Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law. In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualism. Some other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind.

This diploma paper analyses impact of international tax competition to Lithuania's public finance sector and economy trough tax revenue level and structure, public expenditures level and structure, public debt and foreign direct investments change trends. This paper introduces main theoretical international tax competition issues, separating two dominant views to this phenomenon. Holistic view proposes negative altitude to tax competition, methodical individualism has positive view to tax competition. In order to achieve main paper's goal hypothesis about international tax competition and tax burden, tax revenue, expenditure structure, public debt, foreign direct investment connection in Lithuania during period of year 1993 – 2008 are held. Research results shows that in case of Lithuania international tax competition had more positive effects than negative.

This diploma paper analyses impact of international tax competition to Lithuania's public finance sector and economy trough tax revenue level and structure, public expenditures level and structure, public debt and foreign direct investments change trends. This paper introduces main theoretical international tax competition issues, separating two dominant views to this phenomenon. Holistic view proposes negative altitude to tax competition, methodical individualism has positive view to tax competition. In order to achieve main paper's goal hypothesis about international tax competition and tax burden, tax revenue, expenditure structure, public debt, foreign direct investment connection in Lithuania during period of year 1993 – 2008 are held. Research results shows that in case of Lithuania international tax competition had more positive effects than negative.

This diploma paper analyses impact of international tax competition to Lithuania's public finance sector and economy trough tax revenue level and structure, public expenditures level and structure, public debt and foreign direct investments change trends. This paper introduces main theoretical international tax competition issues, separating two dominant views to this phenomenon. Holistic view proposes negative altitude to tax competition, methodical individualism has positive view to tax competition. In order to achieve main paper's goal hypothesis about international tax competition and tax burden, tax revenue, expenditure structure, public debt, foreign direct investment connection in Lithuania during period of year 1993 – 2008 are held. Research results shows that in case of Lithuania international tax competition had more positive effects than negative.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Competition law: Problems of the Interpretation and Enforcement of Competition Law The sector inquiry into e-commerce accomplished by the European Commission confirms that more and more undertakings use the software that allows them to monitor the prices set by the competitors and in accordance with it, to set their own prices. Taking into account the fact that access and storage as well as computation cost of the data for the undertakings is decreasing, the use and importance of data and artificial intelligence in electronic commerce will increase, and with it – the challenges for the competition law. On the one hand, the use of artificial intelligence in commercial activities benefits both the consumers and the undertakings as it promotes efficiency, reduces the time consuming for searching, reduces the costs for the undertakings. On the other hand, increasing number of the scientists and practitioners of the competition law argue that the use of artificial intelligence creates negative consequences – increases market transparency, the emergence of cartels and concerted practices, allows undertakings to set the prices above the market price, changes existing concepts of the of market structure and its operation. In accordance with the above mentioned, this Master Thesis consists of two main structural parts. The first chapter contains the analysis of how artificial intelligence is currently understood, what are the types and what technical possibilities of artificial intelligence use exists in commercial activities, what kind of benefits such use provides to the consumers and undertakings. The second chapter provides the analysis of the problems of the application and interpretation of the European Union competition law rules arising from the impact of artificial intelligence on competition law, assesses the concepts of an agreement and concerted practices in the context of the European Union rules on competition and their interpretation in the existing practice of European Court of Justice. Moreover, it contains the analysis of the presented theories in the scientific literature which examines the challenges of artificial intelligence on competition law and presents the possible solutions how competition authorities should evaluate the use of artificial intelligence.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Competition law: Problems of the Interpretation and Enforcement of Competition Law The sector inquiry into e-commerce accomplished by the European Commission confirms that more and more undertakings use the software that allows them to monitor the prices set by the competitors and in accordance with it, to set their own prices. Taking into account the fact that access and storage as well as computation cost of the data for the undertakings is decreasing, the use and importance of data and artificial intelligence in electronic commerce will increase, and with it – the challenges for the competition law. On the one hand, the use of artificial intelligence in commercial activities benefits both the consumers and the undertakings as it promotes efficiency, reduces the time consuming for searching, reduces the costs for the undertakings. On the other hand, increasing number of the scientists and practitioners of the competition law argue that the use of artificial intelligence creates negative consequences – increases market transparency, the emergence of cartels and concerted practices, allows undertakings to set the prices above the market price, changes existing concepts of the of market structure and its operation. In accordance with the above mentioned, this Master Thesis consists of two main structural parts. The first chapter contains the analysis of how artificial intelligence is currently understood, what are the types and what technical possibilities of artificial intelligence use exists in commercial activities, what kind of benefits such use provides to the consumers and undertakings. The second chapter provides the analysis of the problems of the application and interpretation of the European Union competition law rules arising from the impact of artificial intelligence on competition law, assesses the concepts of an agreement and concerted practices in the context of the European Union rules on competition and their interpretation in the existing practice of European Court of Justice. Moreover, it contains the analysis of the presented theories in the scientific literature which examines the challenges of artificial intelligence on competition law and presents the possible solutions how competition authorities should evaluate the use of artificial intelligence.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Competition law: Problems of the Interpretation and Enforcement of Competition Law The sector inquiry into e-commerce accomplished by the European Commission confirms that more and more undertakings use the software that allows them to monitor the prices set by the competitors and in accordance with it, to set their own prices. Taking into account the fact that access and storage as well as computation cost of the data for the undertakings is decreasing, the use and importance of data and artificial intelligence in electronic commerce will increase, and with it – the challenges for the competition law. On the one hand, the use of artificial intelligence in commercial activities benefits both the consumers and the undertakings as it promotes efficiency, reduces the time consuming for searching, reduces the costs for the undertakings. On the other hand, increasing number of the scientists and practitioners of the competition law argue that the use of artificial intelligence creates negative consequences – increases market transparency, the emergence of cartels and concerted practices, allows undertakings to set the prices above the market price, changes existing concepts of the of market structure and its operation. In accordance with the above mentioned, this Master Thesis consists of two main structural parts. The first chapter contains the analysis of how artificial intelligence is currently understood, what are the types and what technical possibilities of artificial intelligence use exists in commercial activities, what kind of benefits such use provides to the consumers and undertakings. The second chapter provides the analysis of the problems of the application and interpretation of the European Union competition law rules arising from the impact of artificial intelligence on competition law, assesses the concepts of an agreement and concerted practices in the context of the European Union rules on competition and their interpretation in the existing practice of European Court of Justice. Moreover, it contains the analysis of the presented theories in the scientific literature which examines the challenges of artificial intelligence on competition law and presents the possible solutions how competition authorities should evaluate the use of artificial intelligence.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Competition law: Problems of the Interpretation and Enforcement of Competition Law The sector inquiry into e-commerce accomplished by the European Commission confirms that more and more undertakings use the software that allows them to monitor the prices set by the competitors and in accordance with it, to set their own prices. Taking into account the fact that access and storage as well as computation cost of the data for the undertakings is decreasing, the use and importance of data and artificial intelligence in electronic commerce will increase, and with it – the challenges for the competition law. On the one hand, the use of artificial intelligence in commercial activities benefits both the consumers and the undertakings as it promotes efficiency, reduces the time consuming for searching, reduces the costs for the undertakings. On the other hand, increasing number of the scientists and practitioners of the competition law argue that the use of artificial intelligence creates negative consequences – increases market transparency, the emergence of cartels and concerted practices, allows undertakings to set the prices above the market price, changes existing concepts of the of market structure and its operation. In accordance with the above mentioned, this Master Thesis consists of two main structural parts. The first chapter contains the analysis of how artificial intelligence is currently understood, what are the types and what technical possibilities of artificial intelligence use exists in commercial activities, what kind of benefits such use provides to the consumers and undertakings. The second chapter provides the analysis of the problems of the application and interpretation of the European Union competition law rules arising from the impact of artificial intelligence on competition law, assesses the concepts of an agreement and concerted practices in the context of the European Union rules on competition and their interpretation in the existing practice of European Court of Justice. Moreover, it contains the analysis of the presented theories in the scientific literature which examines the challenges of artificial intelligence on competition law and presents the possible solutions how competition authorities should evaluate the use of artificial intelligence.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.

This article, as first of set of publications, analyses international tax competition, its common aspects and measures that countries take to counteract its harmful effects on national income from taxes, trying to prove, that, despite apparent political inspirations, tax competition is also relevant legally. It is proposed, that real tax competition is not complex tax policy decisions (to reduce rates, introduce flat rate or progressive ones etc.) in order to encourage different economic or social processes, but those, aimed at non-resident taxpayers, when taxes become the main or even only reason for their certain business or investment decisions. International tax competition is discussed using two basic categories offered by the OECD and widely accepted by international community - "preferential tax regimes" and "tax havens", also acknowledging, that phenomenon besides pure tax regulation also includes different regulations for financial services and business as a whole, limits of authority of state institutions etc. It is concluded, that clear identification of mentioned above is relevant not only politically, but legally as well, because that not only shows states' "competitive orientation" but also directly influences effectiveness and functionality of measures used to counter its harmful effects.