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"Today, organized crime is affecting every segment of our society. It is a disease which infects everything that comes into contact with it. It is an insult added to every law-abiding citizen. It is high time our governments made a note and, moreover, took immediate action. Perhaps tomorrow will be late." Organized crime is a form of criminality manifestation, perhaps its most specific type. It is a phenomenon that causes horror as much as wonder about the way it works and, at the same time, a sort of lure for its mystery and the particular way of comprehension. For years and years it has inspired volumes of writing, plenty of which have become best-sellers, or have produced blockbusters, arousing amazing mass interest. That is because criminal organizations and their activity have been to society both a tangible everyday reality and a remote thing, beyond comprehension. Many authors have researched into organized crime and criminal organizations, pointing out their characteristics and specifics. They attribute such features to it as a perpetual connection of many people engaged in criminal activity, an organizational hierarchy with a great power of the leaders, the domination of rule and order, discipline and responsibility among the members, imposed solidarity, maintaining the secrecy of activity and of the organization, and the international character of their activity. Unfortunately, there are a large number of worldwide notorious criminal organizations. Over time, they have been discovered and studied by various criminologists, who have managed to provide sufficient information on the specific features of each of them, the activities on which they focus and the territories in which they operate. But what means should we use in order to face organized crime today? It is necessary that differentiated strategies be studied according to the type of the mafia organization against which a concrete operation is to be launched. The strategy should also be coordinated not only in national level but also internationally, because the international character of organized crime is already an established fact.

Crime is a phenomenon that arises from the interaction between social, political, economic, physical, psychological circumstances and geographical factors. Since crime occurs in geographical locations, the relationship between crime and location is worth discussing characteristics of a location occur in differents ways. Not only natural geographical factors but also human geographical factors may lead to crime. In this study, the situation, distribution of crimes in the cities which are in the police service zone are dealt with. In addition to crime dispersion in the cities and crimes committed to people and property, crimes committed by month is also studied. In this context, it is seen that since city centres are composed of dense population and urban functions, they feed crime, social control weakens in those areas and they create opportunities for criminals. This causes weakness in society and social capital apart from economic losses in cities. The number of crime incidents, which was 229,513 in 1995, in Turkey, has risen to 785,510 in 2006 with a 3.4 fold increase. 41% of the crimes which were committed in the year of 2006 were against people, 59% were against property.

Crime is a phenomenon that arises from the interaction between social, political, economic, physical, psychological circumstances and geographical factors. Since crime occurs in geographical locations, the relationship between crime and location is worth discussing characteristics of a location occur in differents ways. Not only natural geographical factors but also human geographical factors may lead to crime. In this study, the situation, distribution of crimes in the cities which are in the police service zone are dealt with. In addition to crime dispersion in the cities and crimes committed to people and property, crimes committed by month is also studied. In this context, it is seen that since city centres are composed of dense population and urban functions, they feed crime, social control weakens in those areas and they create opportunities for criminals. This causes weakness in society and social capital apart from economic losses in cities. The number of crime incidents, which was 229,513 in 1995, in Turkey, has risen to 785,510 in 2006 with a 3.4 fold increase. 41% of the crimes which were committed in the year of 2006 were against people, 59% were against property.

State crimes are historically and contemporarily ubiquitous and result in more injury and death than traditional street crimes such as robbery, theft, and assault. Consider that genocide during the 20th century in Germany, Rwanda, Darfur, Albania, Turkey, Ukraine, Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and other regions claimed the lives of tens of millions and rendered many more homeless, imprisoned, and psychologically and physically damaged. Despite the gravity of crimes committed by states and political leaders, until recently these harms have been understudied relative to conventional street crimes in the field of criminology. Over the past two decades, a growing number of criminologists have conducted rigorous research on state crime and have tried to disseminate it widely including attempts to develop courses that specifically address crimes of the state. Referencing a broad range of cases of state crime and international institutions of control, State Criminality provides a general framework and survey-style discussion of the field for teaching undergraduate and graduate students, and serves as a useful general reference point for scholars of state crime. [From Amazon.com] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/sociology_criminaljustice_books/1023/thumbnail.jpg

The concept of criminal crime covers a large number of crimes, which exist in the border of criminal law, or outside this border, in special laws. To explain what criminal crime means, our first part of call should be explaining the concept of criminal crime, and then classifying it in the second step.First, since the criminal crime is not the only act that is punished by law, it was necessary to distinguish it from other similar concepts, such as civil crime and administrative crime, whether in the source of these crimes or in the result or in the punishment.Second, since most of the crimes are criminal crimes, it was necessary to divide them into two major parts. The first part was classified according to the nature of the crime; the second part was classified according to the way it was conducted.According to the nature of the crime, we compared between natural crimes, political crimes and military crimes. And according to the way the crime was conducted, we distinguished between the material side of the act and the moral side of the act.On the material side of the act, we divided the crimes into temporary and continuous, simple and periodical, simple and complex, material and formal. On the moral side of the act, we divided crimes into intentional and un-intentional crimes.

There seems to be little doubt that modern international law embodies the principle that, in addition to the individual responsibility of those who may actually perpetrate such crimes, criminal liability will also accrue to any political or military superior who orders, colludes in, condones, or fails to take steps to prevent their commission or repress end punish the actual offenders.

The aim of the work is to present selected aspects of crime in the art market and the possibility of counteracting them. The author has used: the method of legal analysis and literature study.Crime in the art market is related to the cultural goods, the author shows what factors have influence to this. It was showed key role of The National Heritage Board of Poland, EU Heritage Legislation.

The aim of the work is to present selected aspects of crime in the art market and the possibility of counteracting them. The author has used: the method of legal analysis and literature study.Crime in the art market is related to the cultural goods, the author shows what factors have influence to this. It was showed key role of The National Heritage Board of Poland, EU Heritage Legislation.

Description based on: Vol. 11, no. 1 (Jan. 1984); title from cover. ; Index to U.S. government periodicals ; Some v. include supplements. ; Mode of access: Internet.

NOTE: See Related Content below for associated data tables for download. Recorded crime statistics show that there were 458,027 offences recorded by Victoria Police in the year to March 2015, up 1.3% compared to the same period last year. The crime rate was 7696.5 offences per 100,000 people, a decrease of 0.6%.There were 69,442 family related incidents recorded, up by 8.2%. Offender incidents increased 3% from 157,466 in year ending March 2014 to 162,171 in year ending March 2015. Victim reports made to police have decreased by 3.1% compared to the same period last year, making the victimisation rate 4645.4 per 100,000 population. Crime Statistics Agency Chief Statistician Fiona Dowsley said that the statistics released this quarter reflected similar trends seen in the previous quarter. `Stalking, harassment and threatening behaviour and breaches of orders have again seen statistically significant increases this quarter' Ms Dowsley said. `The Melbourne local government area recorded the highest offence rate per 100,000 population at 25,419.7, but this rate has seen a 4.7 per cent decrease overall compared to the same time last year.' State wide figures The number of offences recorded by police in the year to 31 March 2015 was 458,027. This is up 1.3% from 452,209 offences recorded in the same period last year. Family incidents increased in the year to 31 March 2015, up 8.2% from 64,187 to 69,442. There were 162,171 offender incidents recorded in the year to 31 March 2015, up 3% from 157,466 in the year to March 2014. Victim reports decreased by 3.1% in year ending March 2015 to 276,454 victim reports. Offence trends Between year ending March 2015 and 2014, the major offence categories that showed a significant upward trend were: Stalking, harassment and threatening behaviour (up 11.7% from 10,686 to 11,936) Breaches of orders (up 48.1% from 32,728 to 48,470) The major offence categories that showed a significant downward trend were: Robbery (down 9.3% from 2,658 to 2,410) Disorderly and offensive conduct (down ...

There is no formal definition of a "business crime" or a "white-collar crime"in the context of Singapore legislation. Neither do any of these terms carryany legal significance. The term "white-collar crime" was popularised afterthe American sociologist, Edwin H Sutherland, delivered his presidentialaddress "White-Collar Criminality" in 1939 to the American SociologicalSociety, where he compared crime in the upper or white-collar class,composed of respectable or at least respected business and professionalmen, with that of the lower class, comprising persons of low socioeconomicstatus (E H Sutherland, "White-Collar Criminality" (1940) 5 AmericanSociological Review.

Inspired by the theme and written for the Seminario Internacional de Direcito, Democracia & Sustentabilidade, 13-14 de agosto de 2015, IMED, Passo Fundo, this article examines the effects of the crimes of the powerful as represented by multinational corporations, state organizations, and non-state actors alike in the context of geopolitics and the globalization of capital. The essay sets out to exhaustively define the crimes of the powerful while providing an overview of the globalization of crime and victimization. Additionally, as a matter of discussing the relations of the globalization of crime, capital, and social control, I summarize the primary lessons learned from The Routledge International Handbook of the Crimes of the Powerful (2015) that I was the Editor for and contributor to. Finally, I conclude by responding to the dialectical question of whether the current economic recessions, contractions, and unchecked expansion of financial and corporate wealth are sustainable and represent a prototype of things to come or are not sustainable and represent the need for the development of alternative archetypes of change and sustainability?Key Words Crime; Globalization; Political Economy; Powerful; Sustainable RESUMOinspirado pelo tema e escrito para o Seminário Internacional de Direito, Democracia e Sustentabilidade, 13-14 de agosto de 2015, IMED, Passo Fundo, este artigo examina os crimes dos poderosos, representados pelas corporações multinacionais, organizações estatais e atores não estatais, tanto no contexto da geopolítica quanto da globalização do capital. O ensaio visa a definir exaustivamente os crimes dos poderosos , proporcionando uma visão geral da globalização do crime e da vitimização. Além disso, para discutir as relações da globalização do crime, do capital, e do controle social , eu resumirei as principais lições aprendidas a partir de The Routledge International Handbook of the Crimes of the Powerful (2015), do qual eu fui editor e colaborador. Por fim, concluo respondendo à questão dialética de se a atual recessão econômica, as contrações e a expansão desenfreada de riqueza financeira e corporativa são sustentáveis e representam um protótipo de coisas para vir ou não são sustentáveis e representam a necessidade de desenvolver arquétipos alternativos de mudança e de sustentabilidade?Palavras-chave: Crime; Globalização; Economia Política; Poderosos; Sustentável

The article examines one of the main institutes of criminal law: crime. It is emphasized that a significant reform of the political system, models of the functioning of the economy, and the direction of social policy that occur in a particular state, always requires corresponding changes in all branches of legislation. Such processes are also characteristic of Ukraine today, in which for several years there have been attempts at reforming transformations of the main processes of state building, and therefore changing the law as a certain normative "tool" for the implementation of such intentions is an objective necessity. In our country such changes apply to all branches of the law, including criminal law. Such changes relate to (should relate to) all institutes of criminal law, but there are some that are fundamental, which determine its content, subject, main function and its other features. One of the main, pivotal institutions of criminal law is crime. Attention is drawn to the existing foreign practice of defining this institute. States areclassified according to their existing rules for defining the concept of crime.It is established that today there are two main ways of determining this institution: formal and formal-material, and also are indicated a number of countries in whose legislation this institute is not officially defined. Special attention is drawn to the national practice of defining the concept of crime, starting with more than 170 years of history of its definition in Ukraine, its definition in the next four Criminal Codes and ending with its definition in the current Criminal Code. A number of intermediate definitions and a final conclusion are proposed, based on the thesis that the importance of a legislative definition of crime is an important condition for its application, scientific and practical interpretation, and doctrinal analysis. ; У статті досліджується один з основних інститутів кримінального законодавства: злочин. Підкреслюється, що значне реформування політичного устрою, моделі функціонування економіки, спрямованості соціальної політики, які відбуваються у конкретній державі, завжди потребують відповідних змін у усіх галузях законодавства. Такі процеси характерні сьогодні і для України, у якій вже низку років відбуваються спроби реформаторських перетворень основних процесів державного будівництва, і тому зміна законодавства як певного нормативного «інструменту» здійснення таких намірів є об'єктивною необхідністю. Тому і в нашій державі такі зміни торкаються усіх галузей законодавства, в тому числі і кримінального законодавства. Такі зміни у цьому законодавстві торкаються (повинні торкатися) усіх інститутів кримінального законодавства, але є декілька, які, безумовно, є основними у цій галузі законодавства, бо саме вони визначають її зміст, предмет, основну функцію та інші її ознаки. Одним з основних, стержневих інститутів кримінального законодавства є злочин. Звертається увага на існуючу зарубіжну практику визначення цього інституту. Класифікуються держави в залежності від існуючих у них правил визначення поняття злочину. Встановлюється, що сьогодні існує два основних способу визначення цього інституту: формальний та формально-матеріальний, а також є низка країн, в законодавстві яких цей інститут офіційно не визначається. Спеціальна увага звертається на національну практику визначення поняття злочину, починаючи з понад 170 річної історії його визначення на теренах України, його визначення у чотирьох наступних Кримінальних кодексах і закінчуючи його визначенням в чинному Кримінальному кодексі. Відзначено особливості визначення злочину у чинному кодексі, яке «складається» так би мовити з положень низки кримінально-правових норм. Пропонується низка проміжних визначень та остаточний висновок, в основі якого простежується теза, що важливість законодавчого визначення поняття злочину є важливою умовою для його застосування, науково-практичного тлумачення, доктринального аналізу.

The civil justice system has long struggled to resolve disputes over end-of-life transfers. The two most common grounds for challenging the validity of a gift, will, or trust— mental incapacity and undue influence—are vague, hinge on the state of mind of a dead person, and allow factfinders to substitute their own norms and preferences for the donor's intent. In addition, the slayer doctrine—which prohibits killers from inheriting from their victims—has generated decades of constitutional challenges. But recently, these controversial rules have migrated into an area where the stakes are significantly higher: the criminal justice system. For example, states have criminalized financial exploitation of an elder, which includes obtaining assets through undue influence. Likewise, prosecutors are bringing theft charges against people who accept transfers from mentally diminished owners. Finally, legislatures are experimenting with abuser statutes that extend the slayer doctrine by barring anyone from receiving property from the estate of a senior citizen whom they mistreated. This Article evaluates the benefits and costs of this trend. It explains that these new sanctions deter elder abuse: wrongdoing that is rampant, pernicious, and underreported. Nevertheless, this Article exposes the dangers of criminalizing this unique area of law. First, criminal undue influence and the abuser doctrine may be unconstitutional in some situations. Second, inheritance crimes suffer from the flaws that make probate litigation so unreliable. Third, because inheritance law and criminal law have been traditionally understood as distinct, jurisdictions have not yet figured out how to gracefully merge them. Finally, this Article builds on these insights to argue that states should abolish criminal undue influence, harmonize civil and criminal rules, and create exceptions to abuser laws.

Concerned with Israel's history and future, the Bible devotes considerable space to war—the most powerful catalyst of change in the lives of nations. The biblical authors often display a consciousness of illicit activities in wartime, anticipating what we would call today "war crimes" or "military crimes." And they also produced the first known examples of written laws of war. While the so-called Code of Hammurabi from Mesopotamia contains stipulations for soldiers, it is concerned with methods of conscription, military discipline, and concerns of soldiers' families—yet not conduct on the battlefield. Ancient cultures from the Aegean and Western Asia, however, do reflect a general sense of what one deemed to be "lawful" conduct for armies. In some places they even moved in the direction of formal law. Setting a precedent for later international law and war conventions, some ancient Greek city-states formed interstate leagues ("amphictyonies") and took oaths that they would not destroy each other's cities (and especially their municipal water sources). Similarly, in the fifth book of Plato's Republic, Socrates argues for the necessity of a law sanctioning Hellenic armies that lay waste to arable land. In the Hebrew Bible, we find an even more deliberate effort to define and depict what actions are permissible and forbidden in wartime.