Suchergebnisse

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of 'Dialogues' as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with 'others', which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, "dialogue" as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title 'translated' into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is continuously increasing both for military and civilian operations. The degree of automation inside an UAV has reached the capability of high levels of autonomy, increasing but human participation/action is still a requirement to ensure an ultimate level of safety for the mission. Direct remote piloting is often required for a board range of situations; this is true especially for larger UAVs, where a fault might be dangerous for the platform but even for the other entities of its environment (people, building etc.). Unfortunately the physical separation between pilot/operator and the UAV reduces greatly the situational awareness; this has a negative impact on system performance in the presence of remote and unforeseen environmental constraints and disturbances. This is why this thesis is dedicated to the study of means to increase the level of situational awareness of the UAV operator. The sense of telepresence is very important in teleoperation, and it appears reasonable, and it has already been shown in the literature, that extending the visual feedback with force feedback is able to complement the visual information (when missing or limited). An artificially recreated sense of touch (haptic) may allow the operator to better perceive information from the remote aircraft state, the environment and its constraints, hopefully preventing dangerous situations. This thesis introdues first a novel classification for haptic aid systems in two large classes: Direct Haptic Aid (DHA) and Indirect Haptic Aid (IHA), then, after showing that almost all existing aid concepts belong to the first class, focuses on IHA and tries to show that classical applications (that used a DHA approach) can be revised in a IHA fashion. The novel IHA systems produce different sensations, which in most cases may appear as exactly "opposite in sign" from the corresponding DHA; these sensations can provide valuable cues for the pilot, both in terms of improvement of performance and "level of appreciation". Furthermore, it will be shown that the novel cueing algorithms, which were designed just to appear "natural" to the operator, and not to directly help the pilot in his task (as in the DHA cases), can outperform the corresponding DHA systems. Three case studies were selected: obstacle avoidance, wind gust rejection, and a combination of the two. For all the cases, DHA and IHA systems were designed and compared against baseline performance with no haptic aid. Test results show that a net improvement in terms of performance is provided by employing the IHA cuse instead of both the DHA cues or the visual cues only. Both professional pilots and naïve subjects were used in some of the experiments. The perceived feelings transmitted by the haptic cues, strongly depend by the type of the experiment and the quality of the participants: the professional pilots, for instance, retained the DHA the most helpful force while they preferred IHA because they found it more natural and because they felt a better control authority on the aircraft; different results were obtained with naive participants. In the end, this thesis aim is to show that the IHA philosophy is a valid and promising alternative to the other commonly used, and published in the scientific literature, approaches which fall in the DHA category. Finally the haptic cueing for the obstacle avoidance task was tested in the presence of time delay in the communication link, as in a classical bilateral teleoperation scheme. The Master was provide with an admittance controller and an observer for force exerted by the human on the stick was developed. Experiments have shown that the proposed system is capable of standing substantial communication delays.

According to the common opinion, the status of base of operations accorded to Milan at the time of Gallienus prefigures the pre‐eminent role of the city that will emerge during the Tetrarchic age; notwithstanding, this historical period has been little investigated so far due to the scarcity of available documentation. Therefore, this paper aims to study the history of Milan and, more generally, of the Cisalpina between the invasion of the Alamanni in 259‐260 and the age of Diocletian. During these years, northern Italy seems to act as a driving force of macro‐regional events which concern the internal struggles to achieve the imperial power and the conflicts with those barbarians who were militarily active along the borders. Particular attention will be paid to Aureolus: his military ducatus, which was extended at least to the Raetia, prefigures the connection be‐ tween the Raetia and Italy that will be institutionalised in late antiquity. ; È opinione corrente che il ruolo di base operativa rivestito da Milano durante l'età di Gallieno anticipi quella preminenza della città poi affermatasi in età tetrarchica; questa fase tuttavia, anche a causa della scarsità della documentazione, è stata sinora poco indagata. Il contributo si propone pertanto di approfondire lo studio della storia della città, e più in generale della cisalpina, tra l'invasione degli Alamanni del 259‐260 e l'avvento di Diocleziano. In questi anni, l'Italia settentrionale appare il motore di eventi di portata macro‐regionale, che investono sia le lotte interne per la conquista della porpora, sia lo scontro con i barbari che premono sui confini. Particolarmente significativa appare l'esperienza di Aureolo, il cui ducato militare esteso perlomeno sino alla rezia preannuncia quel legame tra la rezia e l'Italia che verrà istituzionalizzato in epoca tardoantica.

Understanding the space deployed by communication technologies requires a political thinking that faces the new challenges posed by digital mediascape. Use these technologies without grasping the political feature, without deciphering the new conflicts that they stage, it means, on the one hand, remain subservient to the narcotic power of technology and, on the other, lack the dimension of contemporary politics. Many pre-texts related to the science fiction genre can be useful to develop such a reflection. Among the many stories, comics, films that lend themselves to the purpose, one of the founding texts was the novel Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson: it is still useful as a guide to understand the relationship between space of flows and space of places, the conflicts necessary to emergence of new subjectivities (hackers), the unfolding of a scene open to a plurality of distributions of the sensible. ; Comprendere lo spazio dispiegato dalle tecnologie di comunicazione richiede un pensiero politico all'altezza delle nuove sfide poste dal mediascape digitale. Utilizzare queste tecnologie senza coglierne la cifra politica e cioè senza decifrare i nuovi conflitti che esse mettono in scena significa, da un lato, rimanere asserviti al potere narcotico della tecnica e, dall'altro, mancare la dimensione della politica contemporanea. Possono essere utili a sviluppare una tale riflessione pre-testi espressivi legati al genere fantascienza. Tra i tanti racconti, fumetti, film che si prestano allo scopo, uno dei testi fondativi è stato il romanzo Snow Crash di Neal Stephenson: vale ancora come utile guida per affrontare il rapporto tra spazio dei flussi e spazio dei luoghi, i conflitti necessari all'emergere di nuove soggettività (gli hacker), il dispiegarsi di una scena aperta a una pluralità di partizioni del sensibile. ; Compreender o espaço utilizado pelas tecnologias de comunicação requer um pensamento político que confronte os novos desafios colocados pelo horizonte de media digital. Usar essas tecnologias sem entender a sua característica política, i.e., sem decifrar os novos conflitos que elas apresentam, significa, por um lado, permanecer submisso ao poder narcótico da tecnologia, e por outro lado, recusar-se a ver a dimensão da política contemporânea. Entre várias histórias, quadrinhos, filmes que se prestam a esse papel, um dos textos fundadores foi o romance Snow Crash de Neal Stephenson: ainda hoje se apresenta como um guia útil para compreender a relação entre espaço de partilhas [space of flows] e espaço de lugares, os conflitos necessários à emergência de novas subjetividades (hackers) e o desabrochar de uma cena que se abre à pluralidade das distribuições do sensível.

The definitive conquering of Pavia by the Viscontis occurred at the end of a complex and dramatic situation, that saw diverse actors play a role on the territorial scene of Pavia: the armies and fleets of the Viscontis, the territorial forces like the marquis from Montferrat, the élite management of the of the city and in particular the Beccaria family. The present essay scrutinises in depth the technical-military aspects as well as the political trends that were developed in the city. Under the first point of view, the interest is, therefore, focused on the 'block' that tightened the hold on the city, isolating the same, in the summer of 1356, on the battlefield fortifications and their dislocation, on the role of the fluvial fleets. In the second prospective, the counterblows that the events of the siege had on the community of Pavia, engaged in the last desperate defence for the autonomy of the city, sustained by the Augustinian friar Jacopo Bussolari as a preacher but also as a political leader: therefore, the political disagreements and contrasts emerged amongst the citizens, the mobilisation to arms but also the discharging. ; La conquista definitiva di Pavia da parte dei Visconti giunse alla fine di una vicenda complessa e drammatica, che vide diversi attori giocare un ruolo sullo scenario territoriale pavese: gli eserciti e le flotte viscontee, le potenze territoriali vicine come i marchesi di Monferrato, l'élite dirigente della città e in particolare la famiglia Beccaria. Il saggio esamina tanto gli aspetti tecnico-militari quanto la dinamica politica che si sviluppa in città. Sotto il primo punto di vista, l'interesse si appunta dunque sul 'blocco' che strinse la città, isolandola, nell'estate del 1356, sulle fortificazioni da campo e sulla loro dislocazione, sul ruolo della flotta fluviale Nella seconda prospettiva, si illustrano i contraccolpi che le vicende dell'assedio ebbero sulla società pavese, impegnata nell'ultima disperata difesa dell'autonomia municipale, sostenuta dal frate agostiniano Iacopo Bussolari in funzione di predicatore ma anche di leader politico: emergono dunque i dissensi e i contrasti politici tra i cittadini, la loro mobilitazione in armi, ma anche il fuoruscitismo.

Challenging the traditional argument that the French army in the 1650s was marked by significant developments in centralized administrative control, this article looks at the continuing importance of the interplay of three interest groups in determining the effectiveness of military operations: central governement; the generals and their military administrators; the regimental officers. It argues that in the Italian theatre these three interest groups proved unable to work together, and explores the consequences of this for strategy and military outcomes.

SDR, since its theoretical definition by J. Mitola, has been really appealing for the military communications. The possibility to move forward from the legacy radio devices, where all the functionalities were directly embedded in the hardware, towards a new type of radio that allows reconfigurability and flexibility is seen as a Deus ex machina in the complex and crowded panorama of tactical communications. The possibility to execute different waveforms on the same platform can potentially prolong the lifecycle of an operational radio for several years. The possibility to port the same waveform to different hardware, on the other hand, has twofold implications: it allows the re-use of the same waveform, maximizing the return on investment for the developers and, in addition, it allows decoupling the radio manufacturer from the software developer, potentially creating a new market for the waveforms development and procurement. Similarly to what has been commonly experienced in the smartphone market, where Apps are developed independently by the vendor of the terminal, in the future, SDR waveforms might be developed by different subjects, even outside Industry (e.g. universities and research centers) and then ported on an existing SDR platform. The "SDR revolution" is anyway not feasible as long as common development rules for waveforms and common interfaces between the waveform and the underlying hardwarewill be clearly defined. The most relevant contribution in this sense was the definition of the Software Communication Architecture (SCA), published and maintained by the Joint Tactical Networking Centre (JTNC). The SCA defined a set of requirements and rules both for the development of waveforms and for the software definition of processing elements and functions within the host platforms, though leaving to implementers the possibility to choose between different hardware and software solution for the implementation of a SCA-compliant SDR solution. SCA, rapidly became a de facto standard in the military panorama, as it has been widely adopted for the major military SDR programmes also in Europe, mainly in its version 2.2.2. SCA 2.2.2 was designed to meet the stringent requirement of military communications, in terms of security,timing accuracy, real time behavior and it was not able to spread widely outside this context for several years, mainly because of the overhead it imposes to the applications. Today SCA, in its version 4.1, has been published in the US as an emerging standard and its evolution is also supported by the Wireless Innovation Forum. One of the goal of the SCA 4.1 is to define profiles that allows its implementation in devices with limited processing resources, meeting the needs of small form factor devices in the military context and projecting towards applications outside the military. Nevertheless, some other emerging standards are facing the military SDR market, as possible alternatives to SCA. From the point of view of a procurement agency (like MoDs are in the context of military communications),SDR offers significant benefits but, at the same time, it raises new issues and challenges. First, the transition to the software implementation of some functions of the radio platform, requires the development of new testing skills inside the Defence panorama. Each service (i.e. Armed Force) in the Italian Defence, developed during the years, its verification and validation (V&V) facilities, holding a proven experience in the testing methodologies for military radios. The transition to SDR requires that radio testing skills are enhanced with software verification and signal processing skills, as many of the function of new radios are not only performed in software but they also offer the possibility to perform inspection on their behavior. The military procurement strategy for SDR is today closely linked to SCA-based architectures. For these architectures new waveforms have been developed. The ability to test these waveforms,prior to their porting on the final hosting platforms, requires the verification of the compliance of the software modules to the rules of the underlying software architecture (SCA-based). This means that the verification strategy shall comprise the ability to verify that the SCA implementation of a software component is properly performed, assuring future compatibility of the component with the other elements of the waveform and of the platform. After the aforementioned V&V steps, carried out usually during the development of the SDR system or of one of its component (platform, waveform), the complete system is usually delivered to the test facility to undergo a number of tests analogous to that performed on the legacy systems: they span from testing the behavior of the radio over the air, to environmental and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, to interoperability testing with existing communication systems, where applicable. These activities are usually performed through "live fire exercise", how they are called in military jargon: the system is deployed into an environment that tries to recreate as much as possible the operational scenario and tested under realistic conditions, by the operators that will employ it in real operations soon afterwards. In response to these needs, the Italian MoD has identified the development of a governmental capability for SDR V&V as a strategic pillar and has consequently funded the establishment of a dedicated laboratory (called LANCERS), based on a cooperation between CSSN ITE, a research and experimentation center of the Italian Navy located in Livorno and CNIT (Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni) where experimentation and research on tools and technicques for SDR V&V are performed. The laboratory has developed with the time also some collaboration with industries involved in the SDR market. This work summarizes the outcomes of the activities carried out in the LANCERS laboratory, regarding methodologies, tools and experimentation oriented to V&V of military SDR. After providing a brief overview of the major programmes and stakeholders of the military SDR panorama in chapter 1, an analysis of the domains of application of the T&E strategies for SDR will be identified in Chapter2. Chapter 3 will provide an in depth description of the tools and procedures developed at LANCERS lab for military SDR test and evaluation. Different tools, addressing the needs of different phases of SDR development, will be presented, together with the design process that brought to their creation and some results of real applications of these tools. Chapter 4 will present a field testing campaign performed as a necessary complement to the lab test activities listed in chapter 3. Chapter 5 will draw the conclusions and present future work plans for further improving the tools and procedures presented. For some testing activities the presentation of the results will be limited, due to the fact that the disclosure of information related to some particular SDR product is at the moment of writing this thesis yet subject to restrictions. Provided results will be anyway sufficient to provide the reader with a good understanding of the functionalities and applicability of the presented tools and procedures.

The areas on the banks of Garda Lake are characterized by the presence of many castles and military defensive facilities watching the lake from the top of the mountains. Every shore of the Lake shows his belonging to different ancient supremacies. That is evident because the various lakefronts have unique, architectural and morphological details and this radically characterizes the local landscape although the Lake has the rule of a linking element for the territory. Coming through the analysis of the topic concerned on military facilities and studying the scope that fortifications have had from the moment in which they have been built till today, it is possible to understand which enhancement and protection strategies are employed now. Going backwards supremacy facts, old military engagements and battles among the conquerors on the Lake banks, on which there is a plenty of documents, it is feasible to define the new political orders that have defined the fortifications future. Therefore, if along the Verona coast the military facilities have been swamped with modern artillery making end to the Scaligero domination, on Brescian coast the fortifications loss their importance under the "pacific" Venetian control, becoming useless and people weren't sensitive to maintain them. The city walls have been destroyed and also the houses inside their perimeter. The fortified towers were turned into churches bell towers, the constructions and free areas were converted to new recreational and useful purposes such as squares, city halls, community centers and also cemeteries. At the beginning of XXth century above Venetian coast, urban development and tourism were braked by city walls and politicians would destroyed the old walls with the aim to create free access to villages. The possibility to see the lake from the villages favored the foreign industry as the new source of income. The Ministry of National Education restored, in the same time, two very important castles: the Sirmione and Lazise Fortress. These two National monuments became political symbols. The local patriots recognized these old military architectures like icon to remember when Italy was politically free. There were many examples of rebuilding of medieval style and the castles became important tourist attractions. In Brescian area castles and fortifications had a positive fate. In the second half of the XXth century a new interest was born above military architectures. A desire to regenerate these types of buildings supported the decision to call this lakefront "Riviera dei Castelli". The activities carried out by Public Administrations have been gone in the direction of requalification and programmed management of the asset. The specific constructional features, the designs, the similar materials, the degradation issues were been the reason to optimize the work. The solutions to resolve the problems were similar, so the local authorities maximized the financial, planning, human, social resources. This decision was soon recognized and appreciated by Cariplo Foundation and they decided to finance part of the conservation works. At the same time the Polpenazze del Garda city council activated a big conservative plan already started. This project was organized in tree parts. The first step regarded to convert the enclosed spaces into City Council. This operation was careful. The focus of the restoration plan was to recognize the signs of military history with the aim to remember the old political role (in this building the "vicinia" decided the government of the village). The second aspect concerns about urban renewal of the area inside the walls perimeter. At the end, the last activity is the regeneration and development of the urban park outside the walls.

L'esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell'Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l'effettività militare dell'esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un'analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell'istituzione militare del Regno d'Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l'apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell'esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d'origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d'archivio della Secrétairerie d'état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d'Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l'esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell'Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell'invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive. ; The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army's behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d'état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

Abstract Negli ultimi anni, il campo della tecnologia dell'informazione ha ricoperto sempre di più un ruolo maggioritario. I progressi nel settore hanno suscitato l'interesse nei confronti del cyberspace, attualmente un nuovo dominio della conflittualità. Infatti, l'incremento di attacchi informatici, soprattutto nelle operazioni belliche, ha alimentato la preoccupazione delle principali potenze mondiali nazionali che a causa dell'assenza di conoscenze dettagliate nel campo non dispongono di risorse adeguate. A differenza di altri scritti accademici, questo elaborato affronta un'analisi completa dei documenti primari e della letteratura inerente. Fornisce una panoramica generale, tramite un excursus storico, delle questioni sollevate a carattere giuridico; inoltre indaga se e in che modo le norme del diritto internazionale si applicano alle operazioni dello spazio cibernetico. Partendo dalla definizione di cyberspace si pone il problema di delineare una disciplina giuridica analizzando in un primo momento le vulnerabilità che tale settore comporta, le minacce alla sicurezza informatica con le relative contro minacce, le potenziali armi cibernetiche e i principali eventi internazionali. Vengono prese in esame le operazioni informatiche relative allo Jus ad bellum e Jus in bello: in particolare i tradizionali concetti di "uso della forza", "legittima difesa" e "conflitto armato". Si prosegue con l'analisi della possibile applicazione dei principi del diritto internazionale umanitario evidenziandone tuttavia i suddetti limiti, e da ultimo, si descrivono le cyber strategies delle grandi potenze internazionali, dell'Unione Europea e dell'Italia con particolare riguardo alla Direttiva NIS e al recente Perimetro di Sicurezza Nazionale Cibernetica del DPCM 131/2020. Se da una parte, quindi, l'elaborato attesta l'ubiquità del dominio cibernetico e il suo crescente utilizzo a scopi politici e militari costituendo una tangibile minaccia per la sicurezza internazionale, dall'altra mostra la necessità impellente di un accordo tra gli Stati ai fini di tutelarsi maggiormente sul governo del cyberspazio. In recent years, the field of information technology has increasingly played a major role. Progresses in the sector have sparked interest in cyberspace, currently a new domain of warfare. In fact, the increase in cyber-attacks, especially in war operations, has nourished the concern of the main national world powers who, due to the lack of in-depth knowledge in the field, do not have adequate resources. Unlike other academic writings, this paper deals with a comprehensive analysis of primary documents and inherent literature. It provides a general overview through an historical excursus of the legal matters raised and investigates whether and how the rules of international law apply to cyberspace operations. Starting from the definition of cyberspace, the problem is mainly on defining a legal discipline by analyzing the vulnerabilities that this sector entails, the threats to cybersecurity with the relative counter threats, the potential cyber weapons, and the main international events. We continue with the analysis of the IT operations in connection to the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello principles through the study of the traditional concepts of "use of force", "self-defense" and "armed conflict". Then, we lead to the analysis of the possible application of the principles of international humanitarian law, by also highlighting its limits, and we conclude with a close look into the cyber strategies of the main international powers, the European Union and the case of Italy, taking into consideration the NIS Directive and the recent National Cyber Security Perimeter of DPCM 131/2020. Therefore, the paper attests to the ubiquity of cyber domination and its growing use for political and military purposes, constituting a tangible threat to international security, however, it shows the urgent need for an agreement between the States to better protect themselves on the government of cyberspace.

National audience ; Internet sta rivoluzionando la nostra società e la nostra economia, favorendo l'interazione, lo scambio di idee, la condivisione delle informazioni, creando nuove modalità di coinvolgimento politico e sociale e di scambio economico e commerciale. Spazio cibernetico (Cyberspace) è il termine convenzionalmente usato per riferirsi all'ambiente all'interno del quale avvengono le operazioni che fanno uso di Internet. La riduzione dei costi di accesso alla rete e lo sviluppo del- la banda larga comporteranno un'ulteriore crescita del cyberspace, rendendolo un fattore sempre più cruciale per la crescita economica e sociale.L'aumento della dipendenza dal cyberspace, da un lato offre nuove opportunità, dall'altro introduce nuove minacce. Il cyberspace rende possibili mercati nazionali e transnazionali più aperti; tale apertura rende però i sistemi informatici su cui esso si basa più vulnerabili agli attacchi di quanti (criminali, hacker, terroristi) intendono comprometterli, danneggiarli o sfruttarli per ottenere, in modo fraudolento, informazioni personali o commerciali. Va anche considerato che questi eventi malevoli possono accadere in modo quasi istantaneo a livello planetario e avere origini in luoghi fisicamente lontani o comunque esterni al- le organizzazioni colpite; reati come la frode e il furto di segreti industriali oggi possono essere commessi a distanza e su larga scala in pochi secondi.Quanto appena detto fa capire che sviluppare nuove capacità e nuovi strumenti per migliorare la sicurezza cyber del sistema Paese rappresenta una sfida nazionale della massima importanza per la crescita e per il benessere e la sicurezza dei cittadini. La correlazione tra prosperità economica di una nazione e la qualità delle sue infrastrutture cyber sarà sempre più stretta e un paese, per sta- re nel gruppo delle nazioni più sviluppate, dovrà migliorare la sicurezza cyber nella società, nel sistema industriale e nella pubblica amministrazione.Il miglioramento delle difese del cyberspace sarà pertanto uno ...

National audience ; Internet sta rivoluzionando la nostra società e la nostra economia, favorendo l'interazione, lo scambio di idee, la condivisione delle informazioni, creando nuove modalità di coinvolgimento politico e sociale e di scambio economico e commerciale. Spazio cibernetico (Cyberspace) è il termine convenzionalmente usato per riferirsi all'ambiente all'interno del quale avvengono le operazioni che fanno uso di Internet. La riduzione dei costi di accesso alla rete e lo sviluppo del- la banda larga comporteranno un'ulteriore crescita del cyberspace, rendendolo un fattore sempre più cruciale per la crescita economica e sociale.L'aumento della dipendenza dal cyberspace, da un lato offre nuove opportunità, dall'altro introduce nuove minacce. Il cyberspace rende possibili mercati nazionali e transnazionali più aperti; tale apertura rende però i sistemi informatici su cui esso si basa più vulnerabili agli attacchi di quanti (criminali, hacker, terroristi) intendono comprometterli, danneggiarli o sfruttarli per ottenere, in modo fraudolento, informazioni personali o commerciali. Va anche considerato che questi eventi malevoli possono accadere in modo quasi istantaneo a livello planetario e avere origini in luoghi fisicamente lontani o comunque esterni al- le organizzazioni colpite; reati come la frode e il furto di segreti industriali oggi possono essere commessi a distanza e su larga scala in pochi secondi.Quanto appena detto fa capire che sviluppare nuove capacità e nuovi strumenti per migliorare la sicurezza cyber del sistema Paese rappresenta una sfida nazionale della massima importanza per la crescita e per il benessere e la sicurezza dei cittadini. La correlazione tra prosperità economica di una nazione e la qualità delle sue infrastrutture cyber sarà sempre più stretta e un paese, per sta- re nel gruppo delle nazioni più sviluppate, dovrà migliorare la sicurezza cyber nella società, nel sistema industriale e nella pubblica amministrazione.Il miglioramento delle difese del cyberspace sarà pertanto uno ...

National audience ; Internet sta rivoluzionando la nostra società e la nostra economia, favorendo l'interazione, lo scambio di idee, la condivisione delle informazioni, creando nuove modalità di coinvolgimento politico e sociale e di scambio economico e commerciale. Spazio cibernetico (Cyberspace) è il termine convenzionalmente usato per riferirsi all'ambiente all'interno del quale avvengono le operazioni che fanno uso di Internet. La riduzione dei costi di accesso alla rete e lo sviluppo del- la banda larga comporteranno un'ulteriore crescita del cyberspace, rendendolo un fattore sempre più cruciale per la crescita economica e sociale.L'aumento della dipendenza dal cyberspace, da un lato offre nuove opportunità, dall'altro introduce nuove minacce. Il cyberspace rende possibili mercati nazionali e transnazionali più aperti; tale apertura rende però i sistemi informatici su cui esso si basa più vulnerabili agli attacchi di quanti (criminali, hacker, terroristi) intendono comprometterli, danneggiarli o sfruttarli per ottenere, in modo fraudolento, informazioni personali o commerciali. Va anche considerato che questi eventi malevoli possono accadere in modo quasi istantaneo a livello planetario e avere origini in luoghi fisicamente lontani o comunque esterni al- le organizzazioni colpite; reati come la frode e il furto di segreti industriali oggi possono essere commessi a distanza e su larga scala in pochi secondi.Quanto appena detto fa capire che sviluppare nuove capacità e nuovi strumenti per migliorare la sicurezza cyber del sistema Paese rappresenta una sfida nazionale della massima importanza per la crescita e per il benessere e la sicurezza dei cittadini. La correlazione tra prosperità economica di una nazione e la qualità delle sue infrastrutture cyber sarà sempre più stretta e un paese, per sta- re nel gruppo delle nazioni più sviluppate, dovrà migliorare la sicurezza cyber nella società, nel sistema industriale e nella pubblica amministrazione.Il miglioramento delle difese del cyberspace sarà pertanto uno ...