Under conditions of applicability, the rules of legal systems can be branded as invalid or valid. On the other hand, the "unfair" qualifying for standards, the legal and political systems has become an element of external rating, then, given the potential ambiguity of the term "justice", its use was avoided to not fall into subjectivism due the principles of legality and legal certainty. However, the history of legal systems, attached to a political and legal culture, has demonstrated the existence of legal regulations on unfair end. With an analytical, synthetic, and pragmatic methodology, from the kind of research that warrants the Philosophy of Law, the extremely unfair law formula will be discussed and the way to generalize it will be examined from the claim of universality of human rights. ; En virtud de sus condiciones de aplicabilidad, las normas de los sistemas jurídicos pueden ser tildadas, como inválidas o no vigentes. Por otro lado, el calificativo "injusto" para las normas, los sistemas jurídicos y políticos se ha vuelto un elemento de calificación externa, pues, dada la potencial ambigüedad del término "justicia", se evitó su uso para no incurrir en subjetivismos, debido a los principios de legalidad y seguridad jurídica. Sin embargo, la historia de los sistemas jurídicos, apegados a una cultura política y jurídica, ha demostrado la existencia de regulaciones jurídicas en extremo injustas. Con una metodología analítica, sintética y pragmática, desde el tipo de investigación que amerita la Filosofía del Derecho, se analizará la fórmula del Derecho extremadamente injusto y se examinará la forma de generalizarla a partir de la pretensión de universalidad de los derechos humanos.
Under conditions of applicability, the rules of legal systems can be branded as invalid or valid. On the other hand, the unfair qualifying for standards, the legal and political systems has become an element of external rating, then, given the potential ambiguity of the term "justice", its use was avoided to not fall into subjectivism due the principles of legality and legal certainty. However, the history of legal systems, attached to a political and legal culture, has demonstrated the existence of legal regulations on unfair end. With an analytical, synthetic, and pragmatic methodology, from the kind of research that warrants the Philosophy of Law, the extremely unfair law formula will be discussed and the way to generalize it will be examined from the claim of universality of human rights. ; En virtud de sus condiciones de aplicabilidad, las normas de los sistemas jurídicos pueden ser tildadas, como inválidas o no vigentes. Por otro lado, el calificativo injusto para las normas, los sistemas jurídicos y políticos se ha vuelto un elemento de calificación externa, pues, dada la potencial ambigüedad del término "justicia", se evitó su uso para no incurrir en subjetivismos, debido a los principios de legalidad y seguridad jurídica. Sin embargo, la historia de los sistemas jurídicos, apegados a una cultura política y jurídica, ha demostrado la existencia de regulaciones jurídicas en extremo injustas. Con una metodología analítica, sintética y pragmática, desde el tipo de investigación que amerita la Filosofía del Derecho, se analizará la fórmula del Derecho extremadamente injusto y se examinará la forma de generalizarla a partir de la pretensión de universalidad de los derechos humanos.
Cabe decir que el sistema de Derecho internacional privado actual tiene su génesis histórica en la modernidad y que muchos de sus postulados y, en particular, entre ellos, la pretensión de universalidad, esto es, de soluciones universales (F.K. von Savigny), válidas incluso en el caso de la existencia de una pluralidad de ordenamientos en presencia (como sucede en el caso de las situaciones privadas internacionales) se configuraron en dicha época. No obstante, se constata una evolución, que ha tenido su reflejo, entre otras manifestaciones, en el empleo de una pluralidad de técnicas de reglamentación para dar respuesta a las referidas relaciones de tráfico externo, de la que se da cuenta en el presente estudio. ; Private International Law is rooted in "modernity" and most of its postulates, specially the universalist paradigme (Savigny), come also from this period. The universalist myth was available even in the case of a private international relationship linked with different legal systems. But, nowadays, one can find another kind of trend that consists on a plurality of regulation methods for solving the questions that arise in relation with those private international relationships. This article tries to explain the changes that are taking place in private international law systems and the influence into this subject of the postmodernist ideas.
International audience ; Esta ponencia analiza el Tratado del punto de vista jurídico vinculándolo con las necesidades estratégicas de Estados Unidos en la región. Asimismo se compara dicho instrumento jurídico con otros previos, en particular el signado entre Estados Unidos y Ecuador en 1999. Finalmente se examina la importancia de este acuerdo en el contexto de la seguridad hemisférica y respecto a la existencia de otras bases en el continente. Finalmente se estudia la importancia de estas bases en los posibles conflictos futuros que puedan surgir en esta parte del continente.
El present treball vol constatar un fet, que alhora ha resultat motor d'aquest. La realitat tal com se'ns planteja és la següent: sembla que no existeix un model organitzat i globalizador de competències, a manera de paradigma integrat, que relacioni els processos educatius que s'esdevenen en el si de la família i de l'escola. La definició d'aquesta problemàtica tan estretament relacionada amb la tasca docent ens ha conduït a plantejar una hipòtesi d'investigació, que pot formular-se d'aquesta manera. El nostre sistema educatiu preveu la implicació de la institució familiar en la formació competencial dels escolars?, i si és així, ens plantegem la segona qüestió: és possible elaborar un model de formació competencial que articuli els processos educatius que s'esdevenen en el si de la família i de l'escola de forma operativa i integrada? Per aconseguir respondre a aquestes qüestions s'inicia el treball amb l'estudi i posterior exposició dels següents punts: el marc legislatiu més recent, (des de la primera norma postconstitucional que va regular la participació dels pares a l'escola fins als nostres dies), les propostes formulades pels Consells Escolars Autonòmics i de l'Estat en les seves trobades anuals i les dades obtingudes de diversos informes realitzats pel INCE sobre la participació dels pares a l'escola. Tenint en compte que el nucli de la recerca gira al voltant de la relació família-escola a nivell competencial, s'exposa -més endavant- el marc legal i institucional, que actualment sembla favorable a la viabilitat d'un desenvolupament competencial comú entre família i escola . A continuació, es mostren unes taules amb indicadors que facilitaran l'estudi de la potencial relació entre les competències que es desenvolupen a l'escola i les que es donen en la família. Els aspectes relacionats amb la família els obtindrem de les aportacions trobades en obres i documents de pedagogs rellevants com Pestalozzi, Froebel, Montessori i Decroly. Al final del treball podem trobar -mitjançant l'assignació d'indicadors o descriptors- la relació que s'estableix entre les accions familiars i les competències escolars. Aquest treball permet postular que no només és possible articular una formació competencial del nen / a en la família i l'escola, sinó que les dues institucions educatives són articulables i sinèrgiques en aquest desenvolupament, optimitzant la formació competencial.
The primary concern of justice department law enforcement as the arms of the criminal justice system is the rapid discovery of the crime. This article seeks to investigate the attitude of Iran's criminal policy or, more specifically, Iran's criminal policy towards the observance of the right to remain silent in trials. In line with this, the problem of the study translates into the question: what are the results of the observance of the right to silence of the accused in the different stages of the criminal process? Utilizing the documentary investigation method, issues related to the right of the accused to remain silent in Iran's criminal proceedings at the stage of discovery of the crime, the initial investigation stage, and the trial stage in Iran's laws on criminal procedures were investigated seminally. Among the main conclusions is that Iran's trial system, which was in line with the inquisitorial trial system, changed its procedures with the passage of the law on criminal trial procedures in 2013 and was influenced by the effect of international human rights regulations.
The way the Artificial Intelligence (AI) works is unknown by most of legal practitioners. Even if it does not seem very relevant to know how a computer works in order to use it, it is decisive to disclose how the algorithms that support judicial decisions works. In the Criminal Procedure it is decisive to investigate about the apparently neutral algorithms that allows the functioning of the AI; this is because criminal procedure is by nature biased, in consequence, an algorithm has the risk of automatize those biases and produce mass sentences ruled mainly by probabilities. IBM Watson uses a small portion of the information on reported crimes to produce a result of probability that someone may be the author of the felony. As it is a patented tool by a private company, a person will have very little probabilities of complain the probability thrown by the algorithm against his innocence. ; El funcionamiento de la inteligencia artificial (IA) es desconocido por la mayoría de los operadores jurídicos. Aunque no parezca muy relevante conocer cómo funciona un computador a efectos de implementar su uso, sí resulta determinante develar cómo funcionan los algoritmos que sirven de apoyo al juez para tomar una decisión. En el proceso penal resulta decisivo investigar sobre los algoritmos aparentemente neutrales que permiten el funcionamiento de la IA; esto, en virtud de que la persecución penal es por naturaleza sesgada, por lo que un algoritmo corre el riesgo de automatizar dichos sesgos y producir sentencias masificadas regidas por probabilidades. El Fiscal Watson emplea una pequeña porción de la información de los delitos reportados, para arrojar una probabilidad de que alguien en concreto pueda ser responsable penalmente. Al ser una herramienta patentada por una compañía privada, una persona tendrá muy pocas probabilidades de controvertir el porcentaje arrojado por el algoritmo.
This article proposes an introductory overview of the development of the Sociology of Law: its historical origins, sources, debates and main authors are briefly sketched throughout this dissertation. This insight provides important guidelines to approach this relatively new discipline in our country from two forgotten authors, namely Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Georges Gurvitch. Their heterodox and contesting viewpoints as well as their pluralist thought, radical ideas on democracy, justice and equality are meaningful elements for analyzing the current state of affairs of Colombian society. Furthermore, this insight provides the framework for understanding the development of the Sociology of Law as a source of social transformation. ; El artículo realiza un rápido recorrido por los diferentes momentos en el desarrollo de la sociología jurídica: su historia, fuentes, debates y principales autores. En la breve presentación histórica de esta disciplina, la cual es relativamente nueva en nuestro país, se intenta hacer énfasis en dos pensadores que se han deja- do en el olvido después de sus posiciones poco ortodoxas y altamente críticas: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon y Georges Gurvitch, cuyo pensamiento pluralista, la radicalidad de sus ideas, con respecto a la democracia, la justicia y la igualdad, proporcionan elementos para leer la realidad colombiana. Este enfoque permite recrear el desarrollo de la Sociología Jurídica como una fuente para la transformación social.
Este artículo analiza críticamente las implicaciones políticas y filosóficas de la unificación del Derecho privado en Europa. Las propuestas comunitarias no atienden únicamente a un fin económico, sino que buscan un fin político similar al pretendido en el proceso codificador del siglo XIX: la unidad política. En esta dirección, tratan de reproducir planteamientos filosóficos modernos o universalistas que se enfrentan a postulados postmodernos partidarios de la diversidad cultural y el pensamiento múltiple. ; This article analyses, from a critical point of view, political and philosophical implications of private law unification in Europe. As well as an economic goal, European proposals try to achieve a political aim similar to that hoped by codification process during XXth century: political unity. Following this line, these proposals bring back modern or universalistic philosophical understandings, which confront postmodern theories that support cultural diversity and plural thoughts.
The purpose of the research is to determine the sufficiency of the system of state control of the state needs when implementing an effective educational governmental order as the main instrument for ensuring the constitutional right of citizens to free education in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the research is the positivistic theory of law and functionalism. Hermeneutical and normative and analytical methods were used to find out the content of sources of legal regulation of educational governmental orders; methods of forecasting, legal modeling and analogy of the law contributed to the development of proposals for improving current legislation. The results of the research showed that the system of state control over the process of implementing the educational governmental order in Ukraine is not formed yet. The results of the analysis of legislation showed that indirect control in this field is provided only by special financial control bodies to verify the effectiveness of using budget funds in the process of educational governmental order. The work demonstrates systemic violations that have been identified by the supervisory authorities for five years in this field. In order to prevent violations of the law in the field of educational governmental order, as well as to form an effective system of state control at all stages of governmental order, it is proposed to empower the key authorities with appropriate control functions and powers. On the basis of the gaps in law the regulation of control activities that were found in modern legislation, for efficient solution of problems (before the drafting and adoption of the relevant legislative changes by the Parliament) it is considered rational to take as a basis provisions of general norms of legislative acts, which regulate allied legal relations, namely in the field of governmental order.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the general legal problems of the regulation of economic relations in the Russian Federation. Problems that lead to insufficiently effective legal regulation are identified, while identifying directions for resolving them. The objective of this research was to review theoretical and practical problems of the effectiveness of the legal regulation of economic relations in the example of the Russian Federation, which makes it possible to draw some conclusions. To obtain the results, a set of scientific techniques and methods of study of phenomena and processes were applied, such as synthesis methods, comparative jurisprudence, as well as a formal legal method and an economic modelling method. The method of economic modelling made it possible to assess the extent to which and at what costs, the rule of law has produced the expected economic effect. It is concluded that the effectiveness of legal regulation is one of the essential legal categories and that the legislator is obliged to monitor existing legal standards for its effectiveness.
"Legal weakness" constitutes a multifaceted and polymorphous phenomenon. Moreover, in the order of social reality, the effective condition of vulnerability is its substratum: the unique experience of suffering from fragility, feeling violated/vulnerable (which is not something homogeneous, since it recognizes variable origins, intensities, and determinations). Accordingly, we go through the most relevant elements of the problem from the perspective of Private Law in its obligatory dialogue with the International Human Rights System. After some sociological approaches and public policies advised by the UN (UNDP), we highlight some deployments and remedies already considered by the current legislation to face the assistance of the "weak party" (consumers, tenants, contractors of asymmetric business). Notably, we look at four special protective microsystems provided for in Argentine Private Law: (a) children and adolescents; (b) people who suffer from mental illnesses; (c) patients in their relationship with health agents and institutions; (d) people with disabilities. Our purpose is to infer from the accumulated legal experience some valuable bases for designing a "Comprehensive Program for the Protection of the Legally Weak" capable of capturing the common notes of legal vulnerability without ignoring the specificities of its plurality of expressions. To this end, the program requires the synergy between civil, constitutional norms and "positive action measures" (special statutory rights). Furthermore, its articulation should overcome the narrow horizons of traditional private law models focused on the patrimonial aspects of legal relations between individuals. In pursuit of a "Humanitarian Civil Law" all of the above is inspired by human dignity and personal rights as a first-order value and social solidarity as a hermeneutical matrix. ; La "debilidad jurídica" constituye un fenómeno multifacético y polimorfo. Su sustrato en el orden de la realidad social es la condición efectiva de vulnerabilidad: la experiencia singular de padecer la fragilidad, el sentirse vulnerado/vulnerable (lo cual no es algo homogéneo, pues reconoce orígenes, intensidades y determinaciones variables). En este sentido, discurrimos por las aristas más relevantes de la problemática desde la perspectiva del Derecho Privado en su obligado diálogo con el Sistema Internacional de Derechos Humanos. Luego de algunos abordajes sociológicos y de políticas públicas aconsejadas por la ONU (PNUD), relevamos algunos despliegues y remedios ya considerados por la legislación vigente para afrontar la asistencia de la "parte débil" (consumidores, inquilinos, contratantes de negocios asimétricos) y, en particular, cuatro microsistemas tuitivos especiales previstos en el Derecho Privado argentino: (a) para niños y adolescentes; (b) personas que sufren de padecimientos mentales; (c) pacientes en su relación con los agentes e instituciones sanitarias; (d) personas con discapacidad. Nuestro propósito consiste en inferir de la experiencia jurídica acumulada algunas bases útiles para el diseño de un "Programa Integral de Protección de los Débiles Jurídicos" susceptible de captar las notas comunes de la vulnerabilidad jurídica sin soslayar las especificidades de su pluralidad de expresiones. A tal fin dicho programa requiere de la sinergia entre normas civiles, constitucionales y "medidas de acción positiva" (derechos estatutarios especiales), cuya articulación haga posible superar los estrechos horizontes de los modelos iusprivatistas tradicionales centrados en los aspectos patrimoniales de las relaciones jurídicas entre particulares. Ello en pos de un "Derecho Civil Humanitario" inspirado en el respeto de la dignidad de la persona humana y de sus derechos personalísimos como valor de primer orden y en la solidaridad social como matriz hermenéutica prioritaria.
Civil legal and civil-procedural legal relations are one of the most significant categories in the science of civil and civil-procedural law, the relationship of which is not fully studied in science, so it is necessary to reveal the essence of their correlation and find differences between them. In the legal doctrine, there is a small number of works that would reveal the content of the relationship of such legal relations, the algorithm and criteria for their comparison are not fully developed, the scientific approaches to the separation of the criterion of their comparison are not revealed. In this regard, it is necessary to fulfil the doctrinal study of civil legal and civil procedural legal relations, both separately and jointly, using a particular criterion. The following methods were used in the study of the relationship between civil legal and civil-procedural legal relations: formal-legal, generalization, method of analysis of normative documents, articles and monographs, comparative legal method. As a result of the research, the connections between such categories as civil legal relations and civil procedural legal relations were clarified, and the criteria for their comparison were singled out.
In Latin America, the severe flaws in post dictatorial representative democracies and the constitutional principles originally designed to facilitate the exploitative governments of landed and capitalist elites, begin to be questioned and emerging emancipatory processes point towards the development of participatory democracies. In order to redirect national development the peaceful way, several of these processes have resorted to the transformation of the existing legal order in favour of the dominant classes, redirecting their vision of the future in favour of popular interests. The recovery and transformation of the role of the State and public policies with budget allocation in consonance with the new constitutional and social change projects, become indispensable for the success of these processes. In this scenario, concerted social movement action in the struggle for a post neoliberal future and for liberation regarding imperialist designs, constitute the most powerful force towards change. The recent constitutional processes in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador have benefited from a combination of effective and charismatic popular leaders as heads of government and the pressure from popular bases with demonstrated capabilities for uniting, organizing and mobilizing towards their own agenda towards justice and sovereignty. ; Las severas limitaciones de las democracias representativas postdictatoriales en América Latina y los principios constitucionales originalmente diseñados para facilitar el gobierno explotador de las élites capitalistas y terratenientes comienzan a ser questionadas y surgen procesos emancipadores que buscan encaminarse hacia la formación de democracias participativas. Para reencauzar las vías de desarrollo nacional por la vía pacifica varios de estos procesos han recurrido a transformar el orden legal que servía a las clases dominantes, redefiniendo el proyecto de futuro en favor de los intereses populares. Imprescindibles al éxito de estos procesos, como elementos garantistas ...
