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The 21st century is the age of migration. We observe right now how many people leave their homelands (due to wars and economic situation) and move out to live in places where they cannot communicate using their native language. Therefore the 21st century shall be the age of globalization, formation of multicultural and multilingual societies, giving the newcomers an opportunity to create a new reality. Europe will have to confront with numerous difficulties such as, for instance, creating a space where diversity will not bring about fears or discrimination. On the contrary, it will be accepted and respected. For such a reason there is more and more discussion about cultural exchange. Undoubtedly, one of the windows to look at another culture is literature. The European Commission supports, in recent years, projects focused on literary translation, co-financing the work of translators and their education among the so-called young professionals. Both social and professional position of translators becomes a hot issue of public discussions. It is not an accidental act – together with the changing reality, the role and position of the literature translators in the contemporary world must be redefined. The literary translation brings many benefits and that is the object of this article.

Nel contesto della controversia sul primato ecclesiastico del Regno di Sardegna furono attivati scavi tesi alla ricerca di reliquie venerate. Promosso dagli arcivescovi sardi, in linea con l'interesse per le antichità cristiane e la rinnovata devozione verso i martiri, sorto a Roma con la riscoperta delle catacombe, il fenomeno coinvolse tutti gli strati sociali attraverso processioni e feste pubbliche. Qui si analizza la traslazione dei corpi santi, avvenuta a Cagliari il 26 novembre del 1618, che secondo le fonti secentesche non ebbe eguali per fastosità dei riti religiosi e ricchezza di apparati scenografici. In questa grandiosa festa barocca ebbero rappresentanza ordini religiosi, corporazioni artigiane, confraternite oltre a settanta paesi della Sardegna. Tali cerimonie pubbliche investivano il governo della città e la sua identità culturale, caricandosi di sottili significati ideologici e politici. ; In the context of the dispute over the ecclesiastical primacy of the Kingdom of Sardinia, excavations were carried out in search of holy relics. Such a phenomenon was initiated by Sardinian archbishops, in line with the interest for Christian antiquities and the renewed devotion to martyrs, arisen with the rediscovery of the Roman catacombs. The event involved all social classes, with processions and public feasts. We will examine the transfer of holy bodies in Cagliari, the 26th of November 1618. Sources of the XVII century report that the event had no equal for magnificence of religious rites and wealth of scenery. To that grand baroque feast took part religious orders, craft associations, confraternities, besides seventy Sardinian villages. Such public ceremonies invested the town government and its cultural identity, with subtle ideological and political significance.

Southern Italian cities are often characterized by widespread phenomena of illegal settlements, that have resulted – among other things – in a worsening of the quality of life in the urban-rural interface, and the weakening of the considerable architectural interest of the entire city. The goal of this paper is to propose an approach that would help rehabilitate what is already built, and in so doing improving on the quality and liveability of those cities. This approach is based on a particular methodology based on the promotion of Urban Complex Programs (PUC), which provide a system of development rights resulting from the demolition of unfinished illegal settlements. The benefits of this approach are many, including improvements in efficiencies and safety, meeting demands of environmental protection and reducing consumption of energy, seismic risk prevention and improving the liveability and attractiveness of the areas with illegal settlements. These benefits can be obtained only on one condition: that they are based on a system of collective and public amenities in accordance with the principle of sustainability in multiple dimensions (environmental, cultural, technological, political, institutional, social and economic). But for this approach to be viable it needs also to be convenient for the private actors aswell. With this paper we hope to provide first an original approach that can improve the conditions of cities burdened with the problems of illegal settlements that is both sustainable and convenient and, second, an instrument that can provide information for both the public and private sectors on the fairness of the procedure and their mutual interest in pursuing this approach.DOI: http://dx.medra.org/10.19254/LaborEst.09.13

Die "Achse Berlin-Rom" war mehr als ein politisch-militärisches Projekt, sie erstreckte sich auf alle Bereiche der Gesellschaft. Wissenschaft und Kunst machten keine Ausnahme. Auch hier entstanden intensive Beziehungen, deren Wurzeln bis in die 1920er Jahre zurückreichten. Zahlreiche Intellektuelle beteiligten sich an dieser akademischen "Achse" zwischen Italien und Deutschland – unter ihnen auch viele deutsche Juden, die in Italien eine "Zuflucht auf Widerruf" (Klaus Voigt) gefunden hatten, ehe sie nach der Einführung der Rassengesetze auch dort unter Druck gerieten. Namhafte Experten aus fünf Ländern analysieren die Vielfalt dieser lange ignorierten Netzwerke, die freilich nicht nur von Kooperation und Transfer geprägt waren. Genauso oft standen sie im Zeichen von Abgrenzung und latenter Konkurrenz, die auch das "Achsen"-Bündnis insgesamt bestimmten. Die Botschaft dieses innovativen Ansatzes ist klar: Für eine interdisziplinär informierte Geschichtswissenschaft gibt es noch viel zu tun

The purpose of this is to analyze the toponyms present in some Italian-Polish and Polish-Italian bilingual dictionaries. After selecting a "skeleton" of the dictionaries that trace part of the history of the bilingual lexicography in question, we move on to the analysis of the toponyms used in the dictionaries. In a lexicultural context, understood as the transfer of the cultural elements of a given language, we observe the choices made by lexicographers of the different eras and try to understand the reasons, sometimes of a personal nature or dictated by the historical context, or sometimes influenced by the political system in a given country. At the same time, we want to highlight the evolution in the diachronic field that toponyms and their equivalents have had in the dictionaries in question, as well as their value in teaching a particular foreign language. ; The purpose of this is to analyze the toponyms present in some Italian-Polish and Polish-Italian bilingual dictionaries. After selecting a "skeleton" of the dictionaries that trace part of the history of the bilingual lexicography in question, we move on to the analysis of the toponyms used in the dictionaries. In a lexicultural context, understood as the transfer of the cultural elements of a given language, we observe the choices made by lexicographers of the different eras and try to understand the reasons, sometimes of a personal nature or dictated by the historical context, or sometimes influenced by the political system in a given country. At the same time, we want to highlight the evolution in the diachronic field that toponyms and their equivalents have had in the dictionaries in question, as well as their value in teaching a particular foreign language. ; The purpose of this is to analyze the toponyms present in some Italian-Polish and Polish-Italian bilingual dictionaries. After selecting a "skeleton" of the dictionaries that trace part of the history of the bilingual lexicography in question, we move on to the analysis of the toponyms used in the dictionaries. In a lexicultural context, understood as the transfer of the cultural elements of a given language, we observe the choices made by lexicographers of the different eras and try to understand the reasons, sometimes of a personal nature or dictated by the historical context, or sometimes influenced by the political system in a given country. At the same time, we want to highlight the evolution in the diachronic field that toponyms and their equivalents have had in the dictionaries in question, as well as their value in teaching a particular foreign language.

Nella ricerca è stato analizzato un fenomeno emergente nel panorama delle politiche e della governance locali/urbane, consistente nell'avvio di percorsi di costruzione di urban food policies (UFPs) in Italia. Osservare un oggetto un processo di azione collettiva e azione pubblica locale che si trova ancora nelle sue fasi iniziali ha consentito di coglierne le caratteristiche tuttora in divenire e i fattori che ne stanno favorendo e ostacolando la diffusione. La ricerca ha guardato a questi percorsi da una prospettiva sociologica, che interpreta i rapporti tra politica e società nella risoluzione di questioni di interesse collettivo ponendo attenzione alle dimensioni politica, culturale ed economica dell'azione sociale e di governo e ai rapporti fra di loro. Sulla base di un approfondimento della letteratura sui processi di policy-making, sulla governance urbana, l'inclusione degli attori non-istituzionali, e il ruolo degli esperti nei processi di trasferimento di idee, conoscenze e soluzioni di policy tra contesti urbani diversi, le domande della ricerca hanno riguardato i fattori che favoriscono l'ingresso e la permanenza del tema nelle agende pubbliche e politiche, i rapporti tra istituzioni locali e attori non-istituzionali, le risorse politiche, cognitive e finanziarie necessarie a questi processi, e gli agenti e gli strumenti di trasferimento tra contesti diversi. Da questa angolazione stati analizzati i percorsi delle UFPs di Milano, Torino, Roma, Bergamo, Trento, Livorno e dei comuni toscani della "Piana del Cibo" (Lucca, Capannori, Altopascio, Villa Basilica e Porcari), oltre al ruolo della "Rete Italiana Politiche Locali del Cibo". La ricerca è stata condotta nel periodo 2019-2021 mediante l'analisi di documenti di vario tipo di organizzazioni internazionali, nazionali e locali, l'osservazione partecipante ad eventi pubblici (svolti in presenza e online durante i mesi della crisi pandemica da COVID-19) e 21 interviste con referenti dei percorsi locali, membri della Rete PLC e altri attori rilevanti nel panorama italiano. 3 I principali risultati della ricerca mostrano una interdipendenza tra gli attori dei processi basata sul possesso di risorse necessarie all'evoluzione di questi percorsi dalla fase di individuazione dei problemi di policy a quella delle azioni. In particolare, si è mostrata la rilevanza del ruolo del settore della ricerca pubblica e privata sia nella fase di ingresso del tema nelle agende pubbliche e politiche che nei processi di trasferimento di idee, conoscenze e soluzioni di policy (un ruolo condiviso in Italia con la Food Policy di Milano). Tuttavia, l'evoluzione da problemi ad azioni richiede una legittimazione pubblica da parte di imprenditori politici che esercitano una leadership sul processo, una condizione che, quando assente, rallenta e ostacola gli sforzi degli attori non-istituzionali. La ricerca evidenzia poi i limiti delle UFPs italiane in termini di congruenza tra la scala del problema (il sistema del cibo) e la scala delle risposte di policy (le competenze amministrative delle istituzioni locali) e di assenza di attori pubblici e privati nei processi. In conclusione, la ricerca delinea i principali elementi del meta-frame delle politiche locali urbane del cibo come cornice condivisa per l'azione di policy.

Abstract – The huge increase in migration flows through the Afro-Mediterranean routes during recent decades has shaped previously homogeneous populations into linguistically and culturally diverse ethnoscapes. Migration has therefore made a notable contribution to the acquisition and the use of English as a first, second and foreign language and to the burgeoning of new Englishes all over the world (Crystal 1997; Trudgill et al. 2002; Jenkins, 2003) thus questioning our traditional knowledge of language as a social projection of territorial unity held together by shared behavioral norms, beliefs and values. Specifically, by examining the communicative and translation processes which twelve interviewed interpreters, translators and language mediators were involved in during their interaction with newly-arrived migrants in Southern Italy, this paper addresses three main research issues concerning: a) the use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in the practice of language and cultural mediation and the extent to which this language may be perceived either as a barrier or as a bridge, thus affecting the relationship between the mediator and the migrant and the shaping of the politics of hospitality in the Mediterranean; b) the different linguistic and extra-linguistic strategies which mediators can adopt in the field of migration emergencies not only to serve communicative purposes, but also to humanize the migrants' transfer to, and stay at the different camps across Italy; c) the interviewed language mediators' narratives as a testimony of negotiation, activism and resistance to the strict institutionalized protocols of Italian immigration policies. Finally, in this chapter, we also intend to investigate the extent to which the interviewed mediators form not a mere aggregation of individuals achieving the task of translation as a mere linguistic transfer, but a community of practice held together by a conscious and critical sense of the performative power of their words and their mediation conceived as a way to create meanings which form and transform human reality.

In this chapter I discuss recent attempts to link the Scandinavian Bronze Age with Minoan Crete. The current political agenda of Europeanism is one important incentive behind these efforts to search for a pan-European identity in the past. Evidence of contacts between northern and southern Europe is suggested mainly through the identification of similarities between Scandinavian images and motifs from the Mycenaean and Minoan world. This approach is not entirely new. In the late 19th century Oscar Montelius had already presented similar ideas on Bronze Age cultural contacts between the two regions. In fact, beside the pan-European discourse, the current neo-diffusionist trend could also be seen in the context of a reaction against a prevailing neo-evolutionary and processualist explanatory framework (which, in turn, could be seen as a reaction against a culture-historical diffusionist framework). The alleged contacts, however, are based on tenuous archaeological evidence: not only are the iconographic similarities often the result of arbitrary interpretations of the images in question, but there are also great chronological discrepancies. Moreover, Scandinavian archaeologists tend to accept obsolete ideas about Minoan culture and transfer these to a Scandinavian Bronze Age context in an uncritical manner.

Eliza Fay (1756-1816) and Maria Graham (1785-1842) authored travel narratives and journals of their journeys to India in a time when the British Empire was undergoing important political and economic changes: they were not travelling for their cultural betterment, like the people undertaking the Grand Tour, but, in most cases, to join their families on the subcontinent. The essay focuses on the voyage and the ship, a place in which desires and hopes are discovered and formed. It is exactly during this physical transfer, between the far away port of the past and the still far away dock of the future, that travellers, perhaps for the first time, observe the other travellers and themselves, all participating in the same emotions. According to the writer of the essay, the 'Journals' and the letters by Maria Graham could constitute an ideal continuation not only of the innovations introduced by Fay, but also of the female dimension of the journey seen as a moment of self-exploration and self-knowledge. The two authors interiorise the experience of the sea voyage. Moreover, the quest for themselves, for a role, for a stable identity, is a quest which happens indeed while travelling, and ships, vessels, and boats gain from time to time a crucial importance for both women.

The relations between the Italian Library Association (AIB) and Renato Pagetti were initially tenuous. Renato Pagetti attended the 1951 Conference and the 1960 extraordinary meeting and then, at the 1962 Conference, contributed a paper about the impact on public libraries of the regional authorities envisaged by the republican Constitution and not yet established. The close relation between Pagetti and the Association, with its increasingly assiduous and intense collaboration, dates from this year. In 1963, Renato Pagetti became a member of the study committee on public libraries. In 1964 the Committee published the first Italian standards for public libraries (La biblioteca pubblica in Italia). In the same year, Pagetti was elected a member of the Executive Council, in 1965 he became a member of two other committees (Committee for press and public relations and Committee for sound records collections) and concluded an agreement with the Italian association of record companies for the reproduction of sound documents owned by libraries. In 1967, Renato Pagetti became a member of the joint archives-arts-libraries committee on cultural heritage legislation. After that year's Conference, at which he presented a paper on the register of professional librarians, the Executive Council set up a study committee for a new statute and regulations to which Pagetti was appointed. He supported permanent financing through proportional fees and the establishment of working groups in accord with IFLA divisions and sections. In 1970 Pagetti was elected chairman of the Association and over six years introduced a considerable number of innovations: the publication of a newsletter, as a supplement to the Association journal "Bollettino d'informazioni", and of some monographs; contacts with Government, Parliament, political parties and trade unions; a stronger involvement in IFLA's activities, with a number of delegates to annual sessions and the organization of two important international meetings in Italy. At the Perugia Conference of 1971, the Association adopted a policy statement whose principal objects were: the transfer of the legislative and administrative competence for national libraries, excluding Florence and Rome, to the regions; the transfer of the administration of older university libraries from the central government to the universities; the unification, under a single collegial direction, of the two National central libraries of Florence and Rome; the charge to the regional authorities of the task of ensuring public library services to all citizens; the charge to a central government office, besides general planning functions, of the tasks of protection and preservation of Italy's valuable book heritage.

Lo scopo della tesi è quello di ricostruire il quadro dei processi che hanno condotto alla concessione della devolution agli enti sub-statali del Regno Unito fino ai più recenti sviluppi. La devolution è un meccanismo che comporta il trasferimento di poteri legislativi ed esecutivi a entità territoriali minori che fanno parte di uno Stato. Il Regno Unito si è trovato a riconoscere, con le riforme degli anni Novanta, una maggiore autonomia a Scozia, Irlanda del Nord e Galles. In ciascuna area, la ripartizione delle competenze è stata realizzata in modo asimmetrico, tenendo conto delle peculiarità territoriali, politiche e culturali di ciascuna nazione. La Brexit ha messo in luce alcune criticità del sistema che la concessione di competenze legislative ed esecutive aveva in parte sopito, le quali rischiano di guidare il Regno Unito verso la disgregazione. The purpose of this work is to reconstruct the framework of the processes that led to the granting of the devolution to the sub-state entities of the United Kingdom up to the most recent developments. Devolution is a mechanism that involves the transfer of legislative and executive powers to minor territorial entities that are part of a state. The reforms of the 1990s led the United Kingdom to the granting of a greater autonomy to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. In each area, the division of competences was carried out in an asymmetrical way, taking into account the territorial, political and cultural peculiarities of each nation. Brexit has highlighted some critical issues of the system that the granting of legislative and executive powers had partly allayed, which can lead the United Kingdom towards disintegration.

The need to understand, in practice, which tools can and implement governance policies adhering to the concept of sustainable development, places the interpreter in front of a series of questions: first of all, whether it is possible to transfer the principle of sustainable development from its Natural "habitat", the supranational dimension of a soft low tool, to positive law. To this first question it is possible to immediately provide a positive answer: the so-called Environmental Code, introduced into our legal system with d. lgs. 152 of 3 April 2006 in the first version did not contain any reference to sustainable development or to other environmental principles; only following the 2008 corrective (legislative decree 16 January 2008, n.4 which modified the legislative decree n.152) have they been codified. Art. 3 - quater is dedicated to sustainable development, in particular the first paragraph states "every human activity legally relevant under this code must comply with the principle of sustainable development, in order to ensure that the satisfaction of the needs of current generations cannot compromise the quality of life and the possibilities of future generations ". In the second paragraph, the legislator mainly addresses the activity of public administrations, sanctioning how it must "be aimed at allowing the best possible implementation of the principle of sustainable development, so that in the context of the comparative choice between public and private interests characterized by discretion interests in the protection of the environment and cultural heritage must be given priority consideration ". ; L'esigenza di comprendere, in concreto, quali strumenti possano e dare attuazione a politiche di governance aderenti al concetto di sviluppo sostenibile, pone l'interprete dinnanzi ad una serie di interrogativi: anzitutto, se sia possibile trasferire il principio di sviluppo sostenibile dal suo "habitat" naturale, la dimensione sovranazionale di strumento di soft low, al diritto positivo. A questo primo quesito è possibile fornire, da subito, una risposta positiva: il c.d. Codice dell'Ambiente,introdotto nel nostro ordinamento con d. lgs. 3 aprile 2006 n.152 nella prima versione non conteneva alcun riferimento allo sviluppo sostenibile né ad altri principi ambientali; solo a seguito del correttivo del 2008 (d.lgs.16 gennaio 2008, n.4 che ha modificato il d.lgs. n.152) essi sono stati codificati. L'art. 3 - quater è dedicato allo sviluppo sostenibile, segnatamente al I comma dispone "ogni attività umana giuridicamente rilevante ai sensi del presente codice deve conformarsi al principio dello sviluppo sostenibile, al fine di garantire che il soddisfacimento dei bisogni delle generazioni attuali non possa compromettere la qualità della vita e le possibilità delle generazioni future". Nel II comma il legislatore si rivolge principalmente all'attività delle pubbliche amministrazioni sancendo come essa debba "essere finalizzata a consentire la migliore attuazione possibile del principio dello sviluppo sostenibile, per cui nell'ambito della scelta comparativa tra interessi pubblici e privati connotata da discrezionalità gli interessi alla tutela dell'ambiente e del patrimonio culturale devono essere oggetto di prioritaria considerazione".

Librarian data stewards can propose an update of the SA 8000 standard by integrating as a crosscutting requirement the data stewardship for open science based on the European FAIR data guidelines and the GDPR directives for open data, pursuing the Agenda 2030 targets: Target 4.6 "Ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy"; Target 16.6 "Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels"; Target 16.10 "Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements".In the evolution of IoT (internet of things) related apps and tools, data driven algorithms are crucial. We therefore speak of IoD (internet of data) as a source for the experimental development of integrated and innovative applications in the environmental and energy services field, the healthcare sector, and also in the context of Smart Cities. For a correct and transparent management of the micro and macrosystemic information flow it becomes essential to share and aggregate different and interoperable sources.The librarian as data steward has the task of promoting cultural change towards shared research, acting on those who produce and reuse data. To this end, it is necessary to facilitate the technology transfer necessary for open science, through the synergy between stakeholders and data producers. ; I data steward bibliotecari possono proporre un aggiornamento dello standard SA 8000 integrando come requisito trasversale la 'data stewardship per la scienza aperta' basata sui principi dei FAIR data e i dettami del GDPR per gli open data, perseguendo i traguardi dell'Agenda 2030 delle Nazioni unite: Traguardo 4.6 "Assicurarsi che tutti i giovani e una parte sostanziale di adulti, uomini e donne, raggiungano l'alfabetizzazione e l'abilità di calcolo"; Traguardo 16.6 "Sviluppare istituzioni efficaci, responsabili e trasparenti a tutti i livelli"; Traguardo 16.10 "Garantire l'accesso del pubblico alle informazioni e proteggere le libertà fondamentali, in conformità con la legislazione nazionale e con gli accordi internazionali".La data stewardship in ambito scientifico oltrepassa la semplice accessibilità e usabilità del dato, puntando a nuovi livelli di interoperabilità con nuovi sistemi e piattaforme.Nell'evoluzione di app e strumenti legati all'IoT (internet of things o internet delle cose) sono determinanti algoritmi alimentati dai dati. Si parla quindi di IoD (internet of data) come fonte per lo sviluppo sperimentale di applicazioni integrate e innovative nel campo ambientale, sanitario, energetico, con implementazioni anche nelle smart city. Per una corretta e trasparente gestione del flusso informativo microsistemico e macrosistemico diviene indispensabile condividere e aggregare fonti diverse e interoperabili.Il bibliotecario come data steward ha il compito di promuovere il cambiamento culturale verso la ricerca condivisa, agendo su chi produce e su chi riusa i dati. Per questo obiettivo serve agevolare il trasferimento tecnologico necessario per la scienza aperta, tramite la sinergia tra stakeholder e produttori di dati.

Dottorato di ricerca in Memoria e materia delle opere d'arte attraverso i processi di produzione, storicizzazione, conservazione, musealizzazione ; Il lavoro di ricerca è rivolto al fenomeno del 'ritorno al mestiere', nell'intento di precisarne i contorni all'interno del più ampio orizzonte culturale del Ritorno all'Ordine, di cui costituisce uno dei principali cardini ideologici. Partendo dall'articolata riflessione condotta da Giorgio de Chirico nell'omonimo saggio Il ritorno al mestiere nel 1919, che ha il suo coronamento nel Piccolo trattato di tecnica pittorica del 1928, viene innanzitutto analizzata la fortuna della tecnica a tempera nei primi anni Venti, delineando un excursus che la vede passare dalla pittura da cavalletto alla pittura murale all'inizio degli anni Trenta. Contemporaneamente viene indagato lo sviluppo dell'interesse per l'antica tecnica dell'encausto, connesso all'enfasi generata dalla ripresa degli scavi nei siti archeologici di Pompei ed Ercolano, che dà luogo tra la fine degli anni Venti e i primi anni Trenta a un dibattito dalla doppia valenza teorica e pratica. In quest'ambito l'indagine si concentra sulla ricerca e la sperimentazione operate in particolare da Ferruccio Ferrazzi e Corrado Cagli. In un confronto che coinvolge le fonti scritte, le testimonianze orali e le indagini correlate ai restauri delle opere di alcune figure-chiave del periodo tra le due guerre mondiali, si ripercorre perciò lo sviluppo del recupero 'novecentesco' di queste tecniche del passato, rivelandone gli approcci talora fantasiosi e poco filologici, nelle loro interconnessioni con il dibattito artistico del periodo e con la politica culturale del regime fascista che si va affermando. Un'analisi da cui affiora un approccio 'etico' nei primi anni Venti, che accomuna il recupero dechirichiano della 'tempera grassa' a quello operato da altre figure di artisti (Felice Casorati, Carlo Levi, Gianfilippo Usellini, Alberto Savinio, Corrado Cagli, Afro Basaldella) fino all'aprirsi degli anni Trenta, poiché inteso come recupero della purezza dell'arte dei 'primitivi' in tutti i suoi aspetti (cioè non solo stilistico-formale ma anche tecnico-esecutivo), in un clima di superamento delle avanguardie storiche e di 'ricostruzione' dei valori dell'arte. Si mette dunque a fuoco come il 'ritorno al mestiere'] pervenga successivamente ad un approccio più ideologico, soprattutto a partire dai primi anni Trenta con il dibattito sulla 'rinascita della pittura murale', che coinvolge sia l'uso della tempera (intesa come 'tecnica italiana' da Savinio) che dell'encausto, da molti ritenuta erroneamente la tecnica della pittura pompeiana, quest'ultima anche in connessione con il recupero dell'idea di romanità operato dalla cultura di regime. ; This study examines the "Return to Craft" phenomenon within the wider cultural horizon of the Return to Order of which it represents one of the principal ideological aspects. The success tempera enjoyed at the beginning of the 1920s is analysed through an initial consideration of Giorgio de Chirico's extensive reflection on the subject in his 1919 essay by the same name, Il ritorno al mestiere (Return to Craft), a theme he developed definitively in his Piccolo trattato di tecnica pittorica (Small treatise on painting technique) in 1928. Additionally, the subsequent transfer of tempera from easel to mural painting, which occurred at the end of the 1920s and the start of the 1930s, is taken into consideration. The growing interest for the ancient painting technique of encaustic, inspired by the recommencement of excavations in Pompei and Ercolano, is also investigated, as well as how this interest gave way to a debate on the subject which dealt with both theory and practical aspects at the end of the 1920s and beginning of the 1930s. In this perspective particular attention is afforded to Corrado Cagli and Ferruccio Ferrazzi's research and experimentation. The material examined in this study includes written sources, oral testimony and research correlated to the restoration of artworks of a number of key figures from the period between the two World Wars. The study reveals a rather inventive and unphilological approach within the early Twentieth Century's recuperation of these ancient techniques in relation to the artistic debate going on at the time and to the increasingly dominant Fascist political cultural policy. At the start of the 1920s, an approach that can be defined as "ethical" is common to both Giorgio de Chirico's recovery of oil tempera emulsion and that of other artists (Felice Casorati, Carlo Levi, Gianfilippo Usellini, Alberto Savinio, Corrado Cagli, Afro Basaldella), insomuch as it was intended as a revival of the purity found in Italian Primitive Art. This recuperation continued until the start of the 1930s and comprehended not only stylistic and formal elements but also technical and operative aspects, in a cultural climate where the historic avant-garde was being surpassed and Art's values "rebuild". Focus is put onto how the "Return to Craft" succeeded an initially ideological approach, especially at the beginning of the 1930s with the debate regarding the "resurgence of mural painting" which involved both the use of tempera (which Savinio called "Italian technique") and encaustic painting, which many erroneously believed to be the technique used for the Pompeian wall paintings. The recuperation of encaustic painting is also examined in relation to the recovery of Roman ideals undertaken by the cultural regime.