Suchergebnisse

The topic of Master paper is 'Parliamentary Government Formation in Lithuania and Estonia: Comparative Analysis'. When talking about parliamentary government formation, parliamentary doctrine criteria are often mentioned. Three of these principles are discussed here: those of majority, plurality and electoral gain. The more these principles are taken into account the more successful the parliamentary system is assumed to be; or, the more they are carried out, the closer to a situation of optimal parliamentary government the political system gets. The object of research is the implementation of parliamentary doctrine criteria in Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government formation. The purpose of Master paper is to make a survey of majority, plurality and electoral gain principles implementation in Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government. Our tasks help us to make the survey: one of task is to compare Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government according to these parliamentary doctrine criteria. The second one is to find the relationship between party system (which is measured by fragmentation, aggregation, effective party number end electoral volatility) and our mentioned criteria. The third task is to find how majority, plurality and electoral gain principles implementation affect parliamentary government stability in Lithuania and Estonia. We use these methods: comparative analysis, qualitative comparative analysis, descriptive and correlation methods. Our results reveal the connection between party system and parliamentary doctrine criteria implementation. In our research we find that the implementation of all three criteria is 70% in Lithuania, 37% - in Estonia. One of the main conclusion is that these majority, plurality and electoral gain implementation do not make sense to parliamentary government stability, because government duration in Lithuania and Estonia is practically equal.

The topic of Master paper is 'Parliamentary Government Formation in Lithuania and Estonia: Comparative Analysis'. When talking about parliamentary government formation, parliamentary doctrine criteria are often mentioned. Three of these principles are discussed here: those of majority, plurality and electoral gain. The more these principles are taken into account the more successful the parliamentary system is assumed to be; or, the more they are carried out, the closer to a situation of optimal parliamentary government the political system gets. The object of research is the implementation of parliamentary doctrine criteria in Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government formation. The purpose of Master paper is to make a survey of majority, plurality and electoral gain principles implementation in Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government. Our tasks help us to make the survey: one of task is to compare Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government according to these parliamentary doctrine criteria. The second one is to find the relationship between party system (which is measured by fragmentation, aggregation, effective party number end electoral volatility) and our mentioned criteria. The third task is to find how majority, plurality and electoral gain principles implementation affect parliamentary government stability in Lithuania and Estonia. We use these methods: comparative analysis, qualitative comparative analysis, descriptive and correlation methods. Our results reveal the connection between party system and parliamentary doctrine criteria implementation. In our research we find that the implementation of all three criteria is 70% in Lithuania, 37% - in Estonia. One of the main conclusion is that these majority, plurality and electoral gain implementation do not make sense to parliamentary government stability, because government duration in Lithuania and Estonia is practically equal.

The topic of Master paper is 'Parliamentary Government Formation in Lithuania and Estonia: Comparative Analysis'. When talking about parliamentary government formation, parliamentary doctrine criteria are often mentioned. Three of these principles are discussed here: those of majority, plurality and electoral gain. The more these principles are taken into account the more successful the parliamentary system is assumed to be; or, the more they are carried out, the closer to a situation of optimal parliamentary government the political system gets. The object of research is the implementation of parliamentary doctrine criteria in Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government formation. The purpose of Master paper is to make a survey of majority, plurality and electoral gain principles implementation in Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government. Our tasks help us to make the survey: one of task is to compare Lithuania and Estonia parliamentary government according to these parliamentary doctrine criteria. The second one is to find the relationship between party system (which is measured by fragmentation, aggregation, effective party number end electoral volatility) and our mentioned criteria. The third task is to find how majority, plurality and electoral gain principles implementation affect parliamentary government stability in Lithuania and Estonia. We use these methods: comparative analysis, qualitative comparative analysis, descriptive and correlation methods. Our results reveal the connection between party system and parliamentary doctrine criteria implementation. In our research we find that the implementation of all three criteria is 70% in Lithuania, 37% - in Estonia. One of the main conclusion is that these majority, plurality and electoral gain implementation do not make sense to parliamentary government stability, because government duration in Lithuania and Estonia is practically equal.

Today, in terms of policy as a fundamental phenomenon, often associate with the concept of bureaucracy in two definitions good and bad. Austria's government structure has some unique features, which is important to analyze, given the fact that the Republic of Lithuania in this field must learn. One of the most important principles in Austria is social partnership, which is accompanied by a democratic political factors and a long history of development. The Republic of Austria joined in the EU since 1995 (Lithuania -- in 2004), so the experience and practice of this country is an example for other in local government system is appropriate and purposeful. The Government in the Republic of Lithuania wants to improve the management of the institutional capacity, to manage effectively budget funds, to improve public services for citizens. It is true that the government does not always succeed in achieving those objectives, which are named in the Government program and strategic direction setting of development of Lithuanian documents. Perhaps the most important reason -- undemocratic states and the public in the past. Today's fundamental consequence of the Republic of Austria is extremely stable polar state. They noticed a number of political changes in countries that are now gaining political experience. To assess the stability of the Republic of Austria with local political context, it is important to review the country's legal framework, practical application of the active participation of citizens and local institutions. The main Austrian political system of local government in respect of properties are summarized and analyzed in this article.

Today, in terms of policy as a fundamental phenomenon, often associate with the concept of bureaucracy in two definitions good and bad. Austria's government structure has some unique features, which is important to analyze, given the fact that the Republic of Lithuania in this field must learn. One of the most important principles in Austria is social partnership, which is accompanied by a democratic political factors and a long history of development. The Republic of Austria joined in the EU since 1995 (Lithuania -- in 2004), so the experience and practice of this country is an example for other in local government system is appropriate and purposeful. The Government in the Republic of Lithuania wants to improve the management of the institutional capacity, to manage effectively budget funds, to improve public services for citizens. It is true that the government does not always succeed in achieving those objectives, which are named in the Government program and strategic direction setting of development of Lithuanian documents. Perhaps the most important reason -- undemocratic states and the public in the past. Today's fundamental consequence of the Republic of Austria is extremely stable polar state. They noticed a number of political changes in countries that are now gaining political experience. To assess the stability of the Republic of Austria with local political context, it is important to review the country's legal framework, practical application of the active participation of citizens and local institutions. The main Austrian political system of local government in respect of properties are summarized and analyzed in this article.

Today, in terms of policy as a fundamental phenomenon, often associate with the concept of bureaucracy in two definitions good and bad. Austria's government structure has some unique features, which is important to analyze, given the fact that the Republic of Lithuania in this field must learn. One of the most important principles in Austria is social partnership, which is accompanied by a democratic political factors and a long history of development. The Republic of Austria joined in the EU since 1995 (Lithuania -- in 2004), so the experience and practice of this country is an example for other in local government system is appropriate and purposeful. The Government in the Republic of Lithuania wants to improve the management of the institutional capacity, to manage effectively budget funds, to improve public services for citizens. It is true that the government does not always succeed in achieving those objectives, which are named in the Government program and strategic direction setting of development of Lithuanian documents. Perhaps the most important reason -- undemocratic states and the public in the past. Today's fundamental consequence of the Republic of Austria is extremely stable polar state. They noticed a number of political changes in countries that are now gaining political experience. To assess the stability of the Republic of Austria with local political context, it is important to review the country's legal framework, practical application of the active participation of citizens and local institutions. The main Austrian political system of local government in respect of properties are summarized and analyzed in this article.

Today, in terms of policy as a fundamental phenomenon, often associate with the concept of bureaucracy in two definitions good and bad. Austria's government structure has some unique features, which is important to analyze, given the fact that the Republic of Lithuania in this field must learn. One of the most important principles in Austria is social partnership, which is accompanied by a democratic political factors and a long history of development. The Republic of Austria joined in the EU since 1995 (Lithuania -- in 2004), so the experience and practice of this country is an example for other in local government system is appropriate and purposeful. The Government in the Republic of Lithuania wants to improve the management of the institutional capacity, to manage effectively budget funds, to improve public services for citizens. It is true that the government does not always succeed in achieving those objectives, which are named in the Government program and strategic direction setting of development of Lithuanian documents. Perhaps the most important reason -- undemocratic states and the public in the past. Today's fundamental consequence of the Republic of Austria is extremely stable polar state. They noticed a number of political changes in countries that are now gaining political experience. To assess the stability of the Republic of Austria with local political context, it is important to review the country's legal framework, practical application of the active participation of citizens and local institutions. The main Austrian political system of local government in respect of properties are summarized and analyzed in this article.

The author of master's thesis analyzes the conceptions of public trust in the institutions, their types and factors influencing trust in the institutions. The analysis of scientific literature allowed to reveal the importance of citizens' trust (and satisfaction) in the institutions and their services in the country's political life. Various studies in Lithuania and around the world are being carried out to analyze public trust and satisfaction in the services provided by state institutions. However, there is lack of attempts to determine the reliability of already performed studies, and to compare the results of those performed studies in order to understand the variability of public trust measured by different instruments. The problematic issue is raised in this master's thesis: are the measures of public trust used in previous studies in Lithuania reliable and accurate? In order to answer this question a comparison between the available datasets with data on public trust in authorities was made - and it was shown to what degree why the results of public surveys differ. The object of the master's thesis is the limitations and uncertainties of inherent in the measurement of public trust in institutions. The aim of the study is to investigate the reliability of indicators of public trust in the institutions. In order to achieve the main aim the following tasks were formulated: to analyse the concept of public trust in the authorities, its types and the practical relevance and methods of its measurement; to analyse the phenomenon of trust with reference to public administration paradigms; to formulate the methodology of empirical research on measurement of public trust; empirically explore the data collected by survey organizations, demonstrate and explain variability in the levels of public trust in terms of statistical error and methodologies employed. The final master thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, the analysis of scientific literature was carried out in order to overview the variety of public trust concepts, its types and identify the factors influencing public trust in the authorities. It also provides an overview of how trust in government has been changing throughout different public administration paradigms. The second chapter of the master thesis is devoted to the presentation and discussion of methodological aspects of the research. The third chapter analyzes the data of the European social survey, the Eurobarometer, the Lithuanian data archive for social sciences and humanities and publicly available reports of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania "Confidence in State and Municipal institutions and Institutions and Service quality evaluation" in order to carry out a comparative analysis of the results and to question whether the studies performed measured public reliably and accurately. Based on the findings of the research, it can be argued that public trust is mainly influenced by the country's economic situation, government policy, also influenced by the population's interest in politics, its age, education. The analysis of the secondary data showed that the results of the studies concerning the measurement of society confidence and satisfaction in institutions, should be evaluated taking into account the possible mistakes due to the different sampling methods and sample sizes used in the surveys, the different questionnaires and the response measurement scales, specific companies conducting public surveys and other causes of systemic errors.

The author of master's thesis analyzes the conceptions of public trust in the institutions, their types and factors influencing trust in the institutions. The analysis of scientific literature allowed to reveal the importance of citizens' trust (and satisfaction) in the institutions and their services in the country's political life. Various studies in Lithuania and around the world are being carried out to analyze public trust and satisfaction in the services provided by state institutions. However, there is lack of attempts to determine the reliability of already performed studies, and to compare the results of those performed studies in order to understand the variability of public trust measured by different instruments. The problematic issue is raised in this master's thesis: are the measures of public trust used in previous studies in Lithuania reliable and accurate? In order to answer this question a comparison between the available datasets with data on public trust in authorities was made - and it was shown to what degree why the results of public surveys differ. The object of the master's thesis is the limitations and uncertainties of inherent in the measurement of public trust in institutions. The aim of the study is to investigate the reliability of indicators of public trust in the institutions. In order to achieve the main aim the following tasks were formulated: to analyse the concept of public trust in the authorities, its types and the practical relevance and methods of its measurement; to analyse the phenomenon of trust with reference to public administration paradigms; to formulate the methodology of empirical research on measurement of public trust; empirically explore the data collected by survey organizations, demonstrate and explain variability in the levels of public trust in terms of statistical error and methodologies employed. The final master thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, the analysis of scientific literature was carried out in order to overview the variety of public trust concepts, its types and identify the factors influencing public trust in the authorities. It also provides an overview of how trust in government has been changing throughout different public administration paradigms. The second chapter of the master thesis is devoted to the presentation and discussion of methodological aspects of the research. The third chapter analyzes the data of the European social survey, the Eurobarometer, the Lithuanian data archive for social sciences and humanities and publicly available reports of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania "Confidence in State and Municipal institutions and Institutions and Service quality evaluation" in order to carry out a comparative analysis of the results and to question whether the studies performed measured public reliably and accurately. Based on the findings of the research, it can be argued that public trust is mainly influenced by the country's economic situation, government policy, also influenced by the population's interest in politics, its age, education. The analysis of the secondary data showed that the results of the studies concerning the measurement of society confidence and satisfaction in institutions, should be evaluated taking into account the possible mistakes due to the different sampling methods and sample sizes used in the surveys, the different questionnaires and the response measurement scales, specific companies conducting public surveys and other causes of systemic errors.

The author of master's thesis analyzes the conceptions of public trust in the institutions, their types and factors influencing trust in the institutions. The analysis of scientific literature allowed to reveal the importance of citizens' trust (and satisfaction) in the institutions and their services in the country's political life. Various studies in Lithuania and around the world are being carried out to analyze public trust and satisfaction in the services provided by state institutions. However, there is lack of attempts to determine the reliability of already performed studies, and to compare the results of those performed studies in order to understand the variability of public trust measured by different instruments. The problematic issue is raised in this master's thesis: are the measures of public trust used in previous studies in Lithuania reliable and accurate? In order to answer this question a comparison between the available datasets with data on public trust in authorities was made - and it was shown to what degree why the results of public surveys differ. The object of the master's thesis is the limitations and uncertainties of inherent in the measurement of public trust in institutions. The aim of the study is to investigate the reliability of indicators of public trust in the institutions. In order to achieve the main aim the following tasks were formulated: to analyse the concept of public trust in the authorities, its types and the practical relevance and methods of its measurement; to analyse the phenomenon of trust with reference to public administration paradigms; to formulate the methodology of empirical research on measurement of public trust; empirically explore the data collected by survey organizations, demonstrate and explain variability in the levels of public trust in terms of statistical error and methodologies employed. The final master thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, the analysis of scientific literature was carried out in order to overview the variety of public trust concepts, its types and identify the factors influencing public trust in the authorities. It also provides an overview of how trust in government has been changing throughout different public administration paradigms. The second chapter of the master thesis is devoted to the presentation and discussion of methodological aspects of the research. The third chapter analyzes the data of the European social survey, the Eurobarometer, the Lithuanian data archive for social sciences and humanities and publicly available reports of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania "Confidence in State and Municipal institutions and Institutions and Service quality evaluation" in order to carry out a comparative analysis of the results and to question whether the studies performed measured public reliably and accurately. Based on the findings of the research, it can be argued that public trust is mainly influenced by the country's economic situation, government policy, also influenced by the population's interest in politics, its age, education. The analysis of the secondary data showed that the results of the studies concerning the measurement of society confidence and satisfaction in institutions, should be evaluated taking into account the possible mistakes due to the different sampling methods and sample sizes used in the surveys, the different questionnaires and the response measurement scales, specific companies conducting public surveys and other causes of systemic errors.

The author of master's thesis analyzes the conceptions of public trust in the institutions, their types and factors influencing trust in the institutions. The analysis of scientific literature allowed to reveal the importance of citizens' trust (and satisfaction) in the institutions and their services in the country's political life. Various studies in Lithuania and around the world are being carried out to analyze public trust and satisfaction in the services provided by state institutions. However, there is lack of attempts to determine the reliability of already performed studies, and to compare the results of those performed studies in order to understand the variability of public trust measured by different instruments. The problematic issue is raised in this master's thesis: are the measures of public trust used in previous studies in Lithuania reliable and accurate? In order to answer this question a comparison between the available datasets with data on public trust in authorities was made - and it was shown to what degree why the results of public surveys differ. The object of the master's thesis is the limitations and uncertainties of inherent in the measurement of public trust in institutions. The aim of the study is to investigate the reliability of indicators of public trust in the institutions. In order to achieve the main aim the following tasks were formulated: to analyse the concept of public trust in the authorities, its types and the practical relevance and methods of its measurement; to analyse the phenomenon of trust with reference to public administration paradigms; to formulate the methodology of empirical research on measurement of public trust; empirically explore the data collected by survey organizations, demonstrate and explain variability in the levels of public trust in terms of statistical error and methodologies employed. The final master thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, the analysis of scientific literature was carried out in order to overview the variety of public trust concepts, its types and identify the factors influencing public trust in the authorities. It also provides an overview of how trust in government has been changing throughout different public administration paradigms. The second chapter of the master thesis is devoted to the presentation and discussion of methodological aspects of the research. The third chapter analyzes the data of the European social survey, the Eurobarometer, the Lithuanian data archive for social sciences and humanities and publicly available reports of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania "Confidence in State and Municipal institutions and Institutions and Service quality evaluation" in order to carry out a comparative analysis of the results and to question whether the studies performed measured public reliably and accurately. Based on the findings of the research, it can be argued that public trust is mainly influenced by the country's economic situation, government policy, also influenced by the population's interest in politics, its age, education. The analysis of the secondary data showed that the results of the studies concerning the measurement of society confidence and satisfaction in institutions, should be evaluated taking into account the possible mistakes due to the different sampling methods and sample sizes used in the surveys, the different questionnaires and the response measurement scales, specific companies conducting public surveys and other causes of systemic errors.

Objective and timely evaluation of the situation and possibilities to timely and properly meet the commitments is necessary in the countries with developing markets, where macroeconomic indicators have significant influence on the results of credit ratings that predetermine the foreign markets' response to the country's need to borrow. Thesis topic: Lithuania and Iceland's Government foreign debt comparative analysis of 2000-2010. Research problem: Comparative analysis of reasons for growing national foreign debt. Thesis subject: Lithuania and Iceland's Government foreign debt of 2000-2010. Research objective: to evaluate the influence of the Lithuanian Government foreign debt on the country's stability with respect to Iceland by carrying out comparative analysis of statistical data. Research hypothesis: It is not the country's net debt surplus that leads the state to financial stability crisis but the country's commitments made to foreign creditors who may lead the state to insolvency by demanding debt repayment. Thesis methods: analysis of documents: theoretical analysis of the authors' works and articles, statistical data analysis; analysis of changes in the Lithuanian Government foreign debt in 2000-2010; Lithuania and Iceland's Government foreign debt comparative analysis of 2000-2010. The objective of the thesis determined the following thesis structure: the importance of national debt, its structure and reasons for debt formation are reviewed in the theoretical part; credit ratings given to Lithuania by credit rating agencies, the terms of the Lithuanian debt repayment and foreign debt is evaluated in the second part; the third part gives the review of Iceland's macroeconomic situation and determines the reasons that lead the state to insolvency. After analyzing the situation in Iceland, the analysis of Lithuania and Iceland's foreign debt analysis was carried out. Other macroeconomic indicators, such as the countries' GDP, part of budget revenue and export volumes during the period analyzed played a significant role in carrying out the analysis. The results of the Master's Thesis in Finance Markets show that neither the country's net debt surplus nor the country's commitments made to foreign creditors lead the state to financial stability crisis. The hypothesis formulated was not proven correct.

Objective and timely evaluation of the situation and possibilities to timely and properly meet the commitments is necessary in the countries with developing markets, where macroeconomic indicators have significant influence on the results of credit ratings that predetermine the foreign markets' response to the country's need to borrow. Thesis topic: Lithuania and Iceland's Government foreign debt comparative analysis of 2000-2010. Research problem: Comparative analysis of reasons for growing national foreign debt. Thesis subject: Lithuania and Iceland's Government foreign debt of 2000-2010. Research objective: to evaluate the influence of the Lithuanian Government foreign debt on the country's stability with respect to Iceland by carrying out comparative analysis of statistical data. Research hypothesis: It is not the country's net debt surplus that leads the state to financial stability crisis but the country's commitments made to foreign creditors who may lead the state to insolvency by demanding debt repayment. Thesis methods: analysis of documents: theoretical analysis of the authors' works and articles, statistical data analysis; analysis of changes in the Lithuanian Government foreign debt in 2000-2010; Lithuania and Iceland's Government foreign debt comparative analysis of 2000-2010. The objective of the thesis determined the following thesis structure: the importance of national debt, its structure and reasons for debt formation are reviewed in the theoretical part; credit ratings given to Lithuania by credit rating agencies, the terms of the Lithuanian debt repayment and foreign debt is evaluated in the second part; the third part gives the review of Iceland's macroeconomic situation and determines the reasons that lead the state to insolvency. After analyzing the situation in Iceland, the analysis of Lithuania and Iceland's foreign debt analysis was carried out. Other macroeconomic indicators, such as the countries' GDP, part of budget revenue and export volumes during the period analyzed played a significant role in carrying out the analysis. The results of the Master's Thesis in Finance Markets show that neither the country's net debt surplus nor the country's commitments made to foreign creditors lead the state to financial stability crisis. The hypothesis formulated was not proven correct.

The Dissertation covers the aspect of term limits of head of state and its links with the principles of national sovereignty, separation of powers and supremacy of the constitution in various forms of state government. The analysis of the concept of powers and term limits of head of state, put into the context of development of the global legal thought, uncovers progress in the scientific understanding of the concept and paves the way to the key arguments of the Paper (the right to establish term limits of authorities lies with the nation (John Locke); the term limit of authority is inversely proportional to the greatness of power (Charles Montesquieu). The study into the features and dynamics of constitutional regulation of term limits of head of state is based on the analysis of the relevant provisions in over 500 constitutions; as a result, the study establishes the development trends in the definition of term limits enshrined in the said constitutions. Another part of the study looks into the reasons behind the violations of constitutional provisions on term limits of head of state and analyses the dynamics of the said violations in monarchies and republics as forms of government, paying attention to the criterion of greatness of authority of head of state. On the basis of the present research, the author establishes the effectiveness of direct and inverse application of the rule formulated by Charles Montesquieu (the greatness of power must be compensated by the brevity of the duration). The work confirms the research assumption that vulnerability of constitutional provisions on term limits of head of state is proportional to the greatness of power. The author proposes to address this problem of constitutional regulation by using the inverse rule to the axiom of Montesquieu (the smaller the power, the less important its duration).

The Dissertation covers the aspect of term limits of head of state and its links with the principles of national sovereignty, separation of powers and supremacy of the constitution in various forms of state government. The analysis of the concept of powers and term limits of head of state, put into the context of development of the global legal thought, uncovers progress in the scientific understanding of the concept and paves the way to the key arguments of the Paper (the right to establish term limits of authorities lies with the nation (John Locke); the term limit of authority is inversely proportional to the greatness of power (Charles Montesquieu). The study into the features and dynamics of constitutional regulation of term limits of head of state is based on the analysis of the relevant provisions in over 500 constitutions; as a result, the study establishes the development trends in the definition of term limits enshrined in the said constitutions. Another part of the study looks into the reasons behind the violations of constitutional provisions on term limits of head of state and analyses the dynamics of the said violations in monarchies and republics as forms of government, paying attention to the criterion of greatness of authority of head of state. On the basis of the present research, the author establishes the effectiveness of direct and inverse application of the rule formulated by Charles Montesquieu (the greatness of power must be compensated by the brevity of the duration). The work confirms the research assumption that vulnerability of constitutional provisions on term limits of head of state is proportional to the greatness of power. The author proposes to address this problem of constitutional regulation by using the inverse rule to the axiom of Montesquieu (the smaller the power, the less important its duration).