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"The History of Bukhara", written by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ja'far Narshakhi (943-944 CE, with some addendums from 12th c. translators) has long been used as the main source for the study of Central Asian political, economic, urban and socio-cultural life in the early medieval period. The previous research on Central Asian urbanity emphasizes the role of the sedentary population of the cities in the larger Soghdiana region. Using Narshakhi's narrative as the main source, this paper investigates how the symbiotic relation of nomadic Turks and sedentary Sogdians impacted the emergence and the rise of pre-Islamic and Islamic Central Asian cities, and how this influence was manifest in such cities as Bukhara. By viewing Narshakhi's narrative in the light of Byzantine and Chinese sources, and comparing the different translations of the manuscript, this new paper sheds light on the nomad-sedentary relationship of Central Asian people in the urban milieu and beyond. This new perspective on Narshakhi's narrative will advance the readers' understanding of that nomad-sedentary relationship which is present in the political debates between modern-day Uzbeks and Tajiks – those who have inherited the civilization of medieval Central Asia. ; «История Бухары», написанная Абу Бакром Мухаммадом ибн Джафаром Наршахи (943–944 гг. н. э., с некоторыми добавлениями от переводчика12-го вв.), уже давно используется в качестве основного источника для изучения политических и экономических событий, городской и социально-культурной жизни Центрально Азиатских городов в раннем средневековье. Предыдущие исследования по урбанизации в Центральной Азии подчеркивают роль оседлого населения городов в регионе Согдиана. Используя манускрипт Наршахи в качестве основного источника, автор статьи рассматривает, как симбиотическое отношение кочевых Турок и оседлых Согдийцев повлияло на возникновение и рост доисламских и исламских Центрально Азиатских городов и как это взаимовлияние отражалось в урбанистической морфологии городов Централной Азии в примере Бухара. «История Бухары» в свете Византийских и Китайских источников проливает свет на отношения кочевников и оседлого населения в городской среде и за ее пределами. Эта новая перспектива книгу Наршахи будет способствовать пониманию особенности кочевого и оседлого отношения, которое присутствует в политических дебатах между современными узбеками и таджиками – те, кто унаследовал цивилизацию средневековой Средней Азии.

Die Ideale der Authentizität und der naturverbundenen, »ganzheitlichen« Lebensweise üben gegenwärtig eine starke Anziehungskraft aus - doch woher stammen sie, über welche Kanäle wurden sie verbreitet und was trägt zu ihrer Attraktivität bei?Thomas Tripolds ideengeschichtliche Studie geht diesen Fragen nach und untersucht die beiden Ideen in ihrer Kontinuität anhand von drei gegenkulturellen Bewegungen: Romantik, Lebensreform und Counter Culture der 1960er-Jahre in den USA. Die Rekonstruktion typischer sozialer (etwa spiritueller, künstlerischer oder sexueller) Praktiken, in denen sich diese Ideen manfestierten, veranschaulicht dabei das jeweilige Netz an Überzeugungen der Bewegungen.

The informatization of modern society motivates library management and staff to modernize their professional activities and apply various strategies to position a new, relevant image. As a consequence, libraries and many other cultural institutions are striving to move from faceless number designations to a strategically justified name, as it is one of the most important tools for forming a vivid brand. These phenomena are referred to by experts as "naming". A successful library name, if successfully positioned in general, attracts new audiences to the library and can increase the effectiveness of the cultural institution. There is a growing number of studies of the history and current activities of named libraries. Despite the large volume of thematic materials, the problem of terminological disunity in the researched topic is increasing. In this regard, the author justified the use of the term "naming" as a universal and the most accurate designation of the activity on creation and functioning of an effective name of an organisation, product or service. The author's generalised classification of approaches to the formation of names of public libraries (personified, toponymic and conceptual), which formed the basis for the study of current trends in naming in the Corporate Network of Public Libraries of St. Petersburg (CNPL SPb), is proposed. Personalised names are given to libraries named after writers and other important representatives of culture and art. Toponymic names characterize the relationship with the territory where the library is located. The conceptual variant of the name is connected with the reflection of the priority direction of the cultural institution's activity, as well as with associative names, the basis of which is a certain image. The study concluded that the concept of "named library" is increasingly used by specialists in the context of toponymic and conceptual naming. It was found that there are more named libraries in the CNPL SPb than numbered libraries, the prevalence of personified and conceptual naming was found, and the trend towards the further spread of named libraries was noted. The article is of interest to librarians, librarians, specialists and students of higher education institutions of culture.

The article reveals the connection between the creative method of M. Matyushin and the search for a new spirituality associated with the ideological and aesthetic searches of Russian modernism in the era of the Silver Age. The relevance of the article is due to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the heritage of the Russian avant-garde, because, in the Soviet period, everything that went beyond the method of socialist realism was excluded from public consideration. A new aesthetics of theatrical futurism emerged in 1913 in the experimental opera production "Victory over the Sun". In 1923, M. Matyushin formulated the program of "extended viewing", calling it "ZOR-VED", which came from the Russian words "Vision" + "Knowledge". The contemplative method he proposed, by analogy with Buddhist practices, made it possible to overcome the fragmentation of the reality perception. The observer was to go beyond the space-time limitations, while the boundaries between the object and the subject would become blurred, removing the animate / inanimate opposition, and an understanding of the integrity of the universe would be achieved. M. Matyushin perceived color as a complex phenomenon, depending on the illumination, color of the environment, movement. The result of the experiments conducted by Matyushin at the State Institute of Artistic Culture (GINHUK) was the "Guide to Color" (1932). The method of "extended viewing" brought closer a new era of comprehension of the world as a whole, foreshadowing a breakthrough in many areas of knowledge: the sciences of consciousness, philosophy, psychology and even physics. However, in the country of victorious socialism, the experiments, which anticipated the further development of the visual arts of the 20th century, were forcibly stopped. M. Matyushin continued his search for a new spatial aesthetics in his home theater. The novelty of the solution to the problems under consideration is due to the fact that the article introduces a whole layer of rejected culture of the first third of the 20th century into scientific use, analyzes the activities of the little-studied organic direction of the Russian avant-garde, and compares M. Matyushin's method of "extended viewing" with Buddhist practices.

The author analyzes virtual states in the contexts of identity markets. There is assumed that virtual states can play the role of both subjects and objects of modern symbolic exchange. The article shows that virtual states do not have a common definition, and those who study them offer different approaches ranging from economic to cultural, from social to anthropological. On the one hand, virtual states can sell their identities. The author presumes that markets can be defined as cultures, and cultures as markets. On the other hand, the virtual states' "products" that actualize their identity can also be goods. There is assumed that the processes of globalization and virtualization significantly changed the vectors and trajectories of identities development, turning them into a part of the market economy. The article assumes that the nation-state is gradually losing its monopoly right to represent the identity of the nation, and new actors are trying to challenge this right by proposing their own projects for identity development.The author believes that the emergence of virtual states in identity markets was the result of a performative turn and a craft revolution, for virtual states appeared as the consequences of economy craftivization, offering various mechanisms to monetize identities and turn them into sacred and symbolic political products. The author believes that the virtual state was caused by the craftivization of the serial mass identities proposed in the 19th century as in the age of nationalism. There is assumed that the virtual states were the attempts to challenge the regular state's monopoly inherited from the modern era to construct national identities. Therefore, the article analyzes the virtual states as attempts to revise the modern nation-state in the contexts of a cultural turn in the economy, which turned it into a sphere of production of meanings and identities. In general, the author considers virtual states as a new and alternative form of economic functioning, where the sense-making and meaning-generating constructs that invent and imagine new types and forms of identities become goods.

The article is devoted to the analysis of changes that are currently taking place in the sphere of higher education in connection with the active informatization of this most important component of human culture. It attempts to demonstrate that new information technologies essentially transform the framework of the traditional educational process, creating not only new opportunities, but also new problems. The importance of the educational process, its features, opportunities and perspectives in the ever-changing conditions of the information society makes it possible to place informatization of education among the most important strategic problems of the state. At the same time, informatization is a serious challenge to pedagogical science and the education system as a whole. The article emphasizes that the study of the specifics of information culture influence on this most important sphere of human activity faces many difficulties, one of which is that the educational process, like other self-organization processes, contains elements of unpredictability. The article shows that the widely held opinion about the opportunities of information technologies to dramatically strengthen the intellectual capabilities of young people and to activate their creative potential, increase their motivation for learning, its effectiveness and productivity is largely mythologized. The use of computer technology significantly transforms not only the communicative sphere of people, but also the mental, motivational and emotional ones, and forms a fundamentally new environment for development and functioning of mental processes. The carried out analysis of scientific researches on the psychological consequences of informatization allows us to characterize computer technologies as a new form of mediation, which substantially rebuilds the structure and dynamics of human activity. The article notes that the mechanisms of changes formation and their consequences are almost unstudied at present; at the same time, one thing is certain: the historically formed life styles and forms of human interaction undergo radical transformation. Development of informatization concepts in the education system should be carried out taking into account these and other risks.

The article studies the Alan-Abkhazian cultural contacts by analyzing architectural decorations of these peoples. Actuality of the study is determined by considering the architectural decorations as a cultural marker of Abkhazians and Alans in the period of the 8th—10th centuries. This point of consideration is primarily important for studying the material culture of the ethnic groups living in close proximity to the route of the Silk Road, which is regarded as a powerful catalyst for cultural exchange between the numerous tribes and peoples each having its own unique and diverse artistic skills. The article compares a number of artifacts: some fragments of the altar barrier from Anacopia (Republic of Abkhazia, New Athos) and some fragments of the altar barrier from the Ilyichevskoe Hillfort (Krasnodar Region, Otradnensky District). This allows the author to state that there existed common ornamental schemes in the monumental art of those peoples in the period preceding the 13th—14th centuries. The article analyzes the patterns and zoomorphic images of "animals in a heraldic pose" from the church on Mount Lashkendar (Republic of Abkhazia, Tkuarchalsky District), and a dog from the Alan tomb of the Kyafarskoe Hillfort (Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Zelenchuksky District), providing additional arguments for the animals' identifi cation. The author explores the system of images of the Alan tomb to determine the semantics of the dog's image in the Christian church's decoration and comes to the conclusion that the symbolism of the dog's image originates from pre-Christian beliefs (namely, those Zoroastrian). The article emphasizes the fruitfulness of studying the Alan-Abkhazian contacts using the example of architectural decoration: it makes possible to identify some images and specify their dates. The author offers a variant of identifi cation of the relief from Mount Lashkendar; defi nes the place of this unique monument in the course of formation of the original artistic culture of the Abkhazian Kingdom; notes the heterogeneous infl uences on this process, coming both from the territories of different regions of the Byzantine Empire (Constantinople, Cappadocia, etc.) and from Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia). The Alan-Abkhazian layer of cultural contacts is highlighted.

Artists through history have needed & benefitted from the stimulation of cultures new to them, & indeed, their art has been influenced by the milieu in which it was created. The creative & performing arts are presented as inherently international despite efforts of nationalists to promote the distinction of their own culture & even to bend it to particular political or religious beliefs. The choices facing would-be patrons of the arts & the type of programs abroad best suited to the artist are considered, followed by a review of the Instit of International Education's recent activities in the cultural area. Finally, a call is made to the international corporate community to shoulder its share of the funding burden. Modified HA.

In this article, some aspects of traditional political and juridically correct thinking in Colombia are analyzed in a critical perspective. Aspects that tend to overlap and disperse as loose pieces, considered innocuous, of the local constitutional history. Here the communicating vessels are established between the prejudices and topics usually exhibited in university law studies, and in the press, and the commonplaces repeated without shame in essays such as the recent and successful one. Why does Colombia fail? by Enrique Serrano (2016). The ideas that are developed are the following: a) The fallacy of the opposition between Bolívar and Santander, awarding to him the weapons and to this the laws as something more «natural» of the Colombian national being; b) The falsity of the Colombian democratic exemplary because it has not had military dictatorships like other Latin American countries; c) The forgetting of what has been and is the Law, which is so invoked, for the Colombian oligarchy. d) The always problematic Colombian social reality to which the Law can not and should not be alien. © 2018, Corporacion Universitaria Republicana. All rights reserved.

"Elisa Giomi and Sveva Magaraggia propose that men engage in violent conduct at a higher rate than women because they are socially and culturally 'programmed' to do so. Popular culture representations play a crucial role in this process: TV series, films, pop music and videos, advertising commercials and tabloids all tend to 'normalise' violence against women as an allegedly natural inclination of males. Violent women, on the other hand, are believed to transgress both criminal and 'natural' laws, according to which they are supposed to give life, not death. By examining popular culture's depiction of men and women in their opposite, yet complementary, roles of perpetrators and victims, the authors show unexplored interconnections, namely that gender 'does' violence and violence 'does' gender. Empirical evidence is presented drawing on the following case studies: - male violence in contemporary Italian pop music - female violence in crime TV series including The Killing (Denmark, 2007-2012),The Fall (UK, 2013-2016) and True Detective (USA, 2015) - the use and abuse of gendered violence in Italian and international advertising images such as billboards and posters - male and female intimate partner violence in factual entertainment (Who the (bleep) Did I Marry? (Investigation Discovery, 2010-2015))"--

Culture Studies is a broad and comprehensive term which includes Literature, Economics, Politics, Sociology, numerous Ideological influences, scientific, technological advancements and new communication technology. Due to the advent of Cultural studies the gap between the Humanistic Scholars and Social Scientists has been bridged. Anthropologists and Scholars of Humanities today thrive on an intellectual give and take. This is the beginning of an interdisciplinary approach to Knowledge.

The purpose of this study is to examine the literary work of Martin Kohan (Buenos Aires, 1967), prolific and increasingly renowned writer in contemporary Argentinian literature. We analyse the corpus – made up of the essential of his work: eight novels out of the nine published so far, La pérdida de Laura (1993), El informe. San Martín o el otro cruce de los Andes (1997), Los cautivos. El exilio de Echeverría (2000), Dos veces junio (2002), Segundos afuera (2005), Museo de la Revolución (2006), Ciencias morales (2007), Cuentas pendientes (2010); and two collections of short stories, Muero contento (1994), and Una pena extraordinaria (1998), mainly – from the perspective of antagonism, an essential pattern in terms of diegesis but also in terms of form. The starting point of this study is the observation of a constant within a diverse work: a dichotomous relationship made of incomprehension and sometimes violence between popular culture and literate culture. The first part of the thesis consists of a systematic analysis of the dichotomy in the five novels which explicitly explores this type of conflict. The second part examines other devices that tend to confirm the structuring role of antagonism throughout Kohan's fictions : love's defeat seems to express the fatality of misunderstanding, yet the depreciation of the middle characters and of consensus on the one hand, and the invigorating nature of conflicts when driven to their end on the other hand, reveal the positive and particularly dynamic aspect of antagonism. The last part focuses on the implications of this pattern which perbades to the point of becoming a necessity: on a political level– although Kohan's literature is not realistic, it activates the Marxist revolution by developing counter-power figures –; in literary terms, where antagonism proves a productive force. The hypertextual relation, set up especially with seminal national pieces, is an essential expression of this productivity but the dichotomy also operates at every level of writing, from ...

Culture or Ethnicity (being usually heterogeneous) are the subject of a practical action, such as classification and categorization of Others or through Others, or existing cognitive systems (the denoted and perceived principles of the social world). These scientific problems can be attributed to the national-cultural prerequisites for the realization of intercultural communication and the phenomenon of hybridization. The dynamically developing process of transformation of contemporary states (from national to polycultural-national) is a subject of interdisciplinary discussions. The existence of ethno-social problems, misunderstanding, alienation, intolerance (racism, xenophobia, etc.), conflicts and violence (nazism, fascism, national-socialism, totalitarianism) testifies to the destruction of past strategies of formation of the conceptions of national identity, cultural integrity and intercultural communication. It is necessary to invent some new theoretical basis to the multi-ethno-cultural practices appearing in the multicultural globalization environment.

The objective of this article is to contribute to the knowledge of the state of development of research on the incidence of indigenous culture in the mathematics curriculum from a political perspective. This research is of a documentary type developed with qualitative and interpretive methodology, which made use of content analysis with the Atlas.ti software. and the guiding question was in what way does indigenous culture affect the level of normative principles, institutions, and political praxis through the curriculum? The empirical material consisted of articles, undergraduate monographs, master's works, and doctoral theses, published between 2010 and 2020. The results are presented on three levels: at the level of ethical principles, recognition and respect for difference are proposed; At the institutional level, the flexibility of the curriculum is proposed to link other knowledge and practices, including the community, as well as reflect on values, beliefs and knowledge; and at the level of political praxis creative insubordination is proposed. ; El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir al conocimiento del estado de desarrollo de las investigaciones sobre la incidencia de la cultura indígena en el currículo de matemáticas desde una perspectiva política. Esta investigación es de tipo documental desarrollada con metodología cualitativa e interpretativa, la cual hizo uso del análisis de contenido con el software Atlas.ti. y la pregunta orientadora fue ¿de qué manera la cultura indígena incide en el nivel de los principios normativos, de las instituciones y de la praxis política a través del currículo? El material empírico fueron artículos, monografías de pregrado, trabajos de maestría y tesis doctorales, publicadas entre el año 2010 y 2020. Los resultados se presentan en tres niveles: en el nivel de los principios éticos se plantea el reconocimiento y respeto a la diferencia; en el nivel institucional se plantea la flexibilización del currículo para vincular otros saberes y prácticas, incluir a la comunidad, así como la reflexionar sobre valores, creencias y saberes; y en el nivel de la praxis política se propone la insubordinación creativa. ; O objetivo deste artigo é contribuir para o conhecimento do estado de desenvolvimento das pesquisas sobre a incidência da cultura indígena no currículo de matemática, de uma perspectiva política. Esta pesquisa é do tipo documental desenvolvida com metodologia qualitativa e interpretativa, que utilizou a análise de conteúdo com o software Atlas.ti. e a questão norteadora foi de que forma a cultura indígena afeta o nível de princípios normativos, instituições e práxis política por meio do currículo? O material empírico foi constituído por artigos, monografias de graduação, trabalhos de mestrado e teses de doutorado, publicados entre 2010 e 2020. Os resultados são apresentados em três níveis: ao nível dos princípios éticos propõe-se o reconhecimento e o respeito pela diferença; No nível institucional, a flexibilização do currículo é proposta para articular outros saberes e práticas, incluir a comunidade, bem como refletir sobre valores, crenças e saberes; e no nível da práxis política a insubordinação criativa é proposta.

Criminal justice systems must offer a solution to the social issue of the fear of crime, due to its possible repercussions in public areas, such as health, the economy and the interaction between civilians and justice systems. Therefore, high levels of the fear of crime can influence social behavior in public areas, and provide an excuse for the existence of private security services and private justice systems, bearing in mind that alternative promises of security can threaten democracy. The aim of this exploratory and correlational study is to show the levels of this fear, victimization and civic culture in university students sampled from five Hispano-American countries: Argentina, Colombia, El Salvador, Spain and Peru. Fear of crime levels and the perceived probability of victimization are shown by country, and the relationships between these variables are analyzed. Also, it was found that a higher level of civic culture is mainly associated with greater satisfaction with the police, a more stable emotional climate, less fear of crime, and to a lesser extent, less personal victimization. ; El miedo al delito es uno de los temas sociales a los que debe dar respuesta la política criminal de los países, por sus posibles repercusiones en los ámbitos públicos de la salud, la economía y la interacción de los ciudadanos con el sistema de justicia. Niveles altos de miedo al delito pueden afectar la conducta social en el espacio público, alimentar los sistemas de vigilancia privada, las formas privadas de justicia y amenazar la democracia a favor de alternativas que prometen seguridad. El objetivo de este trabajo exploratorio y correlacional es mostrar los niveles de miedo al delito, victimización y cultura ciudadana en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios (n=572) de cinco países iberoamericanos: Argentina, Colombia, El Salvador, España y Perú. Se muestran los niveles de temor al delito y probabilidad percibida de victimización por países. También, se halló que una mayor cultura ciudadana se asocia principalmente con mayor satisfacción con la Policía, con mejor balance de clima emocional, menos temor al delito y, en menor grado, con menor victimización personal. ; O medo ao delito é um dos temas sociais aos que deve dar resposta a política criminal dos países, por suas possíveis repercussões nos âmbitos públicos da saúde, a economia e a interação dos cidadãos com o sistema de justiça. Níveis altos de medo ao delito podem afetar a conduta social no espaço público, alimentar os sistemas de vigilância privada, as formas privadas de justiça e ameaçar a democracia a favor de alternativas que prometem segurança. O objetivo deste trabalho exploratório e correlacional é mostrar os níveis de medo ao delito, vitimização e cultura cidadã em uma mostra estudantes universitários (n=572) de cinco países ibero-americanos: A Argentina, a Colômbia, El Salvador, España e o Peru. Se mostram os níveis de temor ao delito e probabilidade percebida de vitimização por países. Também, se achou que uma maior cultura cidadã se associa principalmente com maior satisfação com a polícia, com melhor balanço de clima emocional, menos temor ao delito e, em menor grau, com menor vitimização pessoal.