Suchergebnisse

This article makes an original contribution to the literature on the developing area of private enforcement of EU competition law. It delivers a significant, rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the transposition across a broad selection of Member States (MS) of a major EU Directive introduced with the aim of harmonizing and facilitating competition law damages actions across the EU. It looks at the implementation of the Directive 2014/104/EU in sixteen MS. It analyses the solutions followed by each of those MS in addressing the various issues raised by the Directive (liability and compensation, joint liability, statute of limitations, quantification of harm, passing-on defence and indirect purchasers claims, access to evidence and collective redress).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari solusi terhadap berbagai kendala pembelajaran pada kelas besar (rombongan belajar besar) sehingga dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar yang bermuara pada peningkatan hasil belajar siswa melalui strategipembelajaran group competition (GC). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalarn dua siklus.Setiap siklus dilakukan dengan tiga kali pertemuan. Tiga kali pertemuan dalam setiap siklus ini dimaksudkan agar siswa menjadi terbiasa dan memahami dengan baik strategi pembelaiaran yang diterapkan, sehingga motivasi belajar dapat meningkat dan hasilbelajar semakin baik, lebih tinggi dari Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) yang telah ditetapkan.Hasil penelitian tindakan kelas ini diperoleh data bahwa dengan penerapan model pembelajaran group competition terjadi peningkatan motivasi kreatifitas, aktifitas danhasil belajar siswa. Hal ini ditandai dengan tercapunya indicator yang telah ditetapkan dalam penelitian ini. Siswa yang pada awal siklus siswa kurang termotivasi, merasakaku dan tidak ada kreatifitas. Pada akhir siklus II, adanya peningkatan motivasi dalam beraktivitas dan memiliki kreatifitas yang cukup tinggi dalam belajar.Motivasi siswa dalam proses belajar mengerjakan tugas kelompok terjadi peningkatan aktifitas yang sangat berarti. Hal ini dapat dilihat bahwa pada siklus I dari 50% pada pertemuan pertama, menjadi 67% pada pertemuan kedua. Indikator kreatifitas siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar juga mengalami kemajuan yang cukup berarti. Hal ini terlihatdari rentetan pertemuan siklus I yang menunjukkan bahwa pada pertemuan pertama keratifitas siswa hanya 35%, padapertemuan kedua menjadi 50,8%, sedangkan padapertemuan ketiga mencapai angka 75%. Sedangkan pada siklus II, kreatifitas siswadalam proses belajar mengajar juga mengalami kemajuan yang sangat berarti. Dari 87%pada pertemuan pertama, pada pertemuan kedua menjadi 92,50%. Penguasaan materipelaiaran secara keseluruhan oleh siswa juga mengalami kemajuan yang cukup berarti.Hal ini ditandai dengan peningkatafl ketuntas an belajar secara individual. Pada siklus Ipertemuan pertama, siswa yang tidak tuntas hanya 4 orang atau 10% dan pertemuan kedua 100% dan pertemuan ketiga 100%. Namun nilai yang sama dengan KKM rnasih banyak yaitu pertemuan kedua 15 orang atau 37% sedangkan pertemuan ketiga 1 orangatau 2,50%. Pada siklus II pertemuan pertama, nilai yang sama dengan KKM masih adayaitu 8 orang siswa atau 2O% pertemuan kedua 5 orang atau 12,50% pertemuan ketiganilai seluruh siswa di atas KKM yang telah ditetapkan. Berdasarkan gambaran peningkatan motivasi belajar dan hasil belajar model pembelaiaran dapat diterapkan dalam upaya untuk mewujudkan pembelaiaran yang menarik, dinamis dan demokratis.Keyword: Group Competition, PTK, Hasil Belajar

Competitive bidding should be analyzed from two aspects: from the state, wants the proposed contract is made so that the public administration has chances of success in the operation in relation to the performance of the contract, the quality of provision in the delivery of goods or performance of work or services and the time allocated for execution, achieving the best economic conditions. With regard to managed, the procedure should seek security for individuals wishing to contract with the state, which leads to "equality" between managed, avoiding benefit of some and the detriment of others, sidestepping preferences and injustices. State entities are characterized by their discretion in structuring contractual processes, there are no standardized processes, because the officials responsible for the bidding, enjoy autonomy to design the bidding requirements, which, in most cases, put in risk the constitutional scope of the state's objectives and development plans. It was identified in this article scientific, that formal sources of administrative law, there are limitations to the application of the principles in the different government contracting procedures in Colombia. Exploratory diagnostic methodology was applied in order to arrive at an understanding of the problem to solve, likewise the information was collected selectively until the recording of the results obtained. ; La licitación pública debe ser analizada desde dos aspectos: respecto del Estado, busca conseguir que el contrato se realice de modo que la administración pública tenga las posibilidades de acierto en la operación en lo referente al cumplimiento del contrato, la calidad de la prestación en la entrega de cosas o realización de trabajos o servicios y el tiempo destinado para su ejecución, logrando las mejores condiciones económicas. Con relación a los administrados, el procedimiento debe buscar garantía para los particulares que desean contratar con el Estado, lo cual conlleva a "igualdad" entre los administrados, evitando beneficio de unos y perjuicio de otros, soslayando preferencias e injusticias. Las entidades estatales se caracterizan por su discrecionalidad en la estructuración de los procesos contractuales, no existen procesos estandarizados, debido a que los funcionarios responsables de la licitación, gozan de autonomía para diseñar los requisitos licitatorios, que, en la mayoría de casos, ponen en riesgo el alcance constitucional de los fines del Estado y de los planes de desarrollo. Se identificó en este artículo de carácter científico, que las fuentes formales del derecho administrativo, existen limitaciones a la aplicación de los principios en los diferentes procedimientos de contratación estatal en Colombia. Se aplicó metodología diagnóstico exploratorio, con el fin de llegar a la comprensión del problema a resolver, así mismo la información fue recolectada de manera selectiva hasta llegar al registro de los resultados obtenidos.

A problem of counteracting bargaining powers of retailers, specially in agri-food sector, has been recently addressed by regulations in a few European countries but so far it has not been subject to academic considerations.A paper aims at finding rationales of granting administrative bodies with competences of interfering in contractual relationships between market players in reference to an abuse or misuse of bargaining power and to assess a possibility and probability of balancing public and private interests by administrative bodies applying regulations on counteracting an unfair use of a bargaining power. A point of reference for considerations is a Polish regulation dated from December 2016 - Act on Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products.In a lack of relevant case law a paper is based on a descriptive method of research as well as a method of conceptual analysis.A paper contests a correctness and rationality of selecting a competition authority as an enforcer of a discussed regulation. A competition authority seems to be caught in a trap of opposite (public and private) interests - an antitrust authority shall undertake an intervention in an interest of a private entity which in many situations may be seen as an intervention against public interest.A paper contributes to an ongoing discussion on EU's proposals for actions on eliminating imbalances between big retailing networks and food suppliers.

'Das DDR-Sportsystem wurde auf der Vorstellung gegründet, dass sportliche Leistung planbar sei. Der Artikel analysiert, welche staatlichen, wissenschaftlichen und koordinierenden Organe im DDR-Sport an diesem Planungsprozess beteiligt waren und wie sich Planungsvorstellungen im Laufe der 1960er Jahre wandelten. In einem zweiten Schritt zeigt die Autorin, wie sich durch die Konkurrenzsituation zwischen beiden deutschen Staaten und dem planungsfreundlichen Klima der 1960er Jahre, auch in der Bundesrepublik langsam der Glaube an die Planbarkeit sportlicher Spitzenleistungen durchsetzte. Dies führte dazu, dass nun auch im westdeutschen Sport neue wissenschaftliche und staatliche Organe als Träger dieses Planungsprozesses entstanden. Da beide Sportsystem in ihrer Entwicklung somit vergleichbaren Paradigmen folgten, kam es im Laufe der 1960er Jahre zu einer Annäherung der beiden deutschen Leistungssportsysteme.' (Autorenreferat)

This paper examines the International Student Competition on Place Brand­ing and Mediterranean Diet held in Fermo, Italy, in the context of the devel­opment of rural areas. This one-week food-related educational programme was organised by the University of Macerata's Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in collaboration with The Piceno Laboratory on the Mediterranean Diet, a local network of public and private stakehold­ers committed to the promotion of Fermo area as a touristic destination based on traditional gastronomy. The aim of this study was to understand how and to what extent such food-related educational events may con­tribute to providing students with the knowledge, expertise and soft skills needed for careers in the food tourism sector. Of interest also was how such events may benefit the development of rural areas. The ISC was founded in 2016 and continued in 2017, 2018 and 2019. In order to assess students' perceptions about the experience, specifically regarding what they felt they had learned about food tourism, and which soft skills they had acquired or honed, 13 students who participated in the 2017 event were interviewed for a qualitative study. Moreover, the authors drew upon information gleaned from interactions with students and teachers, as well as with several important actors of the local food and tourism sector, in­cluding tourism and hospitality entrepreneurs and representatives of gov­ernment agencies, with whom they collaborated in the context of planning, running and evaluating the events. The findings show that the ISC can provide students with a good general understanding of the territory and practical knowledge about place branding and food tourism. In terms of career preparation, the combination of fieldwork activities with traditional lectures and group activities was particularly fruitful in promoting soft skills such as communication, efficient use of social media, teamwork, problem-solving and decision making.

This paper examines the International Student Competition on Place Branding and Mediterranean Diet held in Fermo, Italy, in the context of the development of rural areas. This one-week food-related educational programme was organised by the University of Macerata's Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in collaboration with The Piceno Laboratory on the Mediterranean Diet, a local network of public and private stakeholders committed to the promotion of Fermo area as a touristic destination based on traditional gastronomy. The aim of this study was to understand how and to what extent such food-related educational events may contribute to providing students with the knowledge, expertise and soft skills needed for careers in the food tourism sector. Of interest also was how such events may benefit the development of rural areas. The ISC was founded in 2016 and continued in 2017, 2018 and 2019. In order to assess students' perceptions about the experience, specifically regarding what they felt they had learned about food tourism, and which soft skills they had acquired or honed, 13 students who participated in the 2017 event were interviewed for a qualitative study. Moreover, the authors drew upon information gleaned from interactions with students and teachers, as well as with several important actors of the local food and tourism sector, including tourism and hospitality entrepreneurs and representatives of government agencies, with whom they collaborated in the context of planning, running and evaluating the events. The findings show that the ISC can provide students with a good general understanding of the territory and practical knowledge about place branding and food tourism. In terms of career preparation, the combination of fieldwork activities with traditional lectures and group activities was particularly fruitful in promoting soft skills such as communication, efficient use of social media, teamwork, problem-solving and decision making.

The northern hairy-nosed wombat,
Lasiorhinus krefftii, is a critically endangered grazing
herbivore, restricted to a single population of just 65 individuals in the
savanna of central Queensland. Lasiorhinus krefftii
shares its habitat with another grazing herbivore of similar body size, the
eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus. This study
investigated the potential for M. giganteus to compete
with L. krefftii for food. Analysis of faecal residues
demonstrated that both herbivores consumed grass almost exclusively, with the
exception of small quantities of sedges and dicotyledons. Dietary overlap
between M. giganteus and
L. krefftii was high, both in the consumption of plant
species (90%) and plant parts (99%), suggesting that there is
potential for dietary competition. Using the distribution of faecal deposits
for both herbivores, analysis of habitat usage by multiple linear regression
techniques indicated that M. giganteus exhibits clear
associations with some habitat features but proved inconclusive for
L. krefftii because of their use of defecation in social
marking. However, an examination of the population dynamics of
M. giganteus suggested that the densities reported in
this study, although highly seasonal, are sufficiently low that competition
with L. krefftii for food is currently negligible.

Modern market dynamics have decided to incorporate into the notion of collaborative economy those practices for profit exercised by professionals, through the so called information and communication technologies. This situation differs from the initial intention with which the collaborative consumption, the genesis of the cooperative economy, arose. The situation described arises as a means of masking the commercial relationships behind the digital platforms, with the aim of freeing the fulfillment of the legislative burdens that are imposed in the normal course of commercial activities. This unjustified release of normative burdens has as its antecedent an historical search by the capitalist system to evade cumbersome taxes; all of which translates into economic operators as an unfair lowering of regulatory costs within their business processes, with the aim of finding an illegal displacement of demand in their favor and achieving high rates of profit maximization. In this context, this essay will seek to review the ways that have been used over time to avoid costs, ending with masking the methods of the collaborative economy, with a special review of these new business practices and their possible framing in unfair competition conduct, in the light of Ecuadorian legislation, particularly with regard to the specific clause of non-violation of rules. ; Las modernas dinámicas de mercado han optado por incorporar dentro de la noción de Economía Colaborativa aquellas prácticas con fines de lucro que son ejercidas de forma sofisticada, a través de las denominadas tecnologías de la información y comunicación. Esta situación, discurre con la intención inicial con que surgió el consumo colaborativo, génesis de la economía cooperativista. La situación descrita surge a modo de enmascarar las relaciones comerciales que subyacen detrás de las plataformas digitales, con el ánimo de liberar el cumplimiento de las cargas legislativas que se imponen en el curso normal de actividades mercantiles. Esta liberación injustificada de cargas normativas tiene como antecedente una búsqueda histórica del sistema capitalista por eludir los gravámenes engorrosos, todo lo cual traduce en los operadores económicos, un abaratamiento desleal de costos regulativos dentro de sus procesos mercantiles. Lo expuesto, con el ánimo de hallar un desplazamiento ilícito de la demanda en su favor y conseguir altos índices de maximización de utilidades. En ese contexto, el presente ensayo procurará pasar revista a las modalidades utilizadas a lo largo del tiempo para eludir costes, hasta llegar al enmascaramiento en las formas propias de la economía colaborativa, con una especial revisión de estas nuevas prácticas mercantiles y su eventual encuadre en conductas de competencia desleal, a la luz de la normativa ecuatoriana queregula las actividades de mercado, particularmente, respecto a la cláusula específica de no violación de normas.

429 p. ; Since the mid 1980s, European integration has entered in a phase of acceleration which leads the European Union to establish itself as a full-fledged political space whose prerogatives and interventions become more and more palpable at the domestic level. This thesis explores the consequences of this process on party competition. The questioning of the popular distinction between « direct » and « indirect » effects nourishes a reflection about the mechanisms by which parties are affected and leads us to conceptualize European integration as an alteration of parties' environment and structure of opportunities, through the europeanisation of public policies and the agenda-setting of new issues. This perspective allows both to better integrate in the study of parties the "interactionist" turn of research on europeanisation and to enrich the analysis by anchoring it within ordinary frameworks of parties and electoral competition. The europeanisation of party competition in France, Germany and the United-Kingdom between 1986 and 2009 is studied from the perspective of opportunities and constraints generated by European integration and, then, from the perspective of partisan actors' reponses at several levels. Our inquiry relies on the analysis of a vast corpus of documents, data and literature, notably on the media coverage of European issues, European orientations in the public opinion of the three countries, europeanization of public policies, discourses held at the congresses of social-democratic parties and electoral manifestos of the different parties. We observe a differentiated, but significative, Europeanisation of parties' structure of opportunities. Due to the resistances of the actors who dominate inter- and intraparty competition, this tendency affects the dynamics of party competition only marginally. ; Depuis le milieu des années 1980, la construction européenne est entrée dans une phase d'accélération qui voit l'affirmation de l'Union européenne comme un espace de décision politique à part ...