Suchergebnisse

The article highlights the ideological basis of two key Palestinian movements – Fatah and Hamas. The conflict between them was never resolved after the parliamentary crisis in 2006. Both organizations are building their ideology within the framework of Palestinian nationalism. Each of them has absorbed the ideas of political Islam. However, their important difference is that Fatah grew out of the national liberation movement and began to absorb Islamism after the revolution in Iran. Hamas was formed from the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, which indicates its Islamist basis. The movement has incorporated nationalism into its ideology due to the need to gain legitimacy in Palestinian society and to find followers. In the Western and Russian literature, with rare exceptions, Fatah and Hamas are typically considered separately, and not compared with each other and within the framework of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The purpose of this work is to compare the basic ideas of Fatah and Hamas and their formation. The article discusses the main methods of their distribution in Palestinian society, demonstrates the reasons why Hamas has become popular over recent years, while Fatah is losing its followers in the West Bank. As a result of the study, it was revealed that Hamas becomes increasingly attractive for Palestinians because it demonstrates itself as an ardent outpost of the struggle for Palestinian independence. This strategic goal is presented as the sacred vow of Muslims who must use any means to achieve a result. Hamas continues to act as a guerrillas group, which believes that in the end, either Israel will destroy all Palestinians, or their independent state will be reborn.

The article explores Schumpeter's interpretation of market competition against the backdrop of other concepts in order to reflect the continuity and specifics in its approach. Taking into account the specific features of his methodological approach, the article highlights the main elements of his concept: the evolutionary approach, entrepreneurial nature of competition, the inconsistency and ambiguity of the competitive process. Interpreting Shumpeterian competition as a struggle of entrepreneurial ideas, the author traces its practical potential.

This study reveals incentives for process innovations and their effects related to different conditions of creation process and the provision of an access to the results of intellectual activity for companies in the absence of antitrust restrictions and unfair competition. The model of the process innovation is designed for competition à la Cournot for N firms. Conclusions on the effect of process innovations on changes in prices, volumes, consumer surplus and industry profit are presented. A numerical example is employed to identify cost thresholds for innovations and conditions for voluntary licensing. It is shown that the total effects of innovations are higher than the effects related to the returns of technological leader. This indicates not only the problem of probable underinvestment but also demonstrates transaction cost arising form the process innovation. Technology competition and cooperation cases for three initially symmetric firms are discussed.

The article is devoted to the study of the current position of the schumpeterian competition. Interpreting schumpeterian competition as a struggle of entrepreneurial ideas, the author shows how the results of checking and developing Schumpeter's ideas in contemporary neoSchumpeterian
literature. Focusing on the conditions that determine the innovative nature of competition, the author outlines the main features of the Russian economy, which prevent its transition to an innovative competition.

The study is dedicated to answering the question of what effects, related to which factors, should be taken into account when evaluating the integral effect of a strategic alliance in a knowledge-intensive industry for competition. Features of R & D can significantly affect the public reaction to the desire of companies to cooperate - even if the intended merger will lead to monopolization of the market. Although the problem of the influence of alliances on competition is widely covered, there are quite a few works exploring the impact of cooperation between companies in the field of research and development on social welfare in general. An original model was proposed, based both on the standard prerequisites for such work and on the prerequisites that were rarely included in the models devoted to strategic alliances: the conclusion of a contract for the development of a specific project and the launch of a new product on the market, the asymmetry of investment processes in companies, the possibility of reaching the market at once two solutions.Using my model, I found out that there are hypothetically such circumstances in which a strategic alliance, even if it leads to collusion, can increase social welfare and be desirable for society.

The compatibility between the priorities of industrial policy, aimed at promoting sustainable development, and competition defense by means of antitrust law remains a question open for discussion. The paper demonstrates that it is the institutional environment that defines which characteristics of ecological externalities influence the possibility of accounting for these externalities by market players and regulators in the specific case of cooperation agreements between competitors. It is shown that positive externalities having the characteristics of public goods may be taken into account only in a limited way, which can lead to type I errors by antitrust authorities when determining the legality of horizontal agreements.

Переход к экономике знания заострил внимание исследователей на развитии системы высшего образования и ее проблемах, а сами вузы поставил в конкурентную борьбу за ограниченные ресурсы. Свободная и управляемая конкуренция замыкает на себе цепочку взаимосвязанных, порой противоречивых в применении к столь социально значимой сфере, как высшее образование, понятий. Цель авторов данной исследовательской статьи – выявление с помощью метода концептуального анализа взаимосвязи между понятиями «конкуренция», «конкурентоспособность», «эффективность» и «сотрудничество» применительно к системе высшего образования. Конкуренция и сотрудничество рассматриваются как факторы, повышающие эффективность функционирования вузов. При этом в обоснованиях необходимости создания конкурентных условий для высших учебных заведений и в определениях понятия «эффективность» выявляются противоречия. Вузы рассматриваются как коммерческие организации, показатели деятельности которых замыкаются на их внутренней среде; исключаются из внимания основные функции этих образовательных учреждений: воспроизводство интеллектуального капитала и повышение качества человеческих ресурсов, а также ориентация на потребности рынка труда. Столь же ограничено и понятие «конкуренция»: оно представлено через индекс монополизации, рассчитанный в большинстве случаев через долю обучающихся студентов и не учитывающий особенности отечественной системы высшего образования. Тем не менее в работах о конкуренции и финансировании обращается внимание на общественное благо, создаваемое вузами, которое не всегда очевидно и требует финансового участия правительства. На основании результатов проведенного концептуального анализа авторы приходят к выводу, что в дискуссиях о конкуренции и эффективности вузов в контексте ассоциации их с коммерческим сектором происходит упущение целого ряда социально значимых элементов высшего образования и науки. ; The transition to the knowledge economy focused attention on the higher education system development and its problems, and put the universities in the situation of competition for limited resources. Free and controlled competition brings a chain of interrelated, sometimes contradictory concepts applied to higher education as a socially significant area. The authors of this research article by means of conceptual analysis aim at identifying the relationship between the concepts of «competition», «competitiveness», «efficiency», and «cooperation» regarding the higher education system. Competition and cooperation are considered to be factors which increase the efficiency of universities' functioning. At the same time, there are contradictions in the justifications for the need to create competitive conditions for universities and in the definitions of the concept of efficiency, University is understood to be a commercial organization, its indicators being locked in its internal environment, whereas its main functions (reproduction of intellectual capital, improving the quality of human resources, orientation to the needs of the labor market) come to be out of sight. No less limited is the concept of competition, which is represented through the index of monopolization, calculated mostly through the proportion of students enrolled, beyond taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian higher education system. However, the works on competition and financing draw attention to the public good created by universities, which is not always tangible and requires the financial participation of the government. Thus, the discussions on universities' competition and effectiveness in the context of their association with the commercial sector omit a number of socially significant elements of higher education and science.

The article presents a retrospective of the history of economic sanctions and their application in the XX - XXI century. Approaches to the definition of the concepts of sanctions and economic sanctions. Conditionally allocated types of sanctions. Analyzes the political and economic objectives of the sanctions. Identified measures pressure of rating agencies. Estimated losses from the imposition of sanctions for the initiating country. ; В статье приводится ретроспектива экономических санкций и история их применения в XX-XXI в. Рассмотрены подходы к определению понятий санкции и экономические санкции. Проанализированы политические и экономические цели санкций. Выявлены меры давления рейтинговых агентств. Оценены потери от введения санкций для страны-инициатора.

The purpose of this article is to analyze working youth's attitudes towards competition as one of the most essential merits in modern Russian society. Working youth's value orientations had developed during a time when market economy was already prevalent in Russian society, with competition playing a vital role in its operation. However, in recent years, youth attitudes towards competition have hardly even been studied. A social constructivist approach was used as the theoretical-methodological foundation for this article. The empirical base for this study consists of a questionnaire survey of Tyumen province's working youth (N = 956), employed at 20 organizations in the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk and Ishim. This article considers how young people evaluate the concept of "competition" using the semantic differential method aided by ten specially constructed antinomic scales, as well as their competitive ability, determined by means of self-assessment. On a verbal level, respondents predominantly regard competition as something important, but immoral, uncomfortable and unpleasant. A contradiction became apparent between verbal evaluations of the concept of "competition" and the results attained by means of factor analysis. It was determined that a more important factor describes the complete internalization of competition on behalf of respondents as one of the most important merits in modern life, as its approval as a mechanism for achieving success in life. A significantly less important factor expressed a variable which describes a positive attitude among working youth towards competition, primarily as something beneficial, essential and effective. Also used were methods such as cluster and correlation analysis. In particular, the article demonstrates correlations between evaluations on varying scales of semantic differentiation and the self-assessments of competitive respondents. It was determined those partaking most effectively in competition were those young men and women who do not view competition in terms of moral principles, and who are not preoccupied with honesty when it comes to competing. When conducting further research, it would seem reasonable to analyze the place which competition occupies in the general structure of the basic values of modern working youth.

The article examines the competition assessment methodology for retail electricity markets, practiced by antimonopoly regulation agency in Russia. On the side it reviews the system of ranking competition assessment used by regulatory authorities in the European countries with electricity markets successful liberalization and competitive environment. The appropriate recommendations are developed to enhance the competition assessment methodology for retail electricity markets in Russia.

The article analyzes the pension reform implemented in Russia in 2013–2014, provides the modeling of possible pensions, determines the efficiency boundaries for the use of insurance and savings-insurance schemes offered by the Pension Fund of Russia. The author examines the activities and effectiveness in managing pension savings and reserves from non-state pension funds, especially the system of voluntary savings insurance. The study identifies the challenges faced by these financial institutions, which constrain the development of the Russian pension system. Drawing on logical and econometric analysis the author identifies the competitive opportunity for banks to participate in the Pension Benefits Act, calculates the proposals' efficiency for future retirees and the banking system as a whole, determines the contribution of the proposed solutions to enhanced competition and more competitive banking environment.

The article analyses the main features of the intellectual activity results market through the lens of the product boundaries definition. Frequently the pirated copy is not considered as a substitute for original products in legal cases. However, unlicensed computer programs should be included in the product market boundaries regardless of its legal status if the consumer considers them as substitutes. The difference between these types of products (original and pirated) are hidden not in transformation but in transaction characteristics. It is also important to take into consideration the possible complementarity between pirated and original products expressed in the information and network effects. In order to assess the buyers' choice it is necessary to adjust the methods evaluating product market boundaries prescribed by «The Procedure of market competition analysis» of the Russia's Federal Antimonopoly Service.

Anti-corruption and competition policies intersect at certain regulators and at the goalsetting. Under different conditions effects of codirectional interaction and contrariety can occur. In this connection it is necessary to determine the factors of anti-corruption tools and antitrust policies interinfluence. This article focuses on generalization of available foreign studies, where relationship between indicators of corruption and competition are analyzed. The main objective of the study is to identify factors that influence the correlation between the levels of competition and corruption. In addition, the paper deals with the problem of choosing indicators of corruption and competition for targeting and selecting a set of competition and anti-corruption measures. Study findings can be used as guidelines for the competition authority and other regulators, whose activities are aimed at reducing the level of corruption.

Inter-industry Competition and Formation of Average Profit Rate as a Precondition for Reindustrialization