student support systems. Model 1: Countries with no or low tuition fees and generous student support system (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Model 2: Countries with high tuition fees and well-developed student support systems (Australia, Canada, New Zea-land, the United Kingdom and US). Model 3: Countries with high tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Chile, Japan and South-Korea); and Model 4: Countries with low tuition fees and less-developed student support systems (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland and Spain). The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators. The study executes an empirical analysis of the higher education systems in these countries. A data pool covers higher education data, economic growth data and key welfare indicators.
The article analyses the historical alternation of the names of Lithuanian sport organizations and clubs as well as presents the results of the research. The problem of the research is characterized by the following question: do numerous names of Lithuanian sport organizations refl ect the development of the history, culture, and sport of the country. The aim of the research is to analyze the historical-chronological changes in the names of Lithuanian sport organizations (1885–2010) and to present the structural-historiological and value analysis. Sport historiography which consisted of Lithuanian sport statistics as well as published scientifi c works on Lithuanian sport history have been chosen as the units of the research. The methods of the research are the following: the study and analysis of scientifi c literature, documents and sources, descriptive, critical-analytical, statistical methods. Having analysed the names of Lithuanian sport organizations of the period under investigation it has been proven that taking the periods of the country development into account, varying political, ideological, value attitudes, the names of sport organizations, clubs, teams, which refl ected their variety and many-layer features, were changing. Some of them are related to the development of Lithuanian ethnic culture, world-view of ancient Aistians, mythology; others are related to the real historical and cultural personalities; moreover, some of them, identifi ed with the national identity, refl ected the particularity of the country and region, they were associated with the locality, landscape and infl uenced by the development and factors of culture, economics, education. The tendencies of the alternation of sport organization names, historical-chronological changes and their structural-historiological and value analysis are presented with the help of the method of regression analysis. It is stated that the bigger determination rate, the brighter tendency.
The article analyses the historical alternation of the names of Lithuanian sport organizations and clubs as well as presents the results of the research. The problem of the research is characterized by the following question: do numerous names of Lithuanian sport organizations refl ect the development of the history, culture, and sport of the country. The aim of the research is to analyze the historical-chronological changes in the names of Lithuanian sport organizations (1885–2010) and to present the structural-historiological and value analysis. Sport historiography which consisted of Lithuanian sport statistics as well as published scientifi c works on Lithuanian sport history have been chosen as the units of the research. The methods of the research are the following: the study and analysis of scientifi c literature, documents and sources, descriptive, critical-analytical, statistical methods. Having analysed the names of Lithuanian sport organizations of the period under investigation it has been proven that taking the periods of the country development into account, varying political, ideological, value attitudes, the names of sport organizations, clubs, teams, which refl ected their variety and many-layer features, were changing. Some of them are related to the development of Lithuanian ethnic culture, world-view of ancient Aistians, mythology; others are related to the real historical and cultural personalities; moreover, some of them, identifi ed with the national identity, refl ected the particularity of the country and region, they were associated with the locality, landscape and infl uenced by the development and factors of culture, economics, education. The tendencies of the alternation of sport organization names, historical-chronological changes and their structural-historiological and value analysis are presented with the help of the method of regression analysis. It is stated that the bigger determination rate, the brighter tendency.
There is analysed in the article the input of Ernestas Galvanauskas, the politician, scientist and public figure of Lithuania from 1920 to 1940, into economics science and its applications in Lithuanian economics and state management. His diplomatic activity in Lithuanian Agency in London, administrative activity in Klaipėda and in Government of Lithuania, application of economics science to activities of Klaipėda harbour are described. The basic aspects of scientific publications "Economics of Harbours", "Economics of Ships" written by E. Galvanauskas are analyzed. E. Galvanauskas (1882 1967), one of the main creators and implementers of independent Lithuania state, provided solid input into economics science of Lithuania of 1920 1940 and managed to widely apply his theoretical reasons, analysis of empirical data and calculations in practice. He was the Prime Minister of four Lithuanian Governments, Finance Minister, Industry Minister, Transport Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister, Representative of Lithuanian Agency in London, Head of Klaipėda seaport and other companies, Chancellor of Trade Institute; also during his 20 years of activity he found time to devote much attention to studies of economics, economics of companies, at the same time he published important scientific works, textbooks. E. Galvanauskas successfully combined his duties in the state government with scientific activity, managed to widely propagate his scientific statements in contemporary political life of state and adapt them to strengthening of the potential of state economy. Many statements of Ernestas Galvanauskas are topical for modern economics of Lithuania; therefore historical analysis of heritage of his works is important to Lithuanian science. It can provide much information for modern studies of economics science; furthermore, it enables to carry out comparative analysis of historical and modern sources of economics science. [.]
There is analysed in the article the input of Ernestas Galvanauskas, the politician, scientist and public figure of Lithuania from 1920 to 1940, into economics science and its applications in Lithuanian economics and state management. His diplomatic activity in Lithuanian Agency in London, administrative activity in Klaipėda and in Government of Lithuania, application of economics science to activities of Klaipėda harbour are described. The basic aspects of scientific publications "Economics of Harbours", "Economics of Ships" written by E. Galvanauskas are analyzed. E. Galvanauskas (1882 1967), one of the main creators and implementers of independent Lithuania state, provided solid input into economics science of Lithuania of 1920 1940 and managed to widely apply his theoretical reasons, analysis of empirical data and calculations in practice. He was the Prime Minister of four Lithuanian Governments, Finance Minister, Industry Minister, Transport Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister, Representative of Lithuanian Agency in London, Head of Klaipėda seaport and other companies, Chancellor of Trade Institute; also during his 20 years of activity he found time to devote much attention to studies of economics, economics of companies, at the same time he published important scientific works, textbooks. E. Galvanauskas successfully combined his duties in the state government with scientific activity, managed to widely propagate his scientific statements in contemporary political life of state and adapt them to strengthening of the potential of state economy. Many statements of Ernestas Galvanauskas are topical for modern economics of Lithuania; therefore historical analysis of heritage of his works is important to Lithuanian science. It can provide much information for modern studies of economics science; furthermore, it enables to carry out comparative analysis of historical and modern sources of economics science. [.]
Industry is a significant strategic part of every country economics. Achievements of activities in industry influence an overall level and the growth of economics and welfare of a country. Therefore it is important and beneficial to analyze the structure of industry and its changes; to be aware of activities that are most significant in the structure of industry of a particular country. The analysis of the structure of industry allows us to determine the most significant branches of industry. Finally, the determination of the most significant branches of industry and changes of their significance allows evaluating the potential of the structure and the importance of that structure of industry in overall view of economics. Nowadays the results, changes and dynamics of industry are important in order to evaluate capabilities of national industry companies and also to compete in open global economy. Lithuanian industry structure was formed as a result of economic transformation in conditions of global market competition and economic integration to the European Union. The market failures and imperfections are revealed in the industry of Lithuania, especially in the areas of progress of science and technique, information technologies and management. The significance of low value-added industries in Lithuania is obvious, and higher technologies are not used in such level as in the developed countries. It is essential that Lithuanian industrial companies identify their comparative advantage in the products of traditional branches of industry. Nowadays industry companies are forced to seek for the means to withstand global competition. Considering the results of restructuring the industry, it is important to evaluate a set of factors, affecting industry's activity and structure. [.]
Industry is a significant strategic part of every country economics. Achievements of activities in industry influence an overall level and the growth of economics and welfare of a country. Therefore it is important and beneficial to analyze the structure of industry and its changes; to be aware of activities that are most significant in the structure of industry of a particular country. The analysis of the structure of industry allows us to determine the most significant branches of industry. Finally, the determination of the most significant branches of industry and changes of their significance allows evaluating the potential of the structure and the importance of that structure of industry in overall view of economics. Nowadays the results, changes and dynamics of industry are important in order to evaluate capabilities of national industry companies and also to compete in open global economy. Lithuanian industry structure was formed as a result of economic transformation in conditions of global market competition and economic integration to the European Union. The market failures and imperfections are revealed in the industry of Lithuania, especially in the areas of progress of science and technique, information technologies and management. The significance of low value-added industries in Lithuania is obvious, and higher technologies are not used in such level as in the developed countries. It is essential that Lithuanian industrial companies identify their comparative advantage in the products of traditional branches of industry. Nowadays industry companies are forced to seek for the means to withstand global competition. Considering the results of restructuring the industry, it is important to evaluate a set of factors, affecting industry's activity and structure. [.]
Industry is a significant strategic part of every country economics. Achievements of activities in industry influence an overall level and the growth of economics and welfare of a country. Therefore it is important and beneficial to analyze the structure of industry and its changes; to be aware of activities that are most significant in the structure of industry of a particular country. The analysis of the structure of industry allows us to determine the most significant branches of industry. Finally, the determination of the most significant branches of industry and changes of their significance allows evaluating the potential of the structure and the importance of that structure of industry in overall view of economics. Nowadays the results, changes and dynamics of industry are important in order to evaluate capabilities of national industry companies and also to compete in open global economy. Lithuanian industry structure was formed as a result of economic transformation in conditions of global market competition and economic integration to the European Union. The market failures and imperfections are revealed in the industry of Lithuania, especially in the areas of progress of science and technique, information technologies and management. The significance of low value-added industries in Lithuania is obvious, and higher technologies are not used in such level as in the developed countries. It is essential that Lithuanian industrial companies identify their comparative advantage in the products of traditional branches of industry. Nowadays industry companies are forced to seek for the means to withstand global competition. Considering the results of restructuring the industry, it is important to evaluate a set of factors, affecting industry's activity and structure. [.]
Industry is a significant strategic part of every country economics. Achievements of activities in industry influence an overall level and the growth of economics and welfare of a country. Therefore it is important and beneficial to analyze the structure of industry and its changes; to be aware of activities that are most significant in the structure of industry of a particular country. The analysis of the structure of industry allows us to determine the most significant branches of industry. Finally, the determination of the most significant branches of industry and changes of their significance allows evaluating the potential of the structure and the importance of that structure of industry in overall view of economics. Nowadays the results, changes and dynamics of industry are important in order to evaluate capabilities of national industry companies and also to compete in open global economy. Lithuanian industry structure was formed as a result of economic transformation in conditions of global market competition and economic integration to the European Union. The market failures and imperfections are revealed in the industry of Lithuania, especially in the areas of progress of science and technique, information technologies and management. The significance of low value-added industries in Lithuania is obvious, and higher technologies are not used in such level as in the developed countries. It is essential that Lithuanian industrial companies identify their comparative advantage in the products of traditional branches of industry. Nowadays industry companies are forced to seek for the means to withstand global competition. Considering the results of restructuring the industry, it is important to evaluate a set of factors, affecting industry's activity and structure. [.]
The topic of Master's thesis on the financial markets is relevant considering the increasing importance of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the synchronization process of business cycles. The formation of FDI policy can help strengthening the identity of business cycles of the countries of the European Union (EU). Therefore, the basic problem of research is raised – whether the FDI have equal influence on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the EU. The object of research is the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the European Union. The goal of this research is to analyze the influence of significance of inter–relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycle considering the exogenic characteristics of countries and the development level of their economics. In order to implement the goal the tasks are raised: to familiarize with the peculiarities of financial integration, which have influence on the development aspect of FDI, to analyze the fluctuations of business cycles and the factors, which have influence on the synchronization of business cycles, to evaluate the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of countries, to prepare the methodology of research in order to analyze the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycles considering the exogenic characteristics and the development level of countries, to form the evaluative model of impact of FDI on the synchronization of the countries of the EU and to perform the empirical research, to describe and to explain the results received during the research, to give the recommendations for the succession of research. The methodology of research: the comparative analysis of literature sources, scientific articles, systemization, blocking, interpretation of statistical data and graphical (retrospective), dynamic, logic and regressive – correlative analysis of collected statistical data. In the first stage of research the hypothesis about the exogenic characteristics of the countries of the EU and the impact of development level of their economics on the synchronization of business cycles was checked. In the second stage of research the hypotheses about the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the European Union on the synchronization of business cycles were checked. The prepared methodology of research permitted to determine that the business cycles of the countries of the EU having equal exogenic characteristics and the development level of economics synchronize; the synchronization peculiarities of business cycles of the EU countries depend on the significance of inter-relations between the foreign direct investments and the business cycles: if the inter–relations between GDP and FDI are significant – the synchronization changes of the EU business cycles are trivial if the business cycles of the EU countries, which inter-relations between GDP and FDI are not significant, synchronize. The model formed in the paper can be applied while evaluating the impact of other actions on the synchronization of business cycles.
The topic of Master's thesis on the financial markets is relevant considering the increasing importance of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the synchronization process of business cycles. The formation of FDI policy can help strengthening the identity of business cycles of the countries of the European Union (EU). Therefore, the basic problem of research is raised – whether the FDI have equal influence on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the EU. The object of research is the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of the countries of the European Union. The goal of this research is to analyze the influence of significance of inter–relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycle considering the exogenic characteristics of countries and the development level of their economics. In order to implement the goal the tasks are raised: to familiarize with the peculiarities of financial integration, which have influence on the development aspect of FDI, to analyze the fluctuations of business cycles and the factors, which have influence on the synchronization of business cycles, to evaluate the impact of FDI on the synchronization of business cycles of countries, to prepare the methodology of research in order to analyze the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the EU on the synchronization of business cycles considering the exogenic characteristics and the development level of countries, to form the evaluative model of impact of FDI on the synchronization of the countries of the EU and to perform the empirical research, to describe and to explain the results received during the research, to give the recommendations for the succession of research. The methodology of research: the comparative analysis of literature sources, scientific articles, systemization, blocking, interpretation of statistical data and graphical (retrospective), dynamic, logic and regressive – correlative analysis of collected statistical data. In the first stage of research the hypothesis about the exogenic characteristics of the countries of the EU and the impact of development level of their economics on the synchronization of business cycles was checked. In the second stage of research the hypotheses about the impact of significance of inter-relations between the FDI and the business cycles of the European Union on the synchronization of business cycles were checked. The prepared methodology of research permitted to determine that the business cycles of the countries of the EU having equal exogenic characteristics and the development level of economics synchronize; the synchronization peculiarities of business cycles of the EU countries depend on the significance of inter-relations between the foreign direct investments and the business cycles: if the inter–relations between GDP and FDI are significant – the synchronization changes of the EU business cycles are trivial if the business cycles of the EU countries, which inter-relations between GDP and FDI are not significant, synchronize. The model formed in the paper can be applied while evaluating the impact of other actions on the synchronization of business cycles.
