The politics of apolitical culture: the congress for cultural freedom, the CIA and post-war American hegemony
In: Routledge PSA political studies series 2
In: Routledge PSA political studies series 2
What is leadership? -- Why lawyers should study leadership -- Leading versus managing -- Understanding leadership theory -- Character, traits, and characteristics of leaders -- Skills, competencies, and leadership style -- Fixed versus growth mindset : "I can't" meets "I can't yet" -- Grit and resilience -- Setting goals -- Giving and receiving feedback -- The importance of well-being : thriving in the legal profession -- Integrity and character -- The right leader at the right time -- Leadership and emotional intelligence -- Relationships and influence -- Followership -- Diversity, inclusion, and cultural intelligence -- Communication styles, public relations, and crisis management -- How organizational structures affect leadership roles -- How leaders manage effectively -- Lifelong learning -- The complete lawyer : service and significance -- Legacy and impact.
The aim of this paper is to show how, at the height of the Cold War, the British intelligence services responded to the new spy system created by the Comintern developing a secret campaign of political and cultural propaganda, under the cover of prestigious foundations to channel intellectuals in defense of a liberal democracy. This spy system expected to carry out propaganda secret operations and manipulate the intellectuals from almost the very beginning of the Soviet Revolution. The keystone to win the battle of consciences was the Congress for Cultural Freedom and its editorials, magazines, exhibitions, scholarships, concerts, congresses and conferences. Finally, it will be noted how the Congress for Cultural Freedom implemented the political conception of "non-communist left" to sustain the social democracy in the Western bloc. ; El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo al nuevo sistema de espionaje desarrollado por la Internacional Comunista, para realizar operaciones secretas de propaganda y manipular a los intelectuales, desde casi los inicios de la Revolución Soviética, los servicios de inteligencia estadounidenses y británicos, en plena Guerra Fría, le contestaron desarrollando una campaña secreta de propaganda política y cultural, bajo la tapadera de prestigiosas fundaciones, para encauzar a los intelectuales en la defensa de la democracia liberal. La clave de bóveda, para ganar la batalla de las conciencias, fue el Congreso por la Libertad Cultural, gracias a sus editoriales, revistas, exposiciones, becas, conciertos, congresos y conferencias. Finalmente, se observará cómo el Congreso por la Libertad Cultural implementó la concepción política de la «izquierda no comunista» para sostener la socialdemocracia en el bando occidental. ; O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar como foi que os serviços de inteligência estadunidenses e britânicos, em plena Guerra Fria, responderam ao novo sistema de espionagem desenvolvido pela Internacional Comunista para realizar operações secretas de propaganda e manipulação dos intelectuais, desde quase o início da Revolução Soviética, desenvolvendo uma campanha secreta de propaganda política e cultural sob o disfarce de prestigiosas fundações para canalizar os intelectuais na defesa da democracia liberal. A pedra angular para ganhar a batalha das consciências foi o Congresso pela Liberdade Cultural, graças a suas editoriais, revistas, exposições, bolsas, concertos, congressos e palestras. Finalmente, observa-se como foi que o Congresso pela Liberdade Cultural implementou a concepção política da «esquerda não comunista» para suster a socialdemocracia no campo ocidental.
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The aim of this paper is to show how, at the height of the Cold War, the British intelligence services responded to the new spy system created by the Comintern developing a secret campaign of political and cultural propaganda, under the cover of prestigious foundations to channel intellectuals in defense of a liberal democracy. This spy system expected to carry out propaganda secret operations and manipulate the intellectuals from almost the very beginning of the Soviet Revolution. The keystone to win the battle of consciences was the Congress for Cultural Freedom and its editorials, magazines, exhibitions, scholarships, concerts, congresses and conferences. Finally, it will be noted how the Congress for Cultural Freedom implemented the political conception of "non-communist left" to sustain the social democracy in the Western bloc. ; El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo al nuevo sistema de espionaje desarrollado por la Internacional Comunista, para realizar operaciones secretas de propaganda y manipular a los intelectuales, desde casi los inicios de la Revolución Soviética, los servicios de inteligencia estadounidenses y británicos, en plena Guerra Fría, le contestaron desarrollando una campaña secreta de propaganda política y cultural, bajo la tapadera de prestigiosas fundaciones, para encauzar a los intelectuales en la defensa de la democracia liberal. La clave de bóveda, para ganar la batalla de las conciencias, fue el Congreso por la Libertad Cultural, gracias a sus editoriales, revistas, exposiciones, becas, conciertos, congresos y conferencias. Finalmente, se observará cómo el Congreso por la Libertad Cultural implementó la concepción política de la «izquierda no comunista» para sostener la socialdemocracia en el bando occidental. ; O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar como foi que os serviços de inteligência estadunidenses e britânicos, em plena Guerra Fria, responderam ao novo sistema de espionagem desenvolvido pela Internacional Comunista para realizar operações secretas de propaganda e manipulação dos intelectuais, desde quase o início da Revolução Soviética, desenvolvendo uma campanha secreta de propaganda política e cultural sob o disfarce de prestigiosas fundações para canalizar os intelectuais na defesa da democracia liberal. A pedra angular para ganhar a batalha das consciências foi o Congresso pela Liberdade Cultural, graças a suas editoriais, revistas, exposições, bolsas, concertos, congressos e palestras. Finalmente, observa-se como foi que o Congresso pela Liberdade Cultural implementou a concepção política da «esquerda não comunista» para suster a socialdemocracia no campo ocidental.
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The aim of this paper is to show how, at the height of the Cold War, the British intelligence services responded to the new spy system created by the Comintern developing a secret campaign of political and cultural propaganda, under the cover of prestigious foundations to channel intellectuals in defense of a liberal democracy. This spy system expected to carry out propaganda secret operations and manipulate the intellectuals from almost the very beginning of the Soviet Revolution. The keystone to win the battle of consciences was the Congress for Cultural Freedom and its editorials, magazines, exhibitions, scholarships, concerts, congresses and conferences. Finally, it will be noted how the Congress for Cultural Freedom implemented the political conception of "non-communist left" to sustain the social democracy in the Western bloc. ; El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo al nuevo sistema de espionaje desarrollado por la Internacional Comunista, para realizar operaciones secretas de propaganda y manipular a los intelectuales, desde casi los inicios de la Revolución Soviética, los servicios de inteligencia estadounidenses y británicos, en plena Guerra Fría, le contestaron desarrollando una campaña secreta de propaganda política y cultural, bajo la tapadera de prestigiosas fundaciones, para encauzar a los intelectuales en la defensa de la democracia liberal. La clave de bóveda, para ganar la batalla de las conciencias, fue el Congreso por la Libertad Cultural, gracias a sus editoriales, revistas, exposiciones, becas, conciertos, congresos y conferencias. Finalmente, se observará cómo el Congreso por la Libertad Cultural implementó la concepción política de la «izquierda no comunista» para sostener la socialdemocracia en el bando occidental. ; O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar como foi que os serviços de inteligência estadunidenses e britânicos, em plena Guerra Fria, responderam ao novo sistema de espionagem desenvolvido pela Internacional Comunista para realizar operações secretas de propaganda e manipulação dos intelectuais, desde quase o início da Revolução Soviética, desenvolvendo uma campanha secreta de propaganda política e cultural sob o disfarce de prestigiosas fundações para canalizar os intelectuais na defesa da democracia liberal. A pedra angular para ganhar a batalha das consciências foi o Congresso pela Liberdade Cultural, graças a suas editoriais, revistas, exposições, bolsas, concertos, congressos e palestras. Finalmente, observa-se como foi que o Congresso pela Liberdade Cultural implementou a concepção política da «esquerda não comunista» para suster a socialdemocracia no campo ocidental.
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In: Journal of Cold War studies, Band 22, Heft 1, S. 89-124
ISSN: 1531-3298
This article examines the nature and significance of the activities carried out in France and Italy by the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), an international organization that was secretly funded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency to support anti-Communist intellectuals, including those on the left end of the political spectrum. These two West European countries, with their large and politically influential Communist parties, were central to the CCF's work in Europe. The organization's task was complicated by domestic concerns and traditions that forced local intellectuals to stress their autonomy from the CCF International Secretariat and its U.S. patrons. The article uses the cultural Cold War and the competing interpretations of anti-Communism and cultural freedom within the CCF as a lens to explore the limits of U.S. influence and persuasion among the intellectual classes of Europe. By repeatedly asserting their independence and agency, the French and Italian members of the CCF helped redefine the character and limits of U.S. cultural diplomacy.
Organizations can incur extensive costs to fund training typically available to employees free of charge. However, some employees do not participate. The body of research reviewed in adult education focused on relevant studies and models of contributing factors for participation in academia, the workplace, and the community. No studies were found that investigated the motivation of adults who participate and do not participate in the Intelligence Community (IC). This study empirically examined the factors that influence adult participation in IC workplace training. The survey instrument was an adapted version of the Education Participation Scale-Alternate (EPS-A) and the Deterrents to Participation Scale-General (DPS-G) with seven open-ended questions to identify factors of adult participation and non-participation in the IC. Respondents (111) were participants and non-participants of leadership development training and consisted of African-American 75 (68%), Caucasian 21 (19%), Multi-Cultural 9 (8%), other 3 (3%), and 81 (75%) women and 27 (25%) men between the age of 21 and 80. Most respondents possessed a bachelor's degree or higher 78 (72%), worked in the IC for more than 10 years 36 (33%), and earned an annual family income of more than $130,000 63 (60%). Statistically significant results showed that lack of course relevance and time constraints were perceived deterrents to participation. Communication improvement was identified as a perceived enabler for non-participants. Additional findings of this study revealed four factors"to meet new people, to achieve an occupational goal, to increase my job competence, and to expand my mind-that influenced participation in leadership development training in the IC. Major themes such as leader or supervisor support, association, encouragement, selection, career advancement, personal growth, and availability of time were highlighted as enablers and deterrents of adult participation in workplace training. These findings enhance the current body of research in adult participation by providing information on participation in the IC that was previously not available in the literature and increase practitioners' knowledge of contributing factors that might affect the development of future leaders ; Ph. D.
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The phenomenon of artificial intelligence and robotics, which has been under investigation for several years, has given rise to new taxation models, which have opened a lively ethical and legal debate in the scientific and cultural community which has not yet subsided. 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Contrary to conventional academic knowledge, which considers African masked performance as a specifically rural or folkloric manifestation, masquerade has been and is still being invented in Africa's cities. Ordehlay masquerade arts were founded in the tense socioeconomic landscape of Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital city, by various marginalized migrant communities locally and later, abroad. Even though the youthful masquerade arts were seen as dangerous and subsequently banned by the governmend or shunned by the public, they eventually gained recognition and a foothold in the political, cultural, and economic cityscape. Particularly successful because of their open membership, organizational structure, willingness to adapt and adopt any cultural aesthetics, and ability to entertain, they became so successful that they were able to provide welfare and mutual aid for their members and immediate community. Originally tied to the specificity of Freetown's locality, Ordehlay was quickly and eagerly adopted by rural towns elsewhere in Sierra Leone as part of population growth and urbanization strategies that mirrored those in Freetown, and because they were seen as being successful and integral to the country's cultural milieu. Feeding off of one another to create a local yet shifting sense of identity as cosmopolitan/urban or rural, the masquerades break down the urban to rural binary. Similar masquerade societies are now cropping up in the diaspora as migrant communities and masquerades themselves expand and contract through the agency of digital and social technologies. Drawing from and connecting to imaginaries of home and diaspora, social media becomes an empowering tool for Ordehlay and related Hunting society members to manufacture steadily increasing bonds outside of family, race, religion, or age—echoing Ordehlay's founding recipe. The dissertation argues that publicly performed Ordehlay masks are designed by an ever-increasing community of migrants and youth to creatively access, harness, and control the various fabrics of a globalized cityscape, at home and in the diaspora. They then influenced new, and inherently contemporary, cultural traditions as membership and masquerade aesthetics fluidly mobilize and are mobilized by the communities that need them.This dissertation ultimately seeks to challenge disciplinary and categorical boundaries of art, history, and culture so as to contribute to a larger shift that incorporates and values multicultural intelligences, aesthetics, and worldviews beyond the confines of age, geography, space, and time. It additionally considers youth and marginalized communities as cultural and political actors that create and negotiate artforms, meriting scholarly—and public—attention. Actively engaged with their local and global environments, Ordehlay members do indeed have agency: in performing themselves, they perform—and shape—the city and the world.
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Intro -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Why I Wrote This Book -- What Is Connection? -- How to Use This Book -- Note -- Part I: Educate -- 1 Education -- 2 Education of Self (Internal Culture) -- What Does Your Bias Say about You? -- Understanding Unconscious Bias -- Identifying Prejudices -- Knowing Your Emotional Triggers -- The Goal Here Is to Learn, Unlearn, and Relearn -- Notes -- 3 What Are Your Core Values? -- Articulating Your Core Values -- How Our Biases and Values Help Us Connect -- The Role of Emotional Intelligence -- 4 Education of Environment -- Learn How to Collect and Gather Information -- Become an Active Listener -- Be an Active Member of Your Community -- Notes -- 5 Thinking Like a Sociologist -- Develop a Habit of Understanding Why Things Are the Way They Are -- Study Melting Pots, Tossed Salads, and the Intersections in between Over Time -- 6 Applying LORA to Educate -- Listen -- Observe -- Reflect -- Act -- Part II: Don't Perpetuate -- 7 Don't Perpetuate Systems -- Experiencing Stereotypes -- The Danger of Perpetuating Stereotypes -- 8 Identity -- Revealing My Identities -- Making Assumptions about Other People's Identities -- Insiders versus Outsiders -- 9 Privilege -- Types of Privilege -- Equality and Equity -- Barriers to Connection -- Notes -- 10 The Media -- Journalism -- Platforms Have to Acknowledge Their Power -- Entertainment (Movies, Music, Books, and TV) -- 11 Workplaces -- The Connection between Diversity and Inclusion -- Assess -- Arrange -- Apply -- Accountability and Analysis -- Affinity -- Diversity and Inclusion Starts at the Top -- Note -- 12 What about Recruiting and Talent Acquisition? -- Talent Search -- The Power of Employer Branding -- Notes -- 13 Education -- History -- Social Justice -- 14 How Allies Can Use Their Privileges and Limit Othering.
In: War in history, Band 14, Heft 1, S. 63-95
ISSN: 1477-0385
The article compares the intelligence efforts of the British-Indian and Imperial Japanese armies during the Second World War in the Asia-Pacific theatres. It illustrates how cultural factors enabled the British to establish a more efficient intelligence apparatus than their Japanese counterpart. Whereas the British viewed intelligence as a vital instrument for aiding their war effort, the Japanese tended to scorn its value. The good use of intelligence in turn enabled the British to use their scarce resources to defeat their opponents, whereas poor intelligence led the Japanese to squander their limited strengths.
In: Routledge Innovations in Policing
Cover; Half title; Title page; Copyright page; Table of contents; List of Illustrations; Author Biography; Preface; List of Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; Study Method Sample and Population; Collection of Data; Analysis of Data; 2 United Nations International Police; UNPOL Mission Mandates; UNPOL Mission Composition; UNPOL Missions and Hyper-Diversity; 3 The UNPOL Experience; 4 Exploring Expatriate and UNPOL Performance; Expatriate Performance and Acculturation; Expatriate Acculturation Theoretical Framework; Expatriate Acculturation and Performance; Cultural Intelligence
In: European psychologist, Band 3, Heft 2, S. 102-112
ISSN: 1878-531X
Three experiments are conducted with German and Chinese student subjects to investigate short-term memory performance with regard to different kinds of stimulus material. Experiment 1 demonstrates that the Chinese subjects' superior memory span performance cannot be traced back to existing differences in intelligence (assessed with Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Test). In Experiment 2 a high correlation is found between the oral reproduction time of test items in the two languages and the resulting memory span of subjects. The results of Experiment 3 show that the Chinese subjects' superiority in performance decreases and disappears completely where it is difficult to find verbal descriptions for the items to be memorized. These findings are discussed within the framework of Baddeley's (1990) working memory model and cross-cultural intelligence research.