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Still in Russia and abroad, questions about implementation of the right to life and right to death are controversial, and as a consequence, the threat of killing the person by the use of euthanasia does not cease to be relevant. Russian criminal law provides criminal responsibility for the murder, which is a variety of ways, however, standards meeting the requirements of the safe existence of terminally ill people, including those not able to be fully aware of the incurability of the disease, is not provided. The legislator attempted criminal prohibitions of the use of euthanasia, however, in the current criminal law of the Russian Federation the data of rules. In this connection, many questions of law enforcement practice in the sphere of criminal-law protection of the safety of life and human health remain uncertain. The given circumstances testify to the fact that the study of issues of qualification of crimes against life and health becomes more fundamental. The article analyzes the problematic issues of demarcation of euthanasia from murder and suicide, and the author's article, providing for the criminal-legal prohibition of the use of euthanasia that will contribute to the improvement of law enforcement practice.

La dimensión real de la actual política criminal española carece de adecuados niveles de racionalidad, entre sus múltiples causas, podemos mencionar el fenómeno de la creciente dinámica punitivista, la ausencia de una adecuada cultura de evaluación, el menosprecio a la criminología, la escasa consideración de los responsables políticos hacia las opiniones expertas de la dogmática, y la constante indiferencia de ésta hacia la realidad que debe enfrentar. Se configura así un decepcionante panorama donde la política criminal real aparece como carente de una sólida base empírica. La dimensión teórica de la política criminal, no puede soslayar el aporte de las investigaciones criminológicas, ya que aquellos tendrían la virtualidad de ser condición necesaria aunque no suficiente de la utilización racional del sistema punitivo. Hay que optar por una reducción de la privación de libertad y promover otras sanciones en cuyo contenido se armonicen los conceptos de incapacitación y responsabilización. Además, se requiere el desarrollo de una victimología que se dirija a inhibir los impulsos punitivos de las víctimas en función de orientar la política criminal hacia una cultura jurídica reparatoria que enfrente la actual expansión del derecho penal. ; Der aktuellen Kriminalpolitik in Spanien mangelt es an einem angemessenen, vernünftigen Rahmen. Unter den zahlreichen Ursachen finden sich eine zunehmend strafende Dynamik, die Abwesenheit einer angemessenen Wertungskultur, die Geringschätzung der Kriminologie, die geringe Beachtung der Expertenmeinungen durch die federführenden Politiker und die anhaltende Gleichgültigkeit der Fachwelt gegenüber der Wirklichkeit. Auf diese Weise entsteht ein enttäuschendes Gesamtbild, bei dem die tatsächliche Kriminalpolitik erscheint, als fehlte es ihr an einer soliden empirischen Grundlage. Die theoretische Dimension der Kriminalpolitik kann nicht auf den Beitrag der kriminologischen Forschung verzichten, schon weil diese notwendige Voraussetzung ist, obwohl im strafenden System nicht in ausreichendem Maße vernünftig herangezogen. Man muss für eine Reduzierung von Freiheitsentziehungen stimmen und andere Sanktionsfolgen wählen, welche das Konzept der Unschädlichmachung mit dem der Verantwortlichkeit kombinieren. Erforderlich ist außerdem die Entwicklung einer Viktimologie, die darauf gerichtet ist, die Strafimpulse der Opfer zu verhindern und welche die Kriminalpolitik an eine Rechtskultur der Wiedergutmachung heranführt, die der Ausweitung des Strafrechts entgegentritt.

The aim of the article is found on the idea of measure as a substrate of criminal-legal influence. The publication proposes to consider the measure as a substrate of external forms of legal influence and criminal-legal measure as a primary element of all external forms of criminal-legal influence (in connection with the commission of a criminal act). The analysis allows us to conclude that the substrate of legal influence is a basic element of socio-legal regulation (which substantively combines a system of techniques and methods of influence used to obtain a positive and socially significant result). It should be understood that a criminal-legal measure is a system of techniques and methods of coercive and rehabilitation-encouraging influence of the state on criminal practices (criminal offenses, objectively illegal acts, abuse of law) and lawful post-criminal behavior, which is carried out by the law, determined by the socio-cultural environment. It is concluded that such ideas of Leonardo Polo as coexistence, the abandonment of mental limit, his thoughts on ethics, knowledge, and law can be applied successfully when the criminal-legal measure is characterized by several features that distinguish it from measures of the legal influence of another industry.

This article analysis the international acts and standards of the foreign criminal legislation providing questions of counteraction to cyberterrorism.

The study of the constitutional and legal basis of the status of migrants will allow to determine and summarize the rights and obligations of these persons, which significantly affect the formation of legal social order. This article discusses the constitutional, legal and administrative basis of the status of migrants, regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Considering the issue of the current state of the migration legislation of the Russian Federation, the theoretical aspect of migration as the mobilization of people to change their permanent residence is highlighted. The causes of this phenomenon and the classification of categories of migrants are determined. The definitions of external and internal migrants are differentiated, on the basis of which the constitutional norms of foreign persons who entered the territory of the Russian Federation are further studied. According to Federal laws, the basic rights and obligations of immigrants who entered the Russian Federation for different definitions of reasons and circumstances are distinguished. The article considers the administrative and legal basis of the status of migrants in the context of a violation of the rule of law according to the norms of the Code of administrative violations. The Institute of citizenship is singled out as a status that directly affects the scope of individual rights and freedoms, which allows it to be singled out as a special status of a migrant. In conclusion, the above topic is summarized

First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government's implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance. ; El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.

The aim of the article was to conduct a comparative legal analysis of the features and problems of criminal prosecution of legal entities for environmental crimes. The research objectives were fulfilled through modern methods of cognition. The leading practical method was the method of observation. The study allowed to form a conceptual understanding of theoretical ideas about environmental crimes of legal entities in Ukraine. Currently, Ukraine is trying to focus in its legislative innovations on the implementation of progressive approaches to the introduction of a comprehensive institution of criminal law measures regarding the liability of these entities. Relevant legal mechanisms and comments identified in the practice of the European Union and substantiated by scholars, can be implemented in the legislation of Ukraine. Amendments to the rules governing the procedure for effective prevention of environmental crimes by legal entities are proposed. It seems reasonable to introduce an active monitoring analysis of anthropogenic activities of companies, and the creation of special units to identify relevant violations. The mechanisms for implementing the set of preventive and monitoring measures outlined in the article, set the background for further scientific research.

Рассмотрены вопросы правового статуса криптовалюты открытого типа (аналог биткоин) в российском уголовном праве. При отсутствии определенности в части гражданско-правовой легализации и системного нормативного закрепления понятия виртуальной валюты и порядка оборота подобных цифровых активов, а также при отсутствии запрета на такой оборот в рамках регулятивного законодательства, с учетом колоссального увеличения числа операций с криптовалютами и, как следствие, повышенных криминогенных рисков возникает объективная потребность в установлении содержания этого явления при выполнении задач по охране общественных отношений от совершения уголовных преступлений. До разрешения «регулятивных» правовых вопросов уголовное право вынуждено выполнять не свойственную ему функцию и находить существующие подходящие правовые инструменты в целях эффективной борьбы с совершаемыми преступлениями, а также противодействия их совершению. Авторы на основе анализа действующих норм, разъяснений Верховного суда Российской Федерации, научных трудов, зарубежного опыта предложили понимание криптовалюты как иного имущества — цифрового актива, бестелесного имущества — при квалификации преступлений.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08 ; The article deals with the legal status of an open type cryptocurrency (bitcoin analogue) in the Russian criminal law. In the absence of certainty in the part of civil law legalization and of systematic normative consolidation of the concept of virtual currency and the order of circulation of such digital assets, and in the absence of a ban on such turnover in the framework of regulatory legislation, taking into account the enormous increase in operations with cryptocurrencies, and as a result of increased criminogenic risks, there is an objective need to establish the content of this phenomenon in the performance of tasks to protect the public relations from criminal offence. To consider these "regulatory" legal issues, criminal law is forced to perform a different function and to find the existing suitable legal tools to prevent and combat crimes. The authors on the basis of the analysis of the existing norms, explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, scientific works, foreign experience suggested understanding of cryptocurrency as a different property — a digital asset, disembodied property — in the qualification of crimes.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08

The article aims to study the theoretical and applied aspects of pre-trial research in emergency legal regimes such as: martial law, the state of emergency or the area of joint forces operation in Ukraine. International legal requirements for due process in criminal proceedings during emergency legal regimes are analyzed. It is claimed that the existing experience in Ukraine of normative regulation of criminal proceedings under the conditions of special legal regimes is inefficient, fragmentary, and therefore does not fully correspond to modern ideas about human rights and the democratic and legal state. The perspectives for the application of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in criminal proceedings under emergency legal regimes are identified. It was concluded that the investigating authorities carry out all the means to establish the facts of the disappeared persons in the area of Operation of Joint Forces within the framework of the criminal process, which will allow to comply, in theory, with all the requirements for the effectiveness of the investigation. The basis for the formation of legislation on this subject should be the relevant law on missing persons.

[ES] Esta tesis trata de alcanzar un punto medio entre la perspectiva general y la particular sobre los delitos relativos a la seguridad vial. Así, se encuentra referida al ámbito de la protección penal de la seguridad vial y no sólo de los delitos contra el mismo. Esto quiere dejarse claro, haciendo alusión a unas bases político criminales de la mencionada parcela penal, lo que entre otros motivos se fundamenta en la realidad latinoamericana. ; [EN] This thesis aims to achieve a balance between the general and particular perspective on crimes relating to road safety. So, is referred to the field of criminal law protection of road safety and crime not only against the latter. That is to be made clear, referring to criminal political bases for such criminal plot, which among other things is based on the Latin American reality.

Compliance programs and systems of criminal or administrative liability are being increasingly adopted by different countries as measures meant to reduce the social cost of white collar criminality. However, the legal application of these measures does not always ponder correctly the impacts on common good, the levels of economic activity and the adequate functioning of markets of goods and services. Eventually, this situation can lead to undesired effects, such as the inefficiency of the criminal system, the reduction of economic activity or the arising of obstacles to competition. By taking these circumstances into account, in this paper we will utilize the Economic Analysis of Law to analyze the logic that inspires these legal institutes and the incentives they generate. Our objective is to delineate some parameters that allow legislators, judges, legal advisors and businessmen to evaluate different compliance systems in terms of economic efficiency, generation of wealth and the promotion of competition in markets. ; Los programas de compliance y los sistemas de responsabilidad penal o administrativa de las personas jurídicas constituyen en la actualidad herramientas crecientemente adoptadas por las distintas legislaciones para intentar disminuir el costo social de la criminalidad económica. Sin embargo, la incorporación legislativa y la aplicación de estos instrumentos legales no siempre está acompañada de una adecuada ponderación respecto de sus efectos sobre el bienestar social, los niveles de actividad económica y el funcionamiento de los mercados de bienes y servicios.Ello puede conducir, eventualmente, a efectos indeseados como la ineficiencia del sistema penal, la disminución de la actividad económica o el surgimiento de obstáculos a la competencia. Teniendo en cuenta estas circunstancias, en el presente trabajo recurriremos a las herramientas que brinda el Análisis Económico del Derecho para analizar la lógica que inspira a estos institutos jurídicos y los incentivos que generan, con el propósito de delinear algunos parámetros que permitan a legisladores, funcionarios judiciales, asesores jurídicos y a los propios empresarios evaluar los distintos sistemas de compliance en términos de eficiencia económica, generación de riquezas y promoción de la competencia en los mercados.

This article intends to analyze treatment and functions assigned to the penalty by our Peruvian Constitution and the way this legal institution is conducted at the prescribed basic penalty level (imposed by the legislator ineach type of criminal offence), the specific penalty level (imposed by the judge according to its individual characteristics in each case) and at the penitentiary enforcement level. Finally recommends some considerations for carrying out a possible legislative reform in accordance with a criminal policy plan within our constitutional framework. ; El presente trabajo busca efectuar un análisis en torno al tratamiento y las funciones que nuestra Constitución política asigna a la pena, y la manera como dicha institución se desarrolla en nuestro país con respectoa la pena abstracta (la impuesta por el legislador en cada tipo penal), la pena concreta (la impuesta por el juez luego de una individualización en cada casoconcreto), y su ejecución en el ámbito penitenciario. Finaliza proponiendo algunas consideraciones para una eventual reforma legislativa conforme conun plan de política criminal que se encuentre dentro del marco constitucional.

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

In this work the current state of institute of partnership in crime based on the analysis of statistical data which demonstrates to existence of problematic issues in definition of the concepts "criminal group", "group way of commission of crime", "partnership" that affects law-enforcement practice is considered.It is necessary to recognize the increased public danger of the crimes committed by several persons as in such cases the criminal result is a consequence of the combined efforts of two and more persons. At the same time, at qualification of the crimes committed with use of a group way there are problems of their legal treatment at their commission, both within partnership, and beyond its limits.Carrying out short historical digression in development of institute of partnership in the existing criminal legislation, analyzing opinions of scientists concerning differentiation of the concepts "criminal group", "group way of commission of crime", "partnership", the author of article proves need of development of the concept "group way of commission of crime" - by legislative fixing of this concept of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. For the purpose of improvement of institute of partnership, entering of corresponding changes into the Russian criminal legislation is offered.