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The article examines one of the main institutes of criminal law: crime. It is emphasized that a significant reform of the political system, models of the functioning of the economy, and the direction of social policy that occur in a particular state, always requires corresponding changes in all branches of legislation. Such processes are also characteristic of Ukraine today, in which for several years there have been attempts at reforming transformations of the main processes of state building, and therefore changing the law as a certain normative "tool" for the implementation of such intentions is an objective necessity. In our country such changes apply to all branches of the law, including criminal law. Such changes relate to (should relate to) all institutes of criminal law, but there are some that are fundamental, which determine its content, subject, main function and its other features. One of the main, pivotal institutions of criminal law is crime. Attention is drawn to the existing foreign practice of defining this institute. States areclassified according to their existing rules for defining the concept of crime.It is established that today there are two main ways of determining this institution: formal and formal-material, and also are indicated a number of countries in whose legislation this institute is not officially defined. Special attention is drawn to the national practice of defining the concept of crime, starting with more than 170 years of history of its definition in Ukraine, its definition in the next four Criminal Codes and ending with its definition in the current Criminal Code. A number of intermediate definitions and a final conclusion are proposed, based on the thesis that the importance of a legislative definition of crime is an important condition for its application, scientific and practical interpretation, and doctrinal analysis. ; У статті досліджується один з основних інститутів кримінального законодавства: злочин. Підкреслюється, що значне реформування політичного устрою, моделі функціонування економіки, спрямованості соціальної політики, які відбуваються у конкретній державі, завжди потребують відповідних змін у усіх галузях законодавства. Такі процеси характерні сьогодні і для України, у якій вже низку років відбуваються спроби реформаторських перетворень основних процесів державного будівництва, і тому зміна законодавства як певного нормативного «інструменту» здійснення таких намірів є об'єктивною необхідністю. Тому і в нашій державі такі зміни торкаються усіх галузей законодавства, в тому числі і кримінального законодавства. Такі зміни у цьому законодавстві торкаються (повинні торкатися) усіх інститутів кримінального законодавства, але є декілька, які, безумовно, є основними у цій галузі законодавства, бо саме вони визначають її зміст, предмет, основну функцію та інші її ознаки. Одним з основних, стержневих інститутів кримінального законодавства є злочин. Звертається увага на існуючу зарубіжну практику визначення цього інституту. Класифікуються держави в залежності від існуючих у них правил визначення поняття злочину. Встановлюється, що сьогодні існує два основних способу визначення цього інституту: формальний та формально-матеріальний, а також є низка країн, в законодавстві яких цей інститут офіційно не визначається. Спеціальна увага звертається на національну практику визначення поняття злочину, починаючи з понад 170 річної історії його визначення на теренах України, його визначення у чотирьох наступних Кримінальних кодексах і закінчуючи його визначенням в чинному Кримінальному кодексі. Відзначено особливості визначення злочину у чинному кодексі, яке «складається» так би мовити з положень низки кримінально-правових норм. Пропонується низка проміжних визначень та остаточний висновок, в основі якого простежується теза, що важливість законодавчого визначення поняття злочину є важливою умовою для його застосування, науково-практичного тлумачення, доктринального аналізу.

The article describes the spread of crime and its specific classes in the world and in the regions. It is established that in most countries there is a steady tendency to decrease relative crime rates, first of all, violent crime rates. Over the past 25 years, the homicide rates in the world have been gradually decreasing. At the same time, absolute figures for the number of victims of these crimes are on the rise. According to the UN, the intentional homicide rates in Asia in 2017 are the lowest in the world (2.3 per 100,000 population), the highest rate are in South America (25). In the EU Member States from 2008 to 2017, the number of motor vehicle thefts and assaults has decreased significantly. Although the number of crimes is decreasing, the world community has faced a new configuration of crime. Cybercrime, organized crime, including drug trafficking, is on the rise. These crimes are, for the most part, transnational. In Ukraine, the crime rate increased from 780 per 100,000 populations in 1991 to 1054 in 2019. The absolute number of reported crimes in Ukraine in 1991 was 405,516, in 2019 – 444,130. Ukraine's rate of intentional homicide per 100,000 population decreases: 2014 – 10.8, 2015 – 7.5; 2016 – 4.3; 2017 – 3.8; 2018 – 3.6; 2019 – 3.5. The increase in homicide rates in 2014-2015 is related to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine and the large number of people killed in the hostilities. The perception of crime depends largely on media coverage of the issue. Public opinion polls show that respondents believe that crime in the country is increasing at the national level even when official data and victim surveys indicate that it is decreasing. In many countries around the world, official reporting is compared to alternative sources of crime information, including National victimization surveys. Representative victim surveys should be conducted at a national level to verify and supplement official report in Ukraine.

Under today's conditions, humanity and all social and state formations, including Ukraine, as part of the world order, is experiencing many changes: we are in a radically new political, economic, spiritual and ideological situation compared to the end of the twentieth century; its main features are socio-economic stagnation, political, cultural, educational and moral-psychological uncertainty, activation of old and the emergence of new stressors at the level of both individual and group (and even mass) consciousness. The complexity and contradictions of socio-economic and political development of our country necessitate the theoretical understanding and development of scientifically sound tools with which to make more effective the process of social interaction, non-criminogenic development of society, crime prevention and counteraction. Without theoretical knowledge that directly serves a specific state-building practice, it is impossible to fulfill a strategic task - to build a democratic state and civil society in Ukraine. Scientists rightly point out that the current criminal situation is characterized by new types of crime, dynamism of development, unpredictability of changes, spread of organized forms and professionalism and the inability of the state to resist corruption necessitates the effectiveness of the fight against crime. The purpose of this article is to study the objects of crime and corruption prevention, to determine their essential characteristics and to separate them from other objects of social reality. The methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method, the application of which allows to study the object and subject of research in their epistemological unity, relationship, as well as differences. The technique used in writing the article consists of several basic methods of scientific knowledge. Using the historical method, historical and general theoretical questions of the essence of the object of crime prevention and corruption are clarified. The use of methods of analysis ...

The article deals with problem of joint criminal behavior of several subjects in reckless crimes.The author has exposed the genesis of discussion approaches concerning co-operation in domestic and foreign doctrine, as well as examples of co-infliction in crimes in terms of scientific and technological progress, confirmed by judicial practice. He has noted a spread of crimes with signs of co- infliction in the area of traffic, characterized by the guilt of several vehicles' drivers. He has argued that the criminal law and judicial practice artificially divide these acts into several reckless crimes. Such an approach leads to an objective attitude to accuse one person for the result of criminal negligence behavior of other actors. He has disproved that there is a position in theory and court practice that only one person can be guilty of a road traffic crime.There is the critical analysis of the recommendation of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding the practice of courts to apply legislation on road traffic offenses concerning the criminal liability of two or more drivers who have caused an emergency. Taking into account the theory, expert and judicial practice, the author has made the analysis of the concept «emergency situation» as an indication of the objective side of these crimes and its significance for co-infliction.He has concluded that co-infliction in a crime should be regulated by criminal law which in the theoretical and applied aspects requires the definition of: doctrinal principles of the institution of co-infliction; the concept of co-infliction in a crime and its features; forms of reckless co-infliction; types of participants in co-infliction; delimitation of co-infliction from complicity in a crime; peculiarities of criminal liability of subjects of infliction and their punishment; system of rules concerning co-infliction in a crime for introduction into criminal legislation. ; У статті розглянуто кримінально-правові питання співзаподіяння у злочині. Досліджено ґенезу підходів щодо поняття співзаподіяння та його зв'язку з ученням про співучасть у кримінальному праві. Проаналізовано судову практику, пов'язану із вчиненням необережного співзаподіяння. Окреслено коло питань щодо впровадження співзаподіяння у злочині в чинне кримінальне законодавство.

The article deals with problem of joint criminal behavior of several subjects in reckless crimes.The author has exposed the genesis of discussion approaches concerning co-operation in domestic and foreign doctrine, as well as examples of co-infliction in crimes in terms of scientific and technological progress, confirmed by judicial practice. He has noted a spread of crimes with signs of co- infliction in the area of traffic, characterized by the guilt of several vehicles' drivers. He has argued that the criminal law and judicial practice artificially divide these acts into several reckless crimes. Such an approach leads to an objective attitude to accuse one person for the result of criminal negligence behavior of other actors. He has disproved that there is a position in theory and court practice that only one person can be guilty of a road traffic crime.There is the critical analysis of the recommendation of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding the practice of courts to apply legislation on road traffic offenses concerning the criminal liability of two or more drivers who have caused an emergency. Taking into account the theory, expert and judicial practice, the author has made the analysis of the concept «emergency situation» as an indication of the objective side of these crimes and its significance for co-infliction.He has concluded that co-infliction in a crime should be regulated by criminal law which in the theoretical and applied aspects requires the definition of: doctrinal principles of the institution of co-infliction; the concept of co-infliction in a crime and its features; forms of reckless co-infliction; types of participants in co-infliction; delimitation of co-infliction from complicity in a crime; peculiarities of criminal liability of subjects of infliction and their punishment; system of rules concerning co-infliction in a crime for introduction into criminal legislation. ; У статті розглянуто кримінально-правові питання співзаподіяння у злочині. Досліджено ґенезу підходів щодо поняття співзаподіяння та його зв'язку з ученням про співучасть у кримінальному праві. Проаналізовано судову практику, пов'язану із вчиненням необережного співзаподіяння. Окреслено коло питань щодо впровадження співзаподіяння у злочині в чинне кримінальне законодавство.

The article deals with the economic and social effects of intellectual property crimes. The author understands the social effects of intellectual property crimes as negative and dangerous changes in public relations that result of a numerous infringements of intellectual property rights. These consequences include both the aggregate damages of the intellectual property rights holders from crimes against intellectual property and the damage caused to the state and society. The study found that accumulating negative impact on society from the functioning of the intellectual property crimes is the state of intellectual property rights insecurity, which impedes the normal development of social relations regarding the realization of intellectual property rights. The social impact of intellectual property crimes is divided into four major interrelated blocks: socio-economic, scientific, technical, international and political, and consequences for a wide range of consumers. Socio-economic consequences include direct and indirect material damage from functioning in the community intellectual property crimes. Scientific and technical implications include the damage to science and technology due to the existence of intellectual property crimes. International political implications undermine the image of the international arena due to the functioning of the phenomenon of intellectual property crimes. Consequences for a wide range of consumers are manifested in the detriment of certain interests of consumers of intellectual products.

In the 21st century Ukraine faced with horrific crimes against humanity that were known during World War II. Despite the Minsk agreements, on February 24, 2022 the Russian Federation started a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The issue of combating crimes against humanity in the 21st century is considered. The commission of such crimes violates a number of international conventions and treaties, including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 17 July 1998, the Charter of the United Nations of 26 June 1945, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948, the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms of November 4, 1950, etc. The international community should focus their attention on inadmissibility of violation of fundamental human rights and freedoms. The ratification of international instruments and the existence of institutions, aimed at ensuring peace in the modern civilized world, should prevent encroachments on the territory of other states, mass destruction of people and civilian buildings. The invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine, use of weapons of mass destruction, missiles and gunfire against the civilian population is not only an encroachment on the territorial integrity of Ukraine. This is an encroachment on European values, which have been built for centuries in response to the experience of war. The best way to deal with crimes against humanity and war crimes as well is integration and unity of the international community in combating these crimes. The existence of global problems, environmental and economic crises, epidemics, epizootics, poverty especially conditioned integration of the international community for peace. Last but not the least, the human rights standards should be complied with at prosecuting people who have committed and been involved in crimes against humanity

The article considers the concept of cybercrime, mechanisms for combating it at the international level (in the UN system), analyzes international legal acts governing the process of combating cybercrime. It is noted that today a large-scale problem of the world community is cybercrime, the number of which is growing every year. Despite the active growth of the IT industry and information space, businesses are still not fully aware of the importance of cybersecurity. Both the population and state (non-state) organizations become potential victims of criminal en-croachments.Cybersecurity means first and foremost responding quickly to threats within the Internet. It is noted that in most cases, the objects of cyberattacks are the Internet of Things and the industrial Internet of Things, as, first, a low degree of protection of devices and ports, cloud applications, application programming interfaces; second, there are no security standards.The experience of counteracting such new challenges and threats as cybercrime, information terrorism and ex-tremism, information fight operations, which not every country is able to cope with, is being studied.International experience in counteracting such new challenges and threats as cybercrime, cyber-fraud, informa-tion terrorism, phishing, vishing and smuggling, targeted phishing, impersonating another person and other methods of cyber-fraud, information control operations, which each is unable to deal with .The importance of international treaties in this area is noted, including the Commonwealth Model Law on Cybercrime of 2002, the Caribbean Model Law on Cybercrime (HIPCAR project), a joint project of the European Union and the International Telecommunication Union for the Pacific and Pacific States. UN project to develop cybercrime legislation for African countries. ; У статті розглянуто механізми протидії кіберзлочинності та кібершахрайству боротьби з ними на міжнародному рівні (в системі ООН), проаналізовано міжнародні правові акти, які регулюють процес боротьби з зазначеними явищами. Акцентовано, увагу на масштабній проблемі світового співтовариства щодо кіберзлочинності та кібершахрайтва, чисельність яких щороку зростає. Незважаючи на активне зростання IT індустрії та інформаційного простору, бізнес все ще, не до кінця усвідомлює значимість кібербезпеки. Потенційними жертвами злочинних посягань стають як населення, так і державні (недер-жавні) організації. Під кібербезпекою розуміється насамперед оперативне реагування на загрози всередині мережі Інтернет. Зазначається, що в більшості випадків об'єктами кібератак стають інтернет речей і промисловий інтернет речей, так як, по-перше, невисока ступінь захисту пристроїв і портів, хмарних додатків, інтерфейсів програ-мування додатків; по-друге, відсутні стандарти підтримки безпеки. Вивчено міжнародний досвід протидії таким новим викликам і загрозам, як кіберзлочинність, кіберша-храйтво, інформаційний тероризм, фішинг, вішинг та смішинг, цілеспрямований фішинг, видавання себе за іншу особу та інші способи кібершахрайства, операції інформаційної боротьби, з якими не здатна впоратися кожна окремо з країн. Проаналізовано міжнародні правові акти з досліджуваної тематики, такі як: Конвенція «Про кі-берзлочинність», Директива про протидію сексуальній експлуатації дітей онлайн і дитячої порнографії, Директива щодо атак проти інформаційних систем, Директива про безпеку мереж та інформаційних систем. Відзначено важливість інтернаціональних договорів в даній сфері, серед яких Модельний Закон Співдружності Націй про комп'ютерні злочини 2002 р., Модельний Закон країн Карибського Басейну про кіберзлочинність (проект HIPCAR), спільний проект Європейського союзу і Міжнародного Союзу Елек-трозв'язку для держав Тихоокеанського регіону, проект ООН з розробки законодавства в галузі кіберзло-чинності для країн Африки.

The article considers the concept of cybercrime, mechanisms for combating it at the international level (in the UN system), analyzes international legal acts governing the process of combating cybercrime. It is noted that today a large-scale problem of the world community is cybercrime, the number of which is growing every year. Despite the active growth of the IT industry and information space, businesses are still not fully aware of the importance of cybersecurity. Both the population and state (non-state) organizations become potential victims of criminal en-croachments.Cybersecurity means first and foremost responding quickly to threats within the Internet. It is noted that in most cases, the objects of cyberattacks are the Internet of Things and the industrial Internet of Things, as, first, a low degree of protection of devices and ports, cloud applications, application programming interfaces; second, there are no security standards.The experience of counteracting such new challenges and threats as cybercrime, information terrorism and ex-tremism, information fight operations, which not every country is able to cope with, is being studied.International experience in counteracting such new challenges and threats as cybercrime, cyber-fraud, informa-tion terrorism, phishing, vishing and smuggling, targeted phishing, impersonating another person and other methods of cyber-fraud, information control operations, which each is unable to deal with .The importance of international treaties in this area is noted, including the Commonwealth Model Law on Cybercrime of 2002, the Caribbean Model Law on Cybercrime (HIPCAR project), a joint project of the European Union and the International Telecommunication Union for the Pacific and Pacific States. UN project to develop cybercrime legislation for African countries. ; У статті розглянуто механізми протидії кіберзлочинності та кібершахрайству боротьби з ними на міжнародному рівні (в системі ООН), проаналізовано міжнародні правові акти, які регулюють процес боротьби з зазначеними явищами. Акцентовано, увагу на масштабній проблемі світового співтовариства щодо кіберзлочинності та кібершахрайтва, чисельність яких щороку зростає. Незважаючи на активне зростання IT індустрії та інформаційного простору, бізнес все ще, не до кінця усвідомлює значимість кібербезпеки. Потенційними жертвами злочинних посягань стають як населення, так і державні (недер-жавні) організації. Під кібербезпекою розуміється насамперед оперативне реагування на загрози всередині мережі Інтернет. Зазначається, що в більшості випадків об'єктами кібератак стають інтернет речей і промисловий інтернет речей, так як, по-перше, невисока ступінь захисту пристроїв і портів, хмарних додатків, інтерфейсів програ-мування додатків; по-друге, відсутні стандарти підтримки безпеки. Вивчено міжнародний досвід протидії таким новим викликам і загрозам, як кіберзлочинність, кіберша-храйтво, інформаційний тероризм, фішинг, вішинг та смішинг, цілеспрямований фішинг, видавання себе за іншу особу та інші способи кібершахрайства, операції інформаційної боротьби, з якими не здатна впоратися кожна окремо з країн. Проаналізовано міжнародні правові акти з досліджуваної тематики, такі як: Конвенція «Про кі-берзлочинність», Директива про протидію сексуальній експлуатації дітей онлайн і дитячої порнографії, Директива щодо атак проти інформаційних систем, Директива про безпеку мереж та інформаційних систем. Відзначено важливість інтернаціональних договорів в даній сфері, серед яких Модельний Закон Співдружності Націй про комп'ютерні злочини 2002 р., Модельний Закон країн Карибського Басейну про кіберзлочинність (проект HIPCAR), спільний проект Європейського союзу і Міжнародного Союзу Елек-трозв'язку для держав Тихоокеанського регіону, проект ООН з розробки законодавства в галузі кіберзло-чинності для країн Африки.

Clarifies the essence of conventional crimes (known as crimes of an international nature), the responsibility for which is included in the national legislation of Ukraine. ; Разъяснена сущность конвенционных преступлений (известных как преступления международного характера), ответственность за совершение которых включена в национальное законодательство Украины. ; Роз'яснено сутність конвенційних злочинів (відомих як злочини міжнародного характеру), відповідальність за вчинення яких включено до національного законодавства України.

One of the most pressing legal problems of today is the fight against economic crime. Ukraine is on the way to transforming it into a truly independent democratic rule of law. There is a number of positive developments along the way difficulties. Ukraine's transition from totalitarianism to true democracy is no different than in other countries post-Soviet period. The laws of human history are universal as well experience of world civilization shows that the crisis state of society, its economic and social instability are accompanied by a process rapid growth of national and transnational crime. Economic crime goes beyond traditional boundaries and interferes with the most profitable sectors (energy, privatization, financial and credit system) whose criminalization poses a serious threat not only national but also international security. Criminal law reform has undergone major changes in criminal liability law economic activity, which is quite natural. The system is gone command-administrative socialism with its undeniable domination state-owned property, limited to a minimum by private enterprise, central planning, firm control of the state in economic sphere for the purpose of willful implementation of economic plans, including the use of specially established for this criminal law methods. The transition of the country to a market multifaceted economy, development Entrepreneurship, competition promotion, expansion of foreign trade have objectively necessitated a fundamental review of the laws about so-called economic crimes, taken in the period of total control of the state over all economic activity. The new economic situation has constantly required criminal liability for a range of socially dangerous acts, violating the foundations of business activity, for the manifestation of monopoly and restriction of competition, for various violations in the sphere of lending and banking, for tax evasion, fees (compulsory payments), for abuse of the issue of securities, for breach of commercial or banking secrecy and ...

The article is devoted to the new conceptual solution of criminal penalties, which was prepared by the Working Group of the Development of Criminal Law of the Commission on Legal Reform, the Decree of the President of Ukraine of August 7, 2019. Transfer from the monopoly of «crime» to the dichotomy of «crime – misdemeanor» which happened in the Criminal Code in July 2020, should have been supported by the process of creating of theoretical basis, but not only formal setting up of existing Criminal Code sanctions under criminal offence classification. Formal and legal inaccuracies and contradictions, lack of validity of certain provisions of the Criminal Code require the rationalization of criminal law institutions at the legislative level. A real opportunity that could be turned into reality is Project of CC which may solve these issues and become the quintessence of appropriate conceptualization and reasonable implementation, since it is being drafted through the way of scientific adoption, analysis of existing issues of theory and practice of criminal practice of said novels to the domestic reality. And most importantly, it is happening during scientific discussions that void the apriorism doctrine and leave a possibility for critical point of view. A doctrine formed in Project of CC is based on qualitively new frames of reference and ideological facilities of non-violent justice, acknowledge a new path of future reintegration for an offender. Revealing of punishment identity and its legal nature, which is being made on analytical and terminological levels, is close to the one existing in current legislation. By its turn, system of punishments and offense by themselves are substantially different. According to the Project of CC only 3 kind of offense would remain, as: 1) fine; 2) imprisonment; 3) life imprisonment. This theory contains not only a positive scientific results, but irrational elements also. Based on detailed analysis it becomes obvious, that updated punishments system, which reveals logical at first glance, needs at least one more component component, that may become an alternative for fine as punishment for petty offense, in case of inability to cover this fine. In this paper, there is strong advocacy for the view that reasonable punishment for such cases would become a limitation of freedom. Key words: punishment, system ; Статтю присвячено розгляду нового концепту системи кримінальних покарань, який підготовлений Робочою групою з розвитку кримінального права Комісії з питань правової реформи, створеної згідно з Указом Президента України від 7 серпня 2019 року № 584/2019, і відображений у Проєкті Кримінального кодексу України. Перехід від монополії «злочину» до дихотомії «злочин − проступок», яка з'явилася в КК у липні 2020 року, повинен супроводжуватися цілим процесом створення теоретичної бази, а не формальним (інколи хаотичним) «підгоном» окремих санкцій статей КК під класифікацію того чи іншого кримінального правопорушення; незавершеність кримінально-правової реформи, формально-юридичні неточності і суперечності, недостатня обґрунтованість окремих норм КК вимагають раціоналізації інститутів кримінального права на рівні законодавства. Реальна можливість, яка може стати дійсністю, – Проєкт КК міг би вирішити більшість із цих проблем, стати квінтесенцією належного осмислення і розумного впровадження, адже він готується шляхом наукового пристосування новел до вітчизняних реалій, аналізу існуючих проблем теорії і практики кримінального права і законодавства, і, що найважливіше, усе це відбувається шляхом наукових дискусій, які зумовлюють відкидання доктрини апріоризму, залишаючи можливість формування критичної думки. Сформований у Проєкті КК доктринальний пласт із втіленням у ньому юридично значущих конструкцій-принципів, які базуються на якісно нових ціннісних орієнтирах та ідейних установках ненасильницького правосуддя, вбачають у покаранні траєкторію майбутньої реінтеграції для деліквента. Розкриття сутності покарання, його правової природи, що провадиться на аналітично-термінологічному рівні, у Проєкті КК є близьким до існуючого у чинному законодавстві. Натомість система покарань за злочини суттєво відрізняється − згідно з Проєктом КК залишаються усього три види покарань за злочини:1) штраф; 2) ув'язнення; 3) довічне ув'язнення. Ця теорія містить не лише позитивні наукові результати, але й ірраціональні елементи, і при детальному аналізі стає очевидним, що оновлена система покарань потребує хоча б ще однієї складової частини, яка могла би стати альтернативою під час призначення покарання за нетяжкі злочини і заміною штрафу у разі неможливості його сплати. У роботі відстоюється теза про те, що таким видом покарання могло би стати обмеження волі.

Economic crime is one of the destabilizing factors in a democratic country. The level of economic crime is affected by the military conflict in the East of Ukraine and the economic crisis in Ukraine. Economic crime is a real threat to the national security of Ukraine. The state and trends of economic crime in our country are quite actively investigated by Ukrainian criminologists. It is necessary to study the patterns of committing economic crimes and to predict trends in the development and spread of this type of crime. In addition, the issue of a unified understanding of the concept of «economic crime» should be resolved. One of the problems of combating economic crime in Ukraine is the presence of considerable complexity in determining its quantitative and qualitative indicators. This is due to the lack of a single statistical report on committed economic crimes. In addition, in the analysis of statistical information and trends in the spread of economic crimes, it is necessary to take into account the fact that from 2014, official statistics do not include data on Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Taking into account the statistical data of the General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine, one can trace the tendency to increase the level of economic crime in the structure of criminal offenses committed at enterprises, institutions and organizations by type of economic activity.

The article analyzes important issues of ways to enshrine the object of crime in the law on criminal liability. The correct and timely application of the law in the practice of law enforcement and judicial bodies depends on the method of legislative description of the objects of criminal law protection, as well as the construction of criminal law norms and articles of the law on criminal liability. The possibility of fixing the object of the crime from the point of view of the social conditionality of the criminal law is being investigated. The issue of concretization of the object of the crime and the need to enshrine it in law is covered. Many public relations need to be clarified by law, where all constitutional rights and freedoms must be recognized as objects of criminal law. It is important to define the species object by the law on criminal liability, as many sections of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine contain such objects. It is emphasized that one article contains one criminal law norm or norms that encroach on the same object. The best legislative approach would be a design in which one article would contain one criminal law. It is also necessary to develop units of crime. Such a unit may be a criminal law. Emphasis is placed on the imperfections of judicial practice in sentencing for crimes committed through negligence, which do not have significant differences and features. The lack of a unit of crime gave rise to the "theory of the absorption of one crime by another." The use of the unit of measurement of crime in practice would facilitate the solution of many issues of incrimination, qualification, release from criminal liability and punishment and ensure the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The article describes the experience of Latvia in programming the counteraction of crime in modern conditions. It is established that Latvia among the countries of the European Union in most can be attributed to a country with a stable criminogenic situation. However, recently the share of especially grave crimes (homicide in particular) and juvenile delinquency is increasing, influences the formation of state policy in the sphere of counteraction crime. It was found that there is no unified comprehensive state crime prevention program. However, there are other strategic and program documents defining a modern crime prevention policy in Latvia, namely: the Strategy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Latvia for 2017-2019 and the Concept of the International Police Cooperation and Fight against Crime program for 2014-2021. These two documents are interrelated and complement each other, as well as based on other government strategies for the country's socio-economic development. The Strategy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Latvia for 2017-2019 determines the relevant priorities and activities in the sphere of counteraction crime that are necessary for the implementation of the police as a whole and the public security police. The concept of the "International police cooperation and fight against crime" program for 2014–2021, by its content, is mostly aimed at counteracting economic crimes, corruption, as well as domestic and gender-based violence. A distinctive feature of the Concept of the "International Police Cooperation and the Fight against Crime" program for 2014–2021 is that this program document represents a certain symbiosis of individual elements of strategic documents: Concept - Program - Plan - Basic Software Projects. It also clearly establishes a differentiated approach to determining the relationship between "soft" and "hard" measures, which are used in two program areas PJ20 (International police cooperation and the fight against crime) and PJ22 (Domestic and Gender Violence). The ...