Suchergebnisse

Previous meetings were held in different regions of Europe with relatively small groups of officials and experts from the Reference Centre. This was the firstannual meetingtargeting all EU Member States. In total, 81 delegates from 21 MS participated. Sixty-four of them were Member State officials. Furthermore, the meeting was attended by 3 delegates from DG SANTE, 4 staff members of the other 2 EU Reference Centres, and almost the full team of EURCAW-Pigs.

The requirements for pre-qualifying a site for CO2 storage are well developed. Less attention has been paid to rehearsing and preparing for the transfer of responsibility of the storage site from the operator to a governmental authority following closure of the site at the end of the injection period. This is not surprising because the industry is in its infancy and most effort has been focussed on working towards the early stages of the various projects. A procedure for complying to the regulatory requirements for the transport of responsibility in the CCS Directive has been proposed, which consists of a chart with Site Closure Milestones and a traffic light system for treating irregularities in observed behaviour of the storage site, and accompanying criteria. The procedure was successfully tested on the K12-B CO2 injection pilot. Conclusions have been drawn on the basis of several dry runs for reporting the requirements for transfer of responsibility including feedback from operators and regulators.

Obtaining approval for a multinational vaccine trial from an ethics committee and the national competent authority of different Member States of the European Union (EU) is challenging under clinical trial Directive 2001/20/EC because of the differences in the implementation of the directive in national laws of Member States. In this review the national differences in requirements for ethical and competent authority approval are illustrated. The national ethical and competent authority review procedures in Finland, Hungary, The Netherlands, Norway and Slovenia are described under the EU trial directive after discussing the provisions of the trial directive related to both review procedures. The review illustrates the differences between the countries in the documents that have to be submitted for the review procedures, the submission procedures and the language requirements of the documents, the organization of the ethics committees and the role of the competent authority in the approval procedure.

Obtaining approval for a multinational vaccine trial from an ethics committee and the national competent authority of different Member States of the European Union (EU) is challenging under clinical trial Directive 2001/20/EC because of the differences in the implementation of the directive in national laws of Member States. In this review the national differences in requirements for ethical and competent authority approval are illustrated. The national ethical and competent authority review procedures in Finland, Hungary, The Netherlands, Norway and Slovenia are described under the EU trial directive after discussing the provisions of the trial directive related to both review procedures. The review illustrates the differences between the countries in the documents that have to be submitted for the review procedures, the submission procedures and the language requirements of the documents, the organization of the ethics committees and the role of the competent authority in the approval procedure.

Obtaining approval for a multinational vaccine trial from an ethics committee and the national competent authority of different Member States of the European Union (EU) is challenging under clinical trial Directive 2001/20/EC because of the differences in the implementation of the directive in national laws of Member States. In this review the national differences in requirements for ethical and competent authority approval are illustrated. The national ethical and competent authority review procedures in Finland, Hungary, The Netherlands, Norway and Slovenia are described under the EU trial directive after discussing the provisions of the trial directive related to both review procedures. The review illustrates the differences between the countries in the documents that have to be submitted for the review procedures, the submission procedures and the language requirements of the documents, the organization of the ethics committees and the role of the competent authority in the approval procedure.

Transboundary water pollution management is a challenge for China at this moment in time. By introducing relevant legal arrangements, we mainly discuss the competent authorities, the legal instruments and dispute settlement procedures concerning this issue in China. The experiences from international, EU and Dutch water law gives us a comparative perspective. As a conclusion, we agree that China has set up a basic legal system to solve the problem, but a greater effort can still be made, for instance including more public opinion, clearly defining the competent authorities, and enacting more legislation. At the same time, the Chinese experience, such as a new model for a monitoring system and a target responsibility system, also provides the rest of the world with a new approach.

Transboundary water pollution management is a challenge for China at this moment in time. By introducing relevant legal arrangements, we mainly discuss the competent authorities, the legal instruments and dispute settlement procedures concerning this issue in China. The experiences from international, EU and Dutch water law gives us a comparative perspective. As a conclusion, we agree that China has set up a basic legal system to solve the problem, but a greater effort can still be made, for instance including more public opinion, clearly defining the competent authorities, and enacting more legislation. At the same time, the Chinese experience, such as a new model for a monitoring system and a target responsibility system, also provides the rest of the world with a new approach.

Competition policy is a dynamic process in which two questions arise: the configuration of the institutional framework and, on the other hand, the potential negative effects of the reforms processes. Based on surveys to employers (International Institute for Management Development, IMD), this paper evaluates the evolution of the effectiveness of competition policy at international level and how some countries' competition policy (or authority) reforms change this perceived effectiveness: United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Finland and Spain. Results show that the last Spanish competition policy reform (creation of the CNMC), was non-positive, despite some improvements in recent years.

Las políticas e instituciones están sometidas a ciclos de reforma y contra-reforma. Éstas pueden impulsar periodos de auge o declive en la efectividad de las políticas públicas. Estos ciclos son especialmente volátiles y amplios en los países que tienen problemas de estabilidad institucional. En España, la política de competencia ilustra estos ciclos volátiles y amplios en la efectividad de las políticas públicas como pocas otras. En los últimos 20 años (1995-2014), España ha vivido dos ciclos completos de intensos auges y declives en la efectividad de la política de competencia, con una ganancia media de efectividad del 14 por 100. El último ciclo de diez años (2005-2014) ha recogido un aumento destacable y posterior caída en la efectividad de la política de competencia, saldándose sin ganancia significativa en la misma: un inane y desgastante ciclo completo de reforma y contra-reforma. La comparación de resultados con un conjunto de 54 países del mundo muestra que esta volatilidad cíclica en la efectividad de la política de competencia en España es una anormalidad estadística. Dada la relevancia del marco institucional y el enforcement, nuestros resultados apuntan a la necesidad de estabilizar la calidad institucional en materia de competencia como garante de una mayor efectividad de la misma.

This paper addresses the problem of partial tax coordination among regional or national sovereign governments in a repeated game setting. We show that partial tax coordination is more likely to prevail if the number of regions in a coalition subgroup is smaller and the number of existing regions in the entire economy is larger. We also show that under linear utility, partial tax coordination is more likely to prevail if the preference for a local public good is stronger. The main driving force for these results is the response of the intensity of tax competition. The increased (decreased) intensity of tax competition makes partial tax coordination more (less) sustainable.

Bangladesh acquired a large maritime area(1,18,813 km2) which is almost the same as its land area; therefore, this vast marine area provoked Bangladesh to use its maritime resources in a sustainable way called this term "Blue Economy". For implementing "Blue Economy" in the marine area a proper ocean management tool is required; unfortunately, Bangladesh is in the early stage of managing its maritime resources. However, Marine Spatial Planning(MSP) is a very popular multidimensional tool for ocean management. Its integrated approach helps to resolve issues between the ocean users and it can secure ecological, economic and social advantages. There are four prerequisites for implementing MSP; among them, Bangladesh satisfies one; therefore other prerequisites should be satisfied as early as possible. The present legal framework is not enough for implementing MSP in Bangladesh though some legal framework is useful therefore, strong legislative protection and framework and integrated policy along with establishing a special authority for MSP are urgent. Stakeholder engagement in policymaking and arranging ocean literacy and regular meeting for them is badly needed to implement MSP in Bangladesh. Short term and long term monitoring can be implemented for monitoring ecosystem components in Bangladesh's maritime area. Marine Spatial Planning and Blue Economy related previous papers(2011-2020) has been reviewed in this study to give perfect guidelines for policy-makers, researchers and concerned individuals to know about the prospects, challenges and mitigation measures of MSP implementation in Bangladesh. This paper will be an important information hub about MSP in Bangladesh.

Product recall is a fundamental food safety risk management tool. The key to successful implementation of a recall is recognizing the importance of shared responsibility between government/competent authority and industry. Within the recall process, the main objective for the competent authority is to protect public health by ensuring the rapid removal of unsafe foods or feeds from the market. To address the impact of a globalized food supply on the facilitation of recalls, competent authorities around the world have adopted regulations addressing product tracing through the food supply chain, clarifying responsibilities within the recall process, mandatory recall authority for food safety agencies, and disposal of contaminated products. During the recall process, the key areas in which the competent authority plays a vital role include: Communication; Coordination, Initiation and Completion of the Recall Process; Evaluation of Effectiveness of the Recall Process; Data collection, and Providing Guidance and Training to Industry and other Stakeholders.

In this paper, we analyse the role of mobility in tax and subsidy competition. Our primary result is that increasing 'relocation' mobility of firms leads to increasing 'net' tax revenues under fairly weak conditions. While enhanced relocation mobility intensifies tax competition, it weakens subsidy competition. The resulting fall in the governments' subsidy payments overcompensates the decline in tax revenues, leading to a rise in net tax revenues. We derive this conclusion in a model in which two governments are first engaged in subsidy competition and thereafter in tax competition, and firms locate and potentially relocate in response to the two political choices.

The competence of the judicial authority in deciding the validity of parliamentary membership The law of the election defines the procedure related to the electoral process stage and relevant to voting, sorting and then declaration of the results. It is common for disputes to occur about the validity of the electoral process. Such disputes are called the validity of parliamentary membership, where it is necessary to state the competent authority which shall assume to examine and consider such disputes in the issues of the validity and legitimacy of the membership, so as to ensure non-occupancy of the seats therein the parliament by who does not actually and in fact represent the nation or who seized unlawfully its will. Just to give a chance for the voters to raise an appeal the validity thereof shall constitute an important guarantee for the true representation to the will of the nation, as this is shall be through investigating the appeal to reveal what is vitiating the election in terms of errors and defects conduced to have the unqualified candidate win the parliament membership, and therefore, shall rectify such errors and defect to invalidate the election made in the electoral district and to take action to cause the process of election once again in accordance to the procedures the election law requires. The study herein is an endeavor to define the controls that the Court of Appeal of Jordan is adopting while addressing the matter of the validity of the electoral appeals on the occasion of the parliamentary elections.

Protection of environment and human health is major concern for European Union. European Commission has established integrated pollution prevention and control directive and directives concerning large combustion plants (LCP) and waste incineration (WI) plants to prevent emissions from industrial installations. The LCP and WI directives set the lowest requirements such as emission limit values and monitoring requirements that the operators have to comply in EU. European Commission has also published best available technique (BAT) reference documents to help authorities determine the requirements in environmental permits for the installations. This thesis is looking into the authority requirements for continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) that are set by the competent authorities in Spain, Estonia, France, Poland, Czech and UK. Power plants have to monitor and report air emissions with the help of CEMS. It consists of measurement equipment, analysers and sample conditioning systems as well as environmental data management solution. Directives and standards set the requirements for the CEMS, but still requirements differ between the target countries. For instance, according to the study only in UK certification (MCERTS) for the analyser is required and only in Spain plant owner is not allowed to perform the compliance reporting of the plants emissions. It is the responsibility of competent authority. Also the charging and trading emissions differ between the target countries. The coming directive on industrial emissions will be possibly accepted in the end of 2010. It will unify and straiten the requirements. Emission limit values will lower and the emission monitoring requirements will be stricter. Due to the directive, the importance of the use of best available technique will be emphasized. BAT reference documents for large combustion plants and monitoring emissions are reviewed in 2010. The subject of this thesis was wide and the special requirements are presented in general level. Further studies can use this thesis as a ground for more detailed research in monitoring and reporting emissions from power plants in EU. More research should be done because monitoring of local environmental legislation of Member States is ongoing process. /Kir10