The huge amount of work accidents in Peru has not produced the implementation of policies aimed at reducing occupational accidents rates. Not only that, there is a certain passivity with informal business and persons who break the law, even when it creates risks to workers' lives. Criminal Law is the best example, because criminal rules do not apply in fact. We have a symbolic norm; that means a situation that counteracts the preventive effect of Criminal Law. In other words, the legislator has weakened non-criminal instances excluding punishment even for the most serious behaviors in which workers' lives are endangered. In this context, compliance programs play a big role in labor risk prevention and, therefore, in the reduction of criminal rates.
First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government's implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance. ; El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.
The different criminal schools considered Criminal Dogmatics as the hard core of Criminal Sciences and the other disciplines mentioned here, as "auxiliaries" to Criminal Law. In truth it should be so, because they are "different sciences or disciplines in their nature and methodology to address criminal studies or knowledge and therefore autonomous. But in what is called the "Encyclopedia of Criminal Sciences", they can never be independent, nor do they have a character that is not effectively complementary. Time and new horizons of study, such as emerging specializations, were inevitably interrelating or intertwining concepts and terminology of all of them, to the point that in some issues this link cannot be dispensed with to interpret the Penal Law, the Penal Systems and its application. ; Las diferentes escuelas penales consideraban a la Dogmática Penal como el núcleo duro de las Ciencias Penales y a las otras disciplinas aquí mencionadas, como "auxiliares" del Derecho Penal. En verdad debiera ser así, porque son "ciencias o disciplinas diferentes en su naturaleza y metodología para abordar los estudios o conocimientos penales y por ende autónomas. Pero en lo que se da en llamar la "Enciclopedia de las Ciencias Penales", no pueden nunca ser independientes, ni tienen un carácter que no sea efectivamente complementario. El tiempo y los nuevos horizontes de estudio, como las especializaciones emergentes, fueron interrelacionando o entrelazando conceptos y terminología de todas ellas en forma inevitable, al punto que en algunas cuestiones no se puede prescindir de dicha vinculación para interpretar la Ley Penal, los Sistemas Penales y su aplicación. ; As diferentes escolas criminais consideraram a Dogmática Criminal como o núcleo duro das Ciências Criminais e as demais disciplinas aqui citadas, como "auxiliares" do Direito Penal. Realmente deveria ser assim, porque são "ciências ou disciplinas diferentes em sua natureza e metodologia para abordar os estudos ou conhecimentos criminais e, portanto, autônomas. Mas ...
This paper deals with the concept of Restorative Justice, from the theory of criminal law as a response to crime and its practical development in connection with the principles guaranteeing the rights, uncritical parties. At present, there is a tendency of traditional justice to the derivation formulas that favour the agreement between victim and offender, in some cases with community involvement. European law has encouraged Mediation and other restorative methods, through Recommendations and Directives must transposition for member states. A description and analysis of the Spanish legislation in relation to restorative justice, both positive law and draft laws, in order to present the current state of affairs in our country, and an assessment is also done not without certain implicit subjectivity towards an integration of this new conception of justice in our criminal justice system. ; [Tercer accésit. Premios de artículos jurídicos «GARCÍA GOYENA» (Curso 2014-2015)]El trabajo versa sobre el concepto de Justicia Restaurativa, desde la teoría del derecho penal como respuesta al delito y su desarrollo práctico, en conexión con los principios que garantizan los derechos, no exentos de críticas. En la actualidad, existe una tendencia de la justicia tradicional a la derivación a fórmulas que favorecen el acuerdo entre víctima y victimario, en algunos casos con implicación de la comunidad. El derecho europeo ha fomentado la Mediación y otros métodos restaurativos, a través de Recomendaciones y también Directivas, de obligada transposición para los estados miembros. Se realiza también una descripción y análisis de la normativa española en relación a la Justicia Restaurativa, tanto desde el derecho positivo como de los proyectos normativos, con el objeto de presentar el estado actual de la cuestión, así como una valoración, no exenta de cierta subjetividad implícita hacia una integración de esta nueva concepción de la Justicia en nuestro sistema de Justicia Penal.This paper deals with the concept of Restorative Justice, from the theory of criminal law as a response to crime and its practical development in connection with the principles guaranteeing the rights, uncritical parties. At present, there is a tendency of traditional justice to the derivation formulas that favour the agreement between victim and offender, in some cases with community involvement. European law has encouraged Mediation and other restorative methods, through Recommendations and Directives must transposition for member states. A description and analysis of the Spanish legislation in relation to restorative justice, both positive law and draft laws, in order to present the current state of affairs in our country, and an assessment is also done not without certain implicit subjectivity towards an integration of this new conception of justice in our criminal justice system.
A partir de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo determinar y analizar la presencia de legislación indiana y su significado en los fallos de la Suprema Corte de la provincia de Buenos Aires entre 1875 y 1881 hemos identificado causas criminales para indagar en todo el proceso judicial, desde el sumario hasta la sentencia definitiva, buscando definir dos cuestiones fundamentales. En primer lugar, observar las tres dimensiones del expediente judicial, los actores, el proceso y el derecho que se aplica y cómo se aplica. En segundo lugar, profundizar sobre un tema complejo y fundamental como es el arbitrio judicial que, como ya hemos demostrado, no implicaba una mera pervivencia sino que se lo utilizaba como un recurso contra la arbitrariedad de la pena y la falta de legislación republicana. ; Based on an investigation that aimed to determine and analyse the presence of indigenous law and its significance in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires province between 1875 and 1881 we have identified criminal lawsuits in order to inquire into the entire judicial process, seeking to investigate two fundamental matters. First, observe the three dimensions of the judicial records -the actors, the process and the law applied and how it is applied. Secondly, delve into a complex and fundamental issue such as judicialdiscretion which, as we have already shown, did not imply a mere survival but was used as a resource against arbitrary sentencing and the lack of republican legislation.
A partir de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo determinar y analizar la presencia de legislación indiana y su significado en los fallos de la Suprema Corte de la provincia de Buenos Aires entre 1875 y 1881 hemos identificado causas criminales para indagar en todo el proceso judicial, desde el sumario hasta la sentencia definitiva, buscando definir dos cuestiones fundamentales. En primer lugar, observar las tres dimensiones del expediente judicial, los actores, el proceso y el derecho que se aplica y cómo se aplica. En segundo lugar, profundizar sobre un tema complejo y fundamental como es el arbitrio judicial que, como ya hemos demostrado, no implicaba una mera pervivencia sino que se lo utilizaba como un recurso contra la arbitrariedad de la pena y la falta de legislación republicana. ; Based on an investigation that aimed to determine and analyse the presence of indigenous law and its significance in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires province between 1875 and 1881 we have identified criminal lawsuits in order to inquire into the entire judicial process, seeking to investigate two fundamental matters. First, observe the three dimensions of the judicial records -the actors, the process and the law applied and how it is applied. Secondly, delve into a complex and fundamental issue such as judicialdiscretion which, as we have already shown, did not imply a mere survival but was used as a resource against arbitrary sentencing and the lack of republican legislation.
In this work the current state of institute of partnership in crime based on the analysis of statistical data which demonstrates to existence of problematic issues in definition of the concepts "criminal group", "group way of commission of crime", "partnership" that affects law-enforcement practice is considered.It is necessary to recognize the increased public danger of the crimes committed by several persons as in such cases the criminal result is a consequence of the combined efforts of two and more persons. At the same time, at qualification of the crimes committed with use of a group way there are problems of their legal treatment at their commission, both within partnership, and beyond its limits.Carrying out short historical digression in development of institute of partnership in the existing criminal legislation, analyzing opinions of scientists concerning differentiation of the concepts "criminal group", "group way of commission of crime", "partnership", the author of article proves need of development of the concept "group way of commission of crime" - by legislative fixing of this concept of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. For the purpose of improvement of institute of partnership, entering of corresponding changes into the Russian criminal legislation is offered.
The present work has attempted to analyze sexual crimes and especially the crime of male rape. The international jurisprudence of international criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court has tried to qualify rape either as a crime of genocide in the form of serious bodily and physical injuries, even if not necessarily permanent (lett. b) art. 6 of the Rome Statute; or as a crime against humanity where there are elements of context and above all material elements that emerge from the definitions given by the ad hoc Tribunals and the elements of crimes; or even as a war crime in case it is implemented as a part of a political plan or design, or as part of series of similar crimes committed on a large scale. This behavior is rebuilt in a residual way compared to that of sexual violence, according to a gender specific relationship to speciem. The indication of the level of gravity of the crime is necessary for the relevance of sexual violence and rape as crimes against humanity that we will see in the next years from the panorama of international criminal law.
The objective of the research was to identify threats to individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law. The research involved system methods, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, doctrinal approach and forecasting. Martial law introduced as a result of armed conflict carries important implications for criminal justice. Ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during this period applies to several crimes, the common feature of which is the time of their commission. The classification of subjects of prevention of infringement of such rights is presented. The prospects for improving the protection of individual rights in criminal proceedings require international assistance in the detection of crimes related to the armed conflict. It is concluded that ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law requires combining the efforts of national and international specialists. Prospects for improving this process envisage international assistance with increased use of its results as evidence in national and international courts. It is appropriate to develop international recommendations for national law enforcement agencies and judicial bodies.
The article discusses the definition and correlation of the concepts of "conflict" and "competence" and provides various expert opinions on this. In the methodology it is an analytical research based on documentary. In modern scientific literature, the clash of the rules of criminal law is called conflict of laws, using the definitions indicated as identical concepts. However, the authors point to the controversial nature of such an interpretation of those concepts. The causes of conflicts in the rules of Russian law are analyzed. Thereis also a detailed analysis of conflicts in the rules of domestic criminal law and criminal executive law. In the context of the topic studied, the authors refer to the categories of criminal law and criminal executive law as the principles of criminal law. It emphasizes by way of conclusion that the conflicts identified are not an exhaustive list, simply the authors of this work managed to consider only some aspects of the subject, therefore the conclusions and suggestions are not indisputable. In any case, the discussion of these issues is important to achieve coherence in the rules of criminal law and criminal executive law.
This article deals with the figure of forfeiture of assets related to crime. The point of reference is Peruvian criminal legislation. Although the analysis focuses on the substantive norms, some procedural considerations are also made.
From the philosophical perspective article deals with the correlation between law and consciousness. To address the issue, ideas from renowned thinkers are used. It specifically describes the experience of addressing the subject in Russian philosophy from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. The article shows the reasons for preferring law or consciousness in different periods of history and demonstrates the rational nature of law and the irrational nature of consciousness, indicating that law and consciousness are not mutually exclusive. It concludes with an attempt to combine the two concepts in activities of people who must enforce legal norms. Using the experience of Russian philosophy, which regards the law as a moral minimum, people are advised to govern their actions not only by legal rules, but by listening to the voice of their conscience. The authors suggest understanding conscience as a spiritual and moral human law that makes it possible to make decisions without being forced or motivated from the outside, governed by the internal realization of good and evil and identifying the veracity, justice, and rectitude of an act.
