Suchergebnisse

Business globalization trends raise the new priorities for management theory and practice. Furthermore, being the member of European Union provides new opportunities for Lithuanian companies to reach foreign markets. This situation increases the need of expatriates doing international assignments and working in foreign cultural settings. The goal of this work is – to create an international assignment model based on cross-cultural management theories and practices, which could help expatriates to adopt better to foreign organization cultures. The objectives are: 1) to make the analysis of culture, management and cross cultural management theories; 2) to analyze cross cultural models; 3) to examine the international assignment models; 4) to analyze expatriate training models; 5) suggest new cross cultural model, which minimizes cross cultural gap of expatriates. The object of the research is expatriates working in International organizations who are going to make, making or made International assignments. For research the author used such methods: 1) the analysis of scientific literature; 2) the empirical research; 3) data analysis. The first part of the work, discloses major theoretical issues of cross cultural management and organizational culture. In the second part it is made the review of expatriates International assignment models. In the third part it is given the analysis of available services of consultancy companies working in cross-cultural training business and research (which was carried in 2008, April 15 – May 9) results of expatriates from Lithuanian organizations who were sent to do international assignments and define which problems they had. And finally there is suggested international assignment model, which could minimize the cross-cultural gap for expatriates in foreign culture. Major conclusions and suggestion of the MBA paper are: 1) main reasons why organizations are sending their workers on international assignments are: to fill the positions; management development; organization development; 2) cross cultural teaching methods are: cultural simulator; contrast method; simulations of sitations; cultural assimilator; 3) according to carried research, workers, who had cross cultural training had less problems during the international assignment; 4) author is proposing a model which consists of nine parts: research, planning, selection, primary orientation, training, expatriation, finishing of international assignment, repatriation and assignment evaluation. It should help to minimize the cultural gap of expatriates. Work consists of 68 pages, where are 11 tables and 28 drawings.

Business globalization trends raise the new priorities for management theory and practice. Furthermore, being the member of European Union provides new opportunities for Lithuanian companies to reach foreign markets. This situation increases the need of expatriates doing international assignments and working in foreign cultural settings. The goal of this work is – to create an international assignment model based on cross-cultural management theories and practices, which could help expatriates to adopt better to foreign organization cultures. The objectives are: 1) to make the analysis of culture, management and cross cultural management theories; 2) to analyze cross cultural models; 3) to examine the international assignment models; 4) to analyze expatriate training models; 5) suggest new cross cultural model, which minimizes cross cultural gap of expatriates. The object of the research is expatriates working in International organizations who are going to make, making or made International assignments. For research the author used such methods: 1) the analysis of scientific literature; 2) the empirical research; 3) data analysis. The first part of the work, discloses major theoretical issues of cross cultural management and organizational culture. In the second part it is made the review of expatriates International assignment models. In the third part it is given the analysis of available services of consultancy companies working in cross-cultural training business and research (which was carried in 2008, April 15 – May 9) results of expatriates from Lithuanian organizations who were sent to do international assignments and define which problems they had. And finally there is suggested international assignment model, which could minimize the cross-cultural gap for expatriates in foreign culture. Major conclusions and suggestion of the MBA paper are: 1) main reasons why organizations are sending their workers on international assignments are: to fill the positions; management development; organization development; 2) cross cultural teaching methods are: cultural simulator; contrast method; simulations of sitations; cultural assimilator; 3) according to carried research, workers, who had cross cultural training had less problems during the international assignment; 4) author is proposing a model which consists of nine parts: research, planning, selection, primary orientation, training, expatriation, finishing of international assignment, repatriation and assignment evaluation. It should help to minimize the cultural gap of expatriates. Work consists of 68 pages, where are 11 tables and 28 drawings.

The purpose of this masters' thesis is to analyze the possible issues who appears when translating literature. The goals of this masters' thesis is to clear out if foreigner readers adequate understand the meaning found in the translated text with theat in original fiction novels. Thesis deals with cultural factor in translation who are also undeniable if not so obvious. No communication is possible unless the message transmitted through texts is well understood by the communicants. But this understanding can be achieved only if the information contained in language units is supplemented by background knowledge of facts referred to in the message. People belonging to the same linguistic community are members of a certain type of culture. They share many traditions, habits, ways of doing and saying things. They have much common knowledge about their country, its geography, history, climate, its political, economic, social and cultural institutions, accepted morals, taboos and many other things. All this information is the basis of the communicants presuppositions which enable them to produce and to understand messages in their linguistic form. The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of interlingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances is translated. Basically, replacement of the source text by the target text of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and involving the same relationships between language, reality and the human mind. All languages are means of communication, each language is used to externalize and shape human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to nonlingualistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In each language communication is achieved through a complicated interpretation of the speech units by the communications, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language units against the background information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universais and is the basis for all other theoretical studies in this field, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible. To sum up. The linguistic and cultural aspects of translation need not be opposed for they are complementary. Cultural translation problems can usually be reformulated as language problems and incorporated in the original text. However bias between original text and it's translation always exists.

The purpose of this masters' thesis is to analyze the possible issues who appears when translating literature. The goals of this masters' thesis is to clear out if foreigner readers adequate understand the meaning found in the translated text with theat in original fiction novels. Thesis deals with cultural factor in translation who are also undeniable if not so obvious. No communication is possible unless the message transmitted through texts is well understood by the communicants. But this understanding can be achieved only if the information contained in language units is supplemented by background knowledge of facts referred to in the message. People belonging to the same linguistic community are members of a certain type of culture. They share many traditions, habits, ways of doing and saying things. They have much common knowledge about their country, its geography, history, climate, its political, economic, social and cultural institutions, accepted morals, taboos and many other things. All this information is the basis of the communicants presuppositions which enable them to produce and to understand messages in their linguistic form. The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of interlingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances is translated. Basically, replacement of the source text by the target text of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and involving the same relationships between language, reality and the human mind. All languages are means of communication, each language is used to externalize and shape human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to nonlingualistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In each language communication is achieved through a complicated interpretation of the speech units by the communications, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language units against the background information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universais and is the basis for all other theoretical studies in this field, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible. To sum up. The linguistic and cultural aspects of translation need not be opposed for they are complementary. Cultural translation problems can usually be reformulated as language problems and incorporated in the original text. However bias between original text and it's translation always exists.

As it was foreseen in the BA paper "Paauglystės vaizdavimas Algimanto Zurbos romanuose", this paper continues analysing Algimantas Zurba's (b. 1942), who was popular during soviet times and is still creating nowadays, creation. The sociocultural aspects of Zurba's creation were extended by analysing the place of the writer by comparing the field of soviet times' and today's literature – therefore it is tend not to the artistic analysis of works, which was done in the BA paper, but to political, social, cultural contexts that determined the peculiarity of Zurba's creation. This sociocultural research of Zurba's creative work is based on the most famous French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's literature field theory and Lithuanian literature sociologist Loreta Jakonytė's works, in which the development of Lithuanian literature field is exhaustively described. In accordance with Dr. Valdemaras Klumbys' thesis "Lietuvos kultūrinio elito elgsenos modeliai sovietmečiu" (2009), the relationships of Zurba and soviet government institutions are analysed; the emphasis is put on typical for the writer external adjustment model, which is related to publicly declared, favourable to the government, attitude, but not to ideological worldview support. Contextual analysis of works is based on the representative of French pragmatics Dominique Maingueneau's literature context theory and on the representative of French socio-criticism Pierre Barberr's works. The sources of the research are journalism of Zurba, published in various periodical publications, and autobiography "Gal taip reikėjo" (2012). With comparative point of view it is aimed to evaluate Zurba's capital and estimate the influence of the writer to the field of Lithuanian literature. It is revealed that while evaluating colleagues and the prose of the contest of the young philologists, Zurba aims to emphasise the importance of traditional-realistic literature. The paper highlights not only the official activity of writer-socialist, but also informal relationships with colleagues. Particular attention is paid to the development and the shift of the writer's self-image; it is noticed that while Lithuania was proclaiming independency rehabilitation ideas, Zurba hard maintained nation's leader's position, motivated Lithuanian identity and nurturance of national culture. After having rehabilitated independency, the field of Lithuanian literature changed substantially: the writers lost the interest and the respect of the society; lost financial support from the government. Even though Zurba, as well as the majority of famous writers during soviet times, feels uninteresting, old-fashioned and irrelevant in today's literature field, he is still creating traditional ethnocentric prose of village topics, and in both journalism and autobiography declares the resistance to the popular culture, emphasises the importance of the nurturance of traditional values.

Relevance and the problem of the topic. For some time the formation of cities image are included to the government strategy plans. The competing cities try to use all their resources in order to become more attractive and well-known. This study investigates the case of Kaunas district. Promising district located near one of the biggest cities in Lithuania is highly assessed by investors. This case study aims to find out why successfully developing district does not use its full cultural potential and has no clear image strategy. The object of the Master work - are activities of cultural institutions which contributes in forming cultural image. The aim of the investigation - to explore cultural institutions impact on the formation of Kaunas district image. The work was based on analysis of scientific literature, empirical researches. Theory part analyses the local image conception and provides overview of the cultural institutions impact on the local image. The third chapter is devoted to analysis of Kaunas district case. Results of the investigation - Kaunas district does not have a clear cultural image strategy, although geographical position of the location determines a large amount of investments and population growth, and the district is assessed as the most successful growing municipality. There is a lack of attention for Kaunas district cultural image, information about cultural and artistic activities is available only for a narrow flow of people. There is a lack of innovative approach by the heads of government and cultural institutions.

Relevance and the problem of the topic. For some time the formation of cities image are included to the government strategy plans. The competing cities try to use all their resources in order to become more attractive and well-known. This study investigates the case of Kaunas district. Promising district located near one of the biggest cities in Lithuania is highly assessed by investors. This case study aims to find out why successfully developing district does not use its full cultural potential and has no clear image strategy. The object of the Master work - are activities of cultural institutions which contributes in forming cultural image. The aim of the investigation - to explore cultural institutions impact on the formation of Kaunas district image. The work was based on analysis of scientific literature, empirical researches. Theory part analyses the local image conception and provides overview of the cultural institutions impact on the local image. The third chapter is devoted to analysis of Kaunas district case. Results of the investigation - Kaunas district does not have a clear cultural image strategy, although geographical position of the location determines a large amount of investments and population growth, and the district is assessed as the most successful growing municipality. There is a lack of attention for Kaunas district cultural image, information about cultural and artistic activities is available only for a narrow flow of people. There is a lack of innovative approach by the heads of government and cultural institutions.

Relevance and the problem of the topic. For some time the formation of cities image are included to the government strategy plans. The competing cities try to use all their resources in order to become more attractive and well-known. This study investigates the case of Kaunas district. Promising district located near one of the biggest cities in Lithuania is highly assessed by investors. This case study aims to find out why successfully developing district does not use its full cultural potential and has no clear image strategy. The object of the Master work - are activities of cultural institutions which contributes in forming cultural image. The aim of the investigation - to explore cultural institutions impact on the formation of Kaunas district image. The work was based on analysis of scientific literature, empirical researches. Theory part analyses the local image conception and provides overview of the cultural institutions impact on the local image. The third chapter is devoted to analysis of Kaunas district case. Results of the investigation - Kaunas district does not have a clear cultural image strategy, although geographical position of the location determines a large amount of investments and population growth, and the district is assessed as the most successful growing municipality. There is a lack of attention for Kaunas district cultural image, information about cultural and artistic activities is available only for a narrow flow of people. There is a lack of innovative approach by the heads of government and cultural institutions.

The article focuses on understanding the content of valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance as one of the aggravating element of the theft, stipulated in Part 3 of Article 178 of the Criminal Code of Lithuania. The author represents the conception of this aggravating element in criminal theory and practice and comes to the conclusion, that incrimination of the element aggravating theft valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance is determined by the following two criteria: the objective one (it should be established that it is valuable of high scientific, historical or cultural significance rather than just some valuable of sci­entific, historical or cultural significance which has been stolen) and the subjective (i.e. understanding by the offender that he is stealing not just some valuables but valuables which have high significance for science, culture, and history). However, evaluation of the cultural, historical, and scientific significance of valuables is assigned to the competence of experts who have special professional education. In order to avoid possible contradiction with the subjective principle of criminal capacity, the author proposes to specify, when formulating this element, that the aforementioned valuables should be publicly exhib­ited or belong to a publicly accessible collection. Finally, the author discloses some peculiarities of implementation of the analyzed element and shows the inconsequence of the legislator in establishing punishment for some property offences hav­ing the same aggravating elements.

The article focuses on understanding the content of valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance as one of the aggravating element of the theft, stipulated in Part 3 of Article 178 of the Criminal Code of Lithuania. The author represents the conception of this aggravating element in criminal theory and practice and comes to the conclusion, that incrimination of the element aggravating theft valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance is determined by the following two criteria: the objective one (it should be established that it is valuable of high scientific, historical or cultural significance rather than just some valuable of sci­entific, historical or cultural significance which has been stolen) and the subjective (i.e. understanding by the offender that he is stealing not just some valuables but valuables which have high significance for science, culture, and history). However, evaluation of the cultural, historical, and scientific significance of valuables is assigned to the competence of experts who have special professional education. In order to avoid possible contradiction with the subjective principle of criminal capacity, the author proposes to specify, when formulating this element, that the aforementioned valuables should be publicly exhib­ited or belong to a publicly accessible collection. Finally, the author discloses some peculiarities of implementation of the analyzed element and shows the inconsequence of the legislator in establishing punishment for some property offences hav­ing the same aggravating elements.

The article focuses on understanding the content of valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance as one of the aggravating element of the theft, stipulated in Part 3 of Article 178 of the Criminal Code of Lithuania. The author represents the conception of this aggravating element in criminal theory and practice and comes to the conclusion, that incrimination of the element aggravating theft valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance is determined by the following two criteria: the objective one (it should be established that it is valuable of high scientific, historical or cultural significance rather than just some valuable of sci­entific, historical or cultural significance which has been stolen) and the subjective (i.e. understanding by the offender that he is stealing not just some valuables but valuables which have high significance for science, culture, and history). However, evaluation of the cultural, historical, and scientific significance of valuables is assigned to the competence of experts who have special professional education. In order to avoid possible contradiction with the subjective principle of criminal capacity, the author proposes to specify, when formulating this element, that the aforementioned valuables should be publicly exhib­ited or belong to a publicly accessible collection. Finally, the author discloses some peculiarities of implementation of the analyzed element and shows the inconsequence of the legislator in establishing punishment for some property offences hav­ing the same aggravating elements.

The article focuses on understanding the content of valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance as one of the aggravating element of the theft, stipulated in Part 3 of Article 178 of the Criminal Code of Lithuania. The author represents the conception of this aggravating element in criminal theory and practice and comes to the conclusion, that incrimination of the element aggravating theft valuables of high scientific, historical or cultural significance is determined by the following two criteria: the objective one (it should be established that it is valuable of high scientific, historical or cultural significance rather than just some valuable of sci­entific, historical or cultural significance which has been stolen) and the subjective (i.e. understanding by the offender that he is stealing not just some valuables but valuables which have high significance for science, culture, and history). However, evaluation of the cultural, historical, and scientific significance of valuables is assigned to the competence of experts who have special professional education. In order to avoid possible contradiction with the subjective principle of criminal capacity, the author proposes to specify, when formulating this element, that the aforementioned valuables should be publicly exhib­ited or belong to a publicly accessible collection. Finally, the author discloses some peculiarities of implementation of the analyzed element and shows the inconsequence of the legislator in establishing punishment for some property offences hav­ing the same aggravating elements.

It is hard to find today's human untouched, unchanged natural heritage, nevertheless we treet cultural heritage differently. Identifying places with both cultural and natural values, giving them equal attention, we are going to to more integrated approache of protected territories, as cultural landscapes. This work speeks about the satisfaction of this demand trought the fixation of cultural landscapes protection. Political and scholarly acceptance of landscape level protection claim for new planning means, which wood be related with broader territorial formations, land territories, not restricted of specific places. Cultural and natural heritage in the sense of cultural environment are explored in their trritorial context and environment. For this reason, practical site of such protection includes not only heritage management specialist, but also their colleagues in the system of regional/ territorial development, urban planning and environmental management. New ideas of heritage management give rise at first in the beginning of XX century in the context of modern conservation doctrine development. Through Heimatschutz movement arose the significance of places created by humans and nature, what is perceived as crucial element of regional identity. Just after 50 years this importance was accepted on the legal basis and in practice. It's important to note, that through Galicia, a Poland's part, occupied by Austria, those ideas reached territory of present Lithuanian country- Vilnius region, however had'nt left remarcable traces in the development of theory and practice of heritage protection. This topic was raised again in the 7 th- 8th decade of XX century. A period of 1960- 1970 years marks the beginning of modern conceptualisation of integrated and regional heritage management. Those changes are seen on international level of heritage management system. Convention remindes ways how people interact with nature and express main goal- protect their harmonious relations. This international treaty established a unique international instrument for recognizing and protecting both the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value. In 1992 UNESCO World Heritage Committee adopted three categories of cultural landscape to be integrated into their operational guidelines, the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value. Second international organisation related with the formation of integrated heritage management- IUCN (The World Conservation Union - main inspectional organisation activ in the protection of natural categories. Recently it recognised significance of cultural aspects in the protection of natural territories. In 1994 IUCN adopted Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. For a long time model of protected areas was based on nature conservation without human activities. Today there is also need for strict preservation territories, but protected areas approach has to be broader. Such approach is represented by UNESCO Cultural landscapes and IUCN V-th Category of Protected areas. Here integrated heritage management is related with social and economical development of societies. Cultural and natural resources management in local areas, regions influences cooperation between various sectors. The main goal is sustainable development, inclusion of local communities in heritage management process. In local level heritage is important for local people, as background for their identity. This can be elucidated in ecomuseum model – as embodying of integrity and regional aspects in heritage management.

It is hard to find today's human untouched, unchanged natural heritage, nevertheless we treet cultural heritage differently. Identifying places with both cultural and natural values, giving them equal attention, we are going to to more integrated approache of protected territories, as cultural landscapes. This work speeks about the satisfaction of this demand trought the fixation of cultural landscapes protection. Political and scholarly acceptance of landscape level protection claim for new planning means, which wood be related with broader territorial formations, land territories, not restricted of specific places. Cultural and natural heritage in the sense of cultural environment are explored in their trritorial context and environment. For this reason, practical site of such protection includes not only heritage management specialist, but also their colleagues in the system of regional/ territorial development, urban planning and environmental management. New ideas of heritage management give rise at first in the beginning of XX century in the context of modern conservation doctrine development. Through Heimatschutz movement arose the significance of places created by humans and nature, what is perceived as crucial element of regional identity. Just after 50 years this importance was accepted on the legal basis and in practice. It's important to note, that through Galicia, a Poland's part, occupied by Austria, those ideas reached territory of present Lithuanian country- Vilnius region, however had'nt left remarcable traces in the development of theory and practice of heritage protection. This topic was raised again in the 7 th- 8th decade of XX century. A period of 1960- 1970 years marks the beginning of modern conceptualisation of integrated and regional heritage management. Those changes are seen on international level of heritage management system. Convention remindes ways how people interact with nature and express main goal- protect their harmonious relations. This international treaty established a unique international instrument for recognizing and protecting both the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value. In 1992 UNESCO World Heritage Committee adopted three categories of cultural landscape to be integrated into their operational guidelines, the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value. Second international organisation related with the formation of integrated heritage management- IUCN (The World Conservation Union - main inspectional organisation activ in the protection of natural categories. Recently it recognised significance of cultural aspects in the protection of natural territories. In 1994 IUCN adopted Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. For a long time model of protected areas was based on nature conservation without human activities. Today there is also need for strict preservation territories, but protected areas approach has to be broader. Such approach is represented by UNESCO Cultural landscapes and IUCN V-th Category of Protected areas. Here integrated heritage management is related with social and economical development of societies. Cultural and natural resources management in local areas, regions influences cooperation between various sectors. The main goal is sustainable development, inclusion of local communities in heritage management process. In local level heritage is important for local people, as background for their identity. This can be elucidated in ecomuseum model – as embodying of integrity and regional aspects in heritage management.

It is hard to find today's human untouched, unchanged natural heritage, nevertheless we treet cultural heritage differently. Identifying places with both cultural and natural values, giving them equal attention, we are going to to more integrated approache of protected territories, as cultural landscapes. This work speeks about the satisfaction of this demand trought the fixation of cultural landscapes protection. Political and scholarly acceptance of landscape level protection claim for new planning means, which wood be related with broader territorial formations, land territories, not restricted of specific places. Cultural and natural heritage in the sense of cultural environment are explored in their trritorial context and environment. For this reason, practical site of such protection includes not only heritage management specialist, but also their colleagues in the system of regional/ territorial development, urban planning and environmental management. New ideas of heritage management give rise at first in the beginning of XX century in the context of modern conservation doctrine development. Through Heimatschutz movement arose the significance of places created by humans and nature, what is perceived as crucial element of regional identity. Just after 50 years this importance was accepted on the legal basis and in practice. It's important to note, that through Galicia, a Poland's part, occupied by Austria, those ideas reached territory of present Lithuanian country- Vilnius region, however had'nt left remarcable traces in the development of theory and practice of heritage protection. This topic was raised again in the 7 th- 8th decade of XX century. A period of 1960- 1970 years marks the beginning of modern conceptualisation of integrated and regional heritage management. Those changes are seen on international level of heritage management system. Convention remindes ways how people interact with nature and express main goal- protect their harmonious relations. This international treaty established a unique international instrument for recognizing and protecting both the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value. In 1992 UNESCO World Heritage Committee adopted three categories of cultural landscape to be integrated into their operational guidelines, the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal instrument to recognize and protect cultural landscapes of outstanding universal value. Second international organisation related with the formation of integrated heritage management- IUCN (The World Conservation Union - main inspectional organisation activ in the protection of natural categories. Recently it recognised significance of cultural aspects in the protection of natural territories. In 1994 IUCN adopted Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. For a long time model of protected areas was based on nature conservation without human activities. Today there is also need for strict preservation territories, but protected areas approach has to be broader. Such approach is represented by UNESCO Cultural landscapes and IUCN V-th Category of Protected areas. Here integrated heritage management is related with social and economical development of societies. Cultural and natural resources management in local areas, regions influences cooperation between various sectors. The main goal is sustainable development, inclusion of local communities in heritage management process. In local level heritage is important for local people, as background for their identity. This can be elucidated in ecomuseum model – as embodying of integrity and regional aspects in heritage management.