Suchergebnisse

В результате Петровских реформ в Российской империи появились категории населения, представители которых не входили в то или иное сословие. Для их определения в законодательных актах и делопроизводственных документах были введены в оборот такие термины, как «однодворец», «разночинец». Данная статья посвящена определению правового положения однодворцев как специфической категории населения Российской империи. В ней рассматриваются основные проблемы и противоречия, связанные с путями приобретения статуса однодворцев, эволюцией его правового обеспечения, выявлением состава однодворцев, определением их прав и обязанностей. Посредством фактического материала автором подтверждается основное противоречие статуса однодворцев, связанное с его двойственностью. С одной стороны, они приравнивались к крестьянам в том, что были обязаны платить подушную подать в равном размере с принадлежавшими им крестьянами, нести ландмилицкую (пограничную) службу и вести общинный образ жизни, а с другой – обладали правами дворянского состояния, а именно – правом владения крестьянами и землей. Другим противоречием было то, что права благородного сословия для однодворцев были ограничены: купля-продажа (а также иное распоряжение) крестьян и земли была им запрещена. Автор приходит к выводу, что противоречивость правового статуса однодворцев явилась следствием неоднородности этой категории населения, связанной с существованием множества путей к ее пополнению, а также сложности для власти в определении функций данного сословия, менявшихся с течением времени. Проблемы были связаны с отмиранием необходимости содержания ландмилицких полков (традиционной основной гражданской обязанностью однодворцев): в новых условиях власти требовалось четко определить статус данной категории населения, однако ни понизить его до крестьянского, ни повысить до дворянского она не могла, опасаясь критики и недовольства как дворян, так и самих однодворцев. Однодворцам была предоставлена возможность пополнить купеческое сословие, лишаясь при этом земли, а после 1762 г. – и дворянское сословие, увеличивая прослойку мелкопоместного дворянства. Таким образом, однодворцы были промежуточной податной категорией российского общества, находившейся между дворянством и государственным крестьянством, в более точном положении которой к началу XIX в. власть не определилась.
As a result of Peter the Great's reforms, some categories of the population whose representatives were not included into any social estate appeared in the Russian Empire. To denote them in legislative acts and office documents, the terms odnodvorets (plural odnodvortsy) and raznochinets (plural raznochintsy) were introduced. This article is devoted to the determination of the legal status of the odnodvortsy as a specific category of population of the Russian Empire. It examines the main problems and contradictions related to the ways of acquiring the status of odnodvorets, the evolution of its legal definition, the composition of the odnodvortsy, and the determination of their rights and obligations. By means of factual material, the author confirms the main contradiction of the odnodvortsy status, associated with its duality. On the one hand, odnodvortsy were equated with peasants as they were obliged to pay a poll tax in the same amount as the peasants who belonged to them did, to do landmilitia (frontier) service, and to lead a communal life. On the other hand, they had the rights of the noble estate, namely, the right to own peasants and land. Another contradiction was that the rights of the noble estate were limited for the odnodvortsy: the purchase and sale (as well as other disposal) of peasants and land were prohibited to them. The author comes to the conclusion that the inconsistency of the legal status of the odnodvortsy was a consequence of the heterogeneity of this category of the population, associated with the existence of many ways to replenish it and the difficulty for the authorities in determining the functions of this social estate, which changed over time. The problems were connected with the dying out need to maintain landmilitia regiments (the traditional main civic duty of the odnodvortsy): in the new conditions, the authorities needed to clearly determine the status of this category of population, but they could neither lower it to peasants nor raise it to the nobility, fearing criticism and discontent of both the noblemen and the odnodvortsy themselves. Odnodvortsy were given an opportunity to join the merchant estate, losing land in doing so, and after 1762 they were given an opportunity to join the nobility, thus increasing the stratum of gentry. Thus, the odnodvortsy were an intermediate taxable category of Russian society whose place in social structure was between the nobility and the state peasants. By the beginning of the 19th century, the authorities had not determined the status of the Odnodvortsy more precisely.

The subject of the study is the criminal policy in the context of contradictions in the functioning of the courts.The purpose of the study is to investigate, which contradictions of criminal policy are generated by a multi-level system of courts, and which mechanisms for overcoming them in order to optimize criminal policy could be found out.The methodology. In modern conditions of diversification of methodological approaches to organizing and conducting political-legal research, it is important not to discard, but to rethink and rediscover the epistemological possibilities of the methods of classical science, especially the method of dialectical analysis.The main results and scope of the study. The use of the category "dialectical contradiction" for the purpose of studying the problems of the functioning of the courts in terms of the interpretation and application of criminal law provisions opens up new possibilities in the study of criminal and judicial policy, as well as determining the prospects for its development. In the study, the law enforcement contradictions of criminal policy refer to the relations between courts of various types and levels that develop in the course of their functioning and reflect the opposite approaches of law enforcement bodies to the interpretation and application of criminal legislation. Considering the level and type of legal proceedings, these contradictions can be summarized in the following groups: (a) between national and international courts; (b) between superior courts of the national legal system; (c) between the courts of various instances of the system of courts of general jurisdiction.The contradictions between national and international courts, emerging in the field of protection of human rights and freedoms, are an objective source of development of judicial practice and policy. The resolution of these contradictions is based on the consensus of various courts and compromise. If the position of the European Court of Human Rights does not contradict the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the state adjusts its legal practice in the direction set by the authoritative international instance by means of: (a) direct application of national legislation with due regard for the ECHR's legal positions; (b) the application of national legislation in its constitutional interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which does not differ from the decisions and positions of the ECHR; (c) amending national legal acts in pursuance of ECHR judgments. In exceptional cases, when the position of the European Court touches upon issues of the country's constitutional identity, the contradiction between the international and national legal order is resolved by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the basis of the priority of constitutional norms.At the level of the superior national courts the contradictions are represented by the differing positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the assessment and interpretation of criminal law provisions. Such contradictions can be thought of as latent until they are not revealed in constitutional proceedings. The identification and resolution of these contradictions is the most important direction of legal policy in the country; it reflects the consistent solution of the aim of constitutionalization of the criminal law.At the level of the system of courts of general jurisdiction, the concept of "contradiction" can only be applied to those differing approaches of the courts to solving criminal cases that do not go beyond the rule of law. Contradictions arise only when, having correctly established the factual circumstances of the case, the courts disagree in the choice of the legal provision to be applied, although any such choice can be explained and motivated. These contradictions may or may not be related to the quality of criminal legislation. Therefore, the mechanism for their resolution includes not only law revision. It is important to use the capabilities of the judicial system itself to develop a consensual understanding of the textual content of the criminal law and the rules for its application.Conclusions. Overcoming the contradictions of the judicial criminal policy is possible only in the process of communication and dialogue between the courts of different levels on the basis of differentiation of jurisdiction, respect for authority and independence. ; Рассматриваются противоречия судебного уровня реализации уголовной политики, которые складываются в сфере функционирования международных и национальных судов различных уровней при толковании, оценке и применении правовых норм. Предлагается классификация этих противоречий на основе уровня, вида судопроизводства и источника возникновения, которая помогает лучше понять механизм функционирования судебной системы, роль судов в обеспечении верховенства права. Принимая во внимание диалектическую природу противоречий, доказывается, что механизм их преодоления должен включать в себя как организационные решения в части разграничения компетенции судов, так и идейно-нормативные решения, обеспечивающие компромисс судебных позиций ради достижения общей цели соблюдения прав человека при разрешении уголовно-правового конфликта.

In the article on the basis of the methodology of the theory of self-organization analyzes
the practice of monitoring social and economic contradictions in the Russian Federation. The author proposes to use as a methodological basis for indicative planning the system analysis of interlevel conflicts that arise in the social structure of society and the state.

В центр внимания статьи вынесена Болгария – старейшее государство в Европе, возникшее в своих нынешних границах уже в 700-х гг. задолго до возникновения большинства других стран, ныне составляющих Европейский Союз. Обращение к обозначенной теме вызвано динамично развивающимися на Балканах сложными, конфликтными процессами, в которых немаловажное место занимает Болгария, как «осевое» государство региона. Статья имеет цель осмысление формирования болгарского видения своего места и роли в мире и регионе, своих национальных интересов, культурно-исторических, ментальных и когнитивных предпосылок и оснований современной внешней политики Болгарии, основных противоречий, проявляющихся в современном национальном геополитическом дискурсе, тенденций изменений болгарского общественного мнения по геополитическим проблемам и поиске связанных с этим осмыслением возможностей для укрепления геополитических позиций России в этой стране, на Балканах и в Черноморском регионе.

The thesis is devoted to studying the role of systemic contradictions in social development, the consideration of objective reasons and the conditions of their occurrence, the relationship of systemic contradictions with the processes of formation of social interests, as well as the construction of new theoretical and methodological principles of forecasting, analysis and resolution.

The modern technological revolution and changes in the content of work (increasing the creative component) determine the transformation of the place and role of education in the economy. Education is turning into one of the most dynamic spheres of social production. Here, the main resource and potential for the development of the economy and society is formed – the creative potential of a person. These changes require an approach to the development of education as a public good. At the same time, the strengthening of the neoliberal trend in the development of the market capitalist system has led to a decrease in the social responsibility of the state and the market orientation of the social sphere. For example, in education, there is an increase in commercialization and financialization of educational organizations and their participants. This leads to the positioning of education as a service, in particular, commercial. The evolutionary resolution of socio-economic contradictions of education is possible by strengthening the social orientation of a market-oriented system.

This article considers the reasons and consequences of the increased attention from politicians and scholars to the challenges of national and global food security. First, the authors focus on the contradictory definitions of food security in intellectual and ideological debates which determine the development of national and global doctrines of food security (and 'food sovereignty' as its critical alternative). Secondly, the authors consider past and present attempts to ensure food security and identify the historical zigzags of food policies in Russia (from the Soviet autarchic policy of food self-sufficiency to attempts to liberalize food security definitions in the 1990s, and the new protectionist and autarchic food security doctrine of the 2000s). The authors also present a range of common indicators of food security, and emphasize that the gross growth in the production of various types of food is insufficient to assess the quality of national food policies. The key indicators of food security include the effectiveness of agricultural production, access to quality food for all social groups, and the potential of consumers to control the issues of national food security. Finally, the authors consider the sociological approach to the study of food security and present data from a series of sociological monitoring developed and conducted by the Center for Agrarian Studies of RANEPA 2015-2017. The analysis identified the 'double autarchy' in the responses of respondents: on the one hand, they support the general political course on food protectionism and nationalism (state autarchy), while, on the other, they strive to implement a micro-policy of autonomous food sovereignty (family autarchy) by intensifying household efforts to ensure natural self-sufficiency. © 2018 National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The thesis is devoted to studying the role of systemic contradictions in social development, the consideration of objective reasons and the conditions of their occurrence, the relationship of systemic contradictions with the processes of formation of social interests, as well as the construction of new theoretical and methodological principles of forecasting, analysis and resolution.

Монография посвящена изучению процессов формирования, развития и сглаживания системных противоречий в социальных системах. Используя методологию общей теории систем и теории самоорганизации, автор анализирует на основе обобщения фактического и теоретического материала закономерности проявления системных интересов, потребностей и противоречий на современном этапе развития Российской Федерации. Издание рассчитано на работников органов государственного и муниципального управления, преподавателей высшей школы, аспирантов и студентов вузов.

Монография посвящена изучению процессов формирования, развития и сгла-живания системных противоречий в социальных системах. Используя методологию общей теории систем и теории самоорганизации, автор анализирует на основе обобщения фактического и теоретического материала закономерности проявления системных интересов, потребностей и противоречий на современном этапе разви-тия Российской Федерации. Издание рассчитано на работников органов государ-ственного и муниципального управления, преподавателей высшей школы, аспиран-тов и студентов вузов.

The expected consequences of the Government's decision to temporarily ban imports of petroleum products from abroad are analyzed from a macroeconomic perspective. Contradictions of this kind of selective tactical decisions from the point of view of business strategy within the national economy are considered. The problems of such sectoral tactical decisions are analyzed in terms of their direct and indirect impact on the development of socio-economic processes in the country. Potential ways to smooth out the contradictions of tactical and strategic decisions in the interests of domestic business development are demonstrated. ; С макроэкономических позиций проанализированы ожидаемые последствия принятия правительством решения о временном запрете на импорт нефтепродуктов из-за рубежа. Рассмотрены противоречия подобного рода селективных тактических решений с точки зрения стратегии бизнеса в рамках национальной экономики. Проанализированы проблемы подобных секторальных тактических решений с точки зрения их непосредственного и опосредованного влияния на развитие социально-экономических процессов в стране. Продемонстрированы потенциальные пути сглаживания противоречий тактических и стратегических решений в интересах развития отечественного бизнеса.

В статье дан анализ жизни современной российской гуманитарной интеллигенции, исходя из концепции социологии жизни, ключевым понятием которой является жизненный мир во всем богатстве его проявлений — общественное (групповое, индивидуальное) сознание, поведение (деятельность) в условиях социальной макро-, мезо- и микросреды. Такой подход позволил выявить специфику жизни современной российской интеллигенции, ее многообразные жизненные миры, которые анализировались по различным основаниям: а) как социально-профессиональные группы; б) как мировоззренческие общности (социалистической, либеральной, националистической, патриотической, технократической и других ориентаций); в) через характеристику основных видов ее деятельности (труд, политика, культура, быт и др.); г) как социальные группы, прекаризация труда и образа жизни которых приобретает все более отчетливые черты. Изложены результаты представительных исследований гуманитарной интеллигенции, проведенных в 2016 г. в 14 регионах страны (n = 1450). Делаются выводы о существовании в жизни российской гуманитарной интеллигенции многих проблем, которые требуют безотлагательного решения. Подчеркивается, что настоящее и будущее интеллигенции не могут существовать сами по себе, а представляют ценность тогда, когда опираются на опыт прошлого. ; This article analyses the life of the modern Russian humanitarian intelligentsia based on the concept of the sociology of life, the key concept of which is the life world in all its richness of manifestation: social (group and individual) consciousness, behaviour (activity) in the social macro-, meso-, and microenvironment. This approach allows to reveal the specifics of life of the contemporary Russian intelligentsia and its diverse life worlds, which were analysed: a) as social and professional groups; b) as world outlook communities (socialist, liberal, nationalistic, patriotic, technocratic and other orientations); c) through the characteristics of the main types of its activities (labor, politics, culture, way of life, etc.); d) as social groups, the precarious work and lifestyle of which is becoming increasingly distinct. The article provides the results of representative studies of humanitarian intelligentsia, conducted in 2016 in 14 regions of the country (n = 1,450). The author draws conclusions about the existence of many problems in the life of the Russian humanitarian intelligentsia that require urgent solutions. He emphasises that the present and future of the intelligentsia cannot exist on their own, but are valuable when they rely on the experience of the past and feed on the blood and flesh of the problems that are really solved.

In the context of the institutional transformation of education and the complication of the processes of its functioning and development in the information age, the problem of analyzing the self-assessment of educational success as a subjective regulator of human educational activity becomes of particular importance. The article examines the subjective assessment of success in formal education as a reflection of students' ideas about the degree of compliance with the system of institutional requirements through their acceptance / rejection. The analysis of the problems of educational success is bazed on the material of a large-scale sociological study of schoolchildren, students of secondary vocational education (SVE) and universities of the Sverdlovsk region (N = 2489 people). There were carried out the typologization of subjects of educational activity in accordance with the level of self-assessment of educational success; comparison of the types identified during the transition from one subsystem of education to another (school - secondary vocational education - university); determination of individual-personal and institutional contradictions and conflicts in the assessment of educational success as points of growth, the search for coordination of the needs and interests of the individual, on the one hand, and education as a social institution, on the other. The author comes to the conclusion that the self-assessment of educational success is a stable institutional construct that uniformly regulates educational activity at all stages of education, carrying out the process of differentiation of its subjects. At the same time, it can be dysfunctional in relation to the institution of education, its implementation of an adaptive, socio-cultural function, the function of professional self-determination. The results of the sociological study demonstrated that the institutionally formed model of self-assessment of success for educational communities in the current conditions is not optimal. Gradually transforming in accordance with the needs of students, the possibilities of the educational institution, the challenges of the time, it will have to change, creating conditions for broader prospects and diversity of the educational and professional future of students.