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1 sheet (1 p.). ; Place and date of publication suggested by STC (2nd ed.). ; Imperfect: faded, with slight loss of print. ; Reproduction of original in the Society of Antiquaries.

In its 2009 decision in Infopaq (C-5/08), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) achieved a landmark result: the de facto, horizontal harmonization of the originality requirement. After that, nothing could stay the same. After providing an overview of the harmonization process in the copyright field over the past 30 years or so and, with that, the environment in which Infopaq came to be, this chapter considers Infopaq and the expansive effect of subsequent case law on other copyright subsistence requirements. The analysis also notes how the eventual outcome of Cofemel (C-683/17), insofar as works of applied art are concerned, is perfectly in line with such a jurisprudence. The chapter further considers the legal and institutional difficulties that such a string of CJEU decisions has given rise to and is yet to resolve before concluding that further questions are likely to be posed to the CJEU in the not too distant future. In other words: the construction of EU copyright is far from over.

Defence date: 26 January 2021 ; Examining board: Professor Regina Grafe (European University Institute); Professor Luca Molà (University of Warwick); Professor Carmen Sanz Ayán (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Professor Manuel Herrero Sánchez (Universidad Pablo de Olavide) ; This doctoral thesis analyses the process of state construction in the early modern period from a joint perspective that amalgamates the agencies of state officials, lending communities, and local elites in the Hispanic Monarchy during the four initial years of Philip II's reign. The project examines the convergence of private agendas inside and outside the royal administration, which were channelled by the Genoese lending community to overcome the consolidation of royal short-term debt in 1557 and its consequences. The application of an institutional approach, based on the works of Avner Greif, to the analysis of the social organisations that prevented a failure of coordination in the Hispanic Monarchy offers a fresh perspective on a topic normally assessed under predatory models. The specific study of two Genoese lenders who contributed to the establishment of a more viable and efficient financial system in the monarchy, Costantin Gentil and Nicolao de Grimaldo, provides details about how interregional transactions and local economies contributed to the consolidation of the early modern state.

A common approach used to mitigate riverbank erosion and maintain watercourse alignments has been through the application of riprap or larger, more stable particles to channel boundaries along reaches of interest. However, very often, these large particles become dislodged from their intended locations (failed erosion measures), becoming part of the bed material composition. In natural systems, large immobile sediments or boulders can also be found, which are often sourced from glacial erratics or colluvial inputs with different spacing and arrangements among them. In lower gradient gravel-bed channels, the impacts that large clasts may impart on river morphologies are uncertain and are studied in this paper. This paper utilizes laboratory experiments to evaluate the effects that varying spacing of large immobile particles in a gravel-bed channel have on sediment transport and bed morphology. The laboratory experiments consist of a series of test cases with a varying spacing of large immobile particles and one base case with no large immobile particles present. In each case, the flume bed was composed of a poorly sorted gravel mixture with a bimodal distribution of sand and gravel meant to be representative of a natural gravel-bed channel. The results of the test cases demonstrated that at a low spacing of large immobile particles, the transported material and the bed material both became coarser. At a medium spacing of large immobile particles, the bed material size and erosion reached a maximum, and the coarser bed material was transported at approximately the same rate as the finer material. Finally, at a high spacing of large immobile particles, the size of the transported material and bed material sizes were similar to that of the base case, and the sediment transport also had the strongest clockwise hysteresis trend, which ultimately led to a net erosion of the gravel-bed channel. ; This projectwas supported by funding from an NSERC IPS (McKie), by the H2020-MSCA-IF-2018 programme (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions) of the European Union under REA grant agreement number 834329-SEDILAND (Juez) and by Water Regime Investigations and Simulations Ltd., JTB Environmental Systems Inc. and R&M Construction (Plumb). ; Peer reviewed

In this article we intend to briefly approach the dismantling of the logocentric word that is articulated in the novel The Art of the Word by Enrique Lihn. We will give account of how the novel insists- above all- on the hidden aggression behind discourses, especially that of the paternalistic imposition of language and the authoritarian nature that constitutes it. We will see that -in the novel- these attributes will be represented by the character of the Protector. It will allude to the dictators who have affected Latin America and more specifically will be talking about the dictator, Augusto Pinochet. But also, it will give account of how the discourses sponsored by these dictators are nothing more than a neurotic repetition of the old foundational discourses. In this case, we will analyze the subversion that Lihn makes of the different Hispano-American essays that served to shape the cultural, political and educational structures that prevail -to a greater or lesser extent- up to our days and that are perpetuated in dictatorships such as Pinochet's. We will analyze how Miranda- fictional space of the novel- will become for us the representation of the obscurities of the Spanish-American collective personality and of those perversions that have not been assumed by the conscious, so that they continue to perpetuate themselves in time. The analysis we will make of some intertexts will invite us to remember at each step the character of construction that the discourses have and will invite us to problematize the places in which these are disarticulated and in which they come to degrade our category of person. ; En este artículo pretendemos aproximarnos brevemente al desmonte de la palabra logocéntrica que se articula en la novela El Arte de la Palabra de Enrique Lihn. Daremos cuenta de cómo la novela insiste -sobre todo- en la agresión escondida detrás de los discursos, especialmente el de la imposición paternalista del lenguaje y el carácter autoritario que lo constituye. Veremos que -en la novela- estos atributos estarán representados por el personaje del Protector. Este aludirá a los dictadores que han asolado Hispanoamérica y más específicamente a Augusto Pinochet. Sobre todo, dará cuenta de cómo los discursos patrocinados por estos dictadores no son más que una repetición neurótica de los antiguos discursos fundacionales. En este caso, analizaremos la subversión que hace de los distintos discursos ensayísticos hispanoamericanos que sirvieron a la conformación de las estructuras culturales, políticas y educacionales que prevalecen -en mayor o menor medida- hasta nuestros días y que se perpetúan en dictaduras como las de Pinochet. Analizaremos cómo Miranda -espacio ficcional de la novela- se irá convirtiendo en la representación de las oscuridades de la personalidad colectiva hispanoamericana y de aquellas perversiones que no han querido ser asumidas por el consciente, de modo que siguen perpetuándose en el tiempo. El análisis que haremos de algunos intertextos nos invitará a recordar a cada paso el carácter de construcción que tienen los discursos y nos invitará a problematizar los lugares en los que estos se desarticulan y en los que llegan a degradar nuestra categoría de persona.

This chapter will offer an overview of research on the pronominal system in specialized corpora in Spanish, with a focus on personal pronouns (including person reference through verb morphology), neuter pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. The chapter will deal both with the forms used as well as with the functions these pronouns may fulfill in a variety of specialized corpora. First, the chapter will offer an overview of the variety of forms involved, taking into account the pluricentric nature of the Spanish language and its impact on the paradigms and frequency of the pronouns included in this chapter. Further, I will present the research that has been carried out on the way in which the selected pronouns function in specialized corpora. Given the influence of production and the possibilities for retransmission in the use of deictics and demonstratives, a distinction will be made between spoken, written and digital corpora. Thus, a variety of discourses will be considered, including educational, scientific, professional, political discourses. This section will be followed by a functional approach to the pronouns under consideration, which will allow for showing the diversity of interactive, argumentative and discursive functions the pronouns may fulfill. This overview will furthermore allow for showing the contribution of these pronouns to the creation or strengthening of discursive cohesion and of interactional relations, as well as to identity construction in the context of specialized corpora. Finally, I will point out some aspects that have received less attention in the research on the way these pronouns function in Spanish, in order to suggest avenues for future research. ; Este capítulo brinda un panorama de la investigación sobre el sistema pronominal en corpus especializados en español, centrándose en los pronombres personales (incluyendo la referencia de persona mediante la morfología verbal), los pronombres neutros y los pronombres demostrativos. Tratará tanto de las formas utilizadas como de las funciones que pueden desempeñar dichos pronombres en una variedad de corpus especializados. En primer lugar, el capítulo ofrece un panorama de la variedad de formas, prestando atención al carácter pluricéntrico del español y su impacto en los paradigmas y la frecuencia de los pronombres en cuestión. Se detalla luego los trabajos hechos sobre el funcionamiento de los pronombres seleccionados en corpus especializados. Visto la influencia del modo de producción y de las posibilidades de retransmisión en el uso deícticos y demostrativos, se distinguirá entre corpus orales, escritos y digitales. Por ende, se abarcarán discursos variados como son los discursos educativos, científicos, profesionales, políticos, entre otros. Se continuará con una aproximación funcional a los pronombres objeto de este capítulo, que permitirá dar cuenta de la diversidad de funciones interactivas, argumentativas y discursivas que pueden desempeñar. Este panorama permite, asimismo, mostrar la contribución de los pronombres a la creación o el refuerzo de la cohesión discursiva o de la relación interaccional, o a la construcción identitaria en el marco de los corpus especializados. En último lugar, se apuntan aspectos menos tratados en la investigación del funcionamiento de dichos pronombres en corpus especializados en español y se sugieren de esta forma pistas para investigaciones futuras.

This chapter will offer an overview of research on the pronominal system in specialized corpora in Spanish, with a focus on personal pronouns (including person reference through verb morphology), neuter pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. The chapter will deal both with the forms used as well as with the functions these pronouns may fulfill in a variety of specialized corpora. First, the chapter will offer an overview of the variety of forms involved, taking into account the pluricentric nature of the Spanish language and its impact on the paradigms and frequency of the pronouns included in this chapter. Further, I will present the research that has been carried out on the way in which the selected pronouns function in specialized corpora. Given the influence of production and the possibilities for retransmission in the use of deictics and demonstratives, a distinction will be made between spoken, written and digital corpora. Thus, a variety of discourses will be considered, including educational, scientific, professional, political discourses. This section will be followed by a functional approach to the pronouns under consideration, which will allow for showing the diversity of interactive, argumentative and discursive functions the pronouns may fulfill. This overview will furthermore allow for showing the contribution of these pronouns to the creation or strengthening of discursive cohesion and of interactional relations, as well as to identity construction in the context of specialized corpora. Finally, I will point out some aspects that have received less attention in the research on the way these pronouns function in Spanish, in order to suggest avenues for future research. ; Este capítulo brinda un panorama de la investigación sobre el sistema pronominal en corpus especializados en español, centrándose en los pronombres personales (incluyendo la referencia de persona mediante la morfología verbal), los pronombres neutros y los pronombres demostrativos. Tratará tanto de las formas utilizadas como de las funciones que pueden desempeñar dichos pronombres en una variedad de corpus especializados. En primer lugar, el capítulo ofrece un panorama de la variedad de formas, prestando atención al carácter pluricéntrico del español y su impacto en los paradigmas y la frecuencia de los pronombres en cuestión. Se detalla luego los trabajos hechos sobre el funcionamiento de los pronombres seleccionados en corpus especializados. Visto la influencia del modo de producción y de las posibilidades de retransmisión en el uso deícticos y demostrativos, se distinguirá entre corpus orales, escritos y digitales. Por ende, se abarcarán discursos variados como son los discursos educativos, científicos, profesionales, políticos, entre otros. Se continuará con una aproximación funcional a los pronombres objeto de este capítulo, que permitirá dar cuenta de la diversidad de funciones interactivas, argumentativas y discursivas que pueden desempeñar. Este panorama permite, asimismo, mostrar la contribución de los pronombres a la creación o el refuerzo de la cohesión discursiva o de la relación interaccional, o a la construcción identitaria en el marco de los corpus especializados. En último lugar, se apuntan aspectos menos tratados en la investigación del funcionamiento de dichos pronombres en corpus especializados en español y se sugieren de esta forma pistas para investigaciones futuras.