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The article is devoted to the events that took place on the Crimean peninsula during the Eastern War (1853-1856) beyond the main battle fields. The author describes overall picture of what was happening in the Crimean cities on the background of heroic defense of Sevastopol, names cities which experienced invasion and tells about the consequences of their occupation. The article mainly focuses on Simferopol and Bakhchisaray as the front-line cities that played a significant role in defense of Sevastopol and experienced all the consequences of military actions on the Crimean peninsula. The author names the famous participants of the Crimean War whose lives were closely connected with those cities, and tells about historical monuments related to the events of those years. The aforementioned participants include the famous writers L. N. Tolstoy and N. V. Berg, who spent significant amount of time in those cities during the war. Another personality that draws the author's close attention is N.I. Pirogov, a surgeon whose professional activity on the peninsula at that time was tightly connected with Simferopol. The article also tells about active participants of military operations – generals P.A. Vrevskiy and P.V. Veimarn who lost their lives during the battle at the Chornaya river and were buried in Bakhchisaray. The author believes that knowledge of events that were happening on the entire territory of the Crimean peninsula substantially improves our understanding of the scale of the Crimean War, reveals the drama of the War and its impact on nations, cities and individuals – whether well-known to us or not – and provides additional material for patriotic education. The article describes in detail the work on preservation of memorials of the Crimean War and promotes the attitude of care towards the monuments located all over the Crimean peninsula.

Due to the nature of modern military-police operations, to actions taken and tasks to be solved, the article considers the legal basis to carry out such operations in the territory of our country and abroad. The authors of the article show the possible ways to improve related sections of the state and international law. ; Исходя из характера современных военно-полицейских операций, предпринимаемых в них действий и решаемых задач, в статье рассматриваются нормативные правовые основания их проведения на территории нашей страны и за рубежом. Показаны возможные пути совершенствования соответствующих разделов государственного и международного права.

The paper, written on the basis of all-Russian sociological surveys in 2021-2023, examines the attitude of Russian society to the Special Military Operation in Ukraine (SMO). On the basis of the comparison of empirical data characterising this attitude, the dynamics of the attitude towards the SMO is studied. A detailed description of socio-psychological differences in Russians' assessment of the special military operation, its consequences, as well as the impact of the SMO on the social behaviour of Russians is given. An analysis of correlations between the relevant sociological indicators allows the authors to create a social typology of these differences and to explain their emergence in the context of value orientations, world outlook, personal life successes, trust in authorities of different levels and emotional dominance in the perception of Russian reality. A sociological characterisation of Russians' involvement in various forms of support for the participants of SMO and their families, in particular, in the development of the volunteer movement, is given. The article pays special attention to analysing the connection between the variety of views on Russia's development paths and the differences in the assessments of its policy and its actions in Ukraine. Based on empirical research, the authors show that the implementation of the SMO has influenced the balance of opinion on Russia's development model in the direction of an increase in the share of its citizens who believe that Russia is a separate civilisation and should not live according to the rules set by the West. The ongoing dispute between the adherents of the country's original way of development and their Westernoriented opponents has to a greater or lesser extent affected the assessment of various aspects of the SMO and its consequences. However, the line of demarcation between these historical traditions does not overlap with the line of demarcation of positions on the SMO, which has not led to a frontal split in Russian society.

Mastering the art of accumulated knowledge by mankind could not take place spontaneously, outside of any organized system. The function of creating an education system assumes the state policy in the field of education and defines the structure and relationship of the elements of this system and directions (outlooks) of its development. The modernization of military education in Russia is an objective social need, as a response to challenges of the twenty-first century. Russia's civilized development like others involved in the process of globalization is to build the foundations of the information society. In such circumstances there is an objective need for the modernization of social institutions including the Institute of military education and science. Knowledge and skills are the key expertise of the modern system of education, training and retraining. In this context, training of highly qualified military specialists, and modernization of military education and sciencean the requirements of the time. Science has always paved the way towards humanity. Military science as its integral part is ahead of development of military affairs, determines the direction and future features of the armed forces, the realities. Dynamics of development of military affairs in the world, the introduction of achievements of military science into day-to-day operations and combat use of troops, the improvement of military technology, as well as the scope of the military preparations of the leading countries in the world and exacerbation of the military-political situation in a number of regions make clear that it is impossible to train the modern officer using the old baggage, largely inherited from the Soviet army and intended for very different realities. This applies to both military and doctrinal views and technical base of training. ; Освоение современного объема накопленных человечеством знаний не может происходить стихийно, вне какой-либо организованной системы. Функцию создания такой системы образования берет на себя государство, которое формирует политику в области образования, определяет структуру и взаимосвязь элементов этой системы, направления (перспективы) ее развития [1]. Процесс модернизации военного образования и науки в России является объективной социальной потребностью как ответ вызовам ХХI века. Россия в своем цивилизационном развитии, как и другие страны, вовлеченная в процесс глобализации, идет к формированию основ информационного общества. В таких условиях имеется объективная потребность в модернизации социальных институтов, в том числе института военного образования и науки. Знания и профессиональные навыки - ключевые ориентиры современной системы образования, подготовки и переподготовки кадров. В этом контексте подготовка высококвалифицированных военных специалистов, вместе с тем модернизация военного образования и науки - веление времени. Наука всегда прокладывала человечеству путь вперед. Военная наука как ее составная часть находится на острие развития военного дела, определяет направления и перспективные черты вооруженных сил, соответствующие реалиям. Динамика развития военного дела во всем мире, неуклонное внедрение достижений военной науки в повседневную деятельность и боевое применение войск, совершенствование военных технологий, а также масштаб военных приготовлений ведущих стран мира и обострение военно-политической обстановки в ряде регионов делают очевидным, что невозможно подготовить современного офицера на старом багаже, во многом унаследованном от Советской армии и предназначенном для совершенно иных реалий. Это касается как военно-доктринальных взглядов, так и технической базы обучения.

The purpose of the article is to analyse problems arising from applying the rules of International Humanitarian Law in cyberspace, particularly the problems of ratione materiae and ratione temporis of this branch of Public International Law in cyberspace. The rapid development of cyber technologies that can be used within an armed conflict affirm the applicability of this research. The existence of "The Tallinn Manual 2.0" on International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations also confirms the impact of this topic on the modern world. The fact that parties in armed conflicts use new technologies in cyberspace does not affect the applicability of IHL rules to such military actions. In the context of this issue, a key question which instigates scientific discussion is that of which cyber operations are subject to the regulation of the law of cyber armed conflicts. The urgent need to study this problem stems from the fact that cyberspace is not an ordinary theatre of war, with the means and methods of warfare used in it being in no way related to the traditional use of armed force; given this quality of cyber operations, it is essential to understand which areas may be subject to IHL. The article analyses two main doctrinal points of view in relation to this problem; as this doctrine (in the context of this issue) also addresses the legal qualification of cyber-attacks, the article also raises this topical issue. Based on the results of this analysis, the author concludes that, despite all the evidence of theoretical conclusions regarding the problems under analysis, they still do not seem comprehensive due to the lack of relevant state practice, which needs to be developed. ; Целью статьи является анализ таких проблем применения норм международного гуманитарного права (МГП) в киберпространстве, как проблема ratione materiae и ratione temporis данной отрасли международного публичного права в киберпространстве. Актуальность исследования подтверждается стремительным развитием информационных технологий, которые могут быть ...

The paper considers preparation procedure and accomplishment of the «Bagration» operation. Role of interaction of three Belarussian and the 1-st Baltic Fronts with members of underground organizations and guerilla formations in the defeat of hostile forces is given in the paper. The paper also shows military and political significance of the Republic liberation in 1944. ; Рассматривается ход подготовки и проведения операции «Багратион», раскрывается роль взаимодействия трех Белорусских и 1-го Прибалтийского фронтов с подпольщиками и партизанскими соединениями Беларуси в разгроме вражеских сил, показано военно-политическое значение освобождения республики в 1944 г.

The main requirement to imitating modeling of military operations adequacy. Proceeding from it is necessary that the behavior of modeling objects has been as much as possible approached to behavior of real objects in the same conditions of conditions or, at least, did not contradict logic of common sense and requirements of authorized documents. It creates necessity of working out of the mechanism, allowing to formalize administrative experience of commanders of corresponding levels and automatically to deduce decisions, on the basis of parameters of a current situation and preliminary set solving rules.As a rule, in decision-making process, the commander operates with difficult formalizable information at level of complex categories. Contrary to it, the object condition in modeling system is described in the form of a set of values of concrete parameters. For transformation of set of parameters of objects to parameters of higher level the method of the analysis of hierarchies is used.Thus there is the second problem demanding the permission synthesis of the device of decision-making on the basis of the received complex concepts. Use of the mechanism of an indistinct logic conclusion for this purpose is offered. In this case preference of a choice of this or that variant of behavior is set depending on character of crossing of the indistinct sets defined by the expert which functions of an accessory are constructed on axes generated before complex parameters. In quality konsekvents solving rules in advance generated strategy of behavior of modeling objects in this connection in offered algorithm actually there is no stage defuzzyfication act, and for accumulation of the conclusions the formula of algebraic association isused. The offered approach allows to carry out an automatic choice of alternative of behavior during modeling without participation of the operator. ; Главное требование к имитационному моделированию военных действий – адекватность. Исходя из этого необходимо, чтобы поведение модельных объектов было максимально приближено к поведению реальных объектов в тех же условиях обстановки или, как минимум, не противоречило логике здравого смысла и требованиям уставных документов. Это создает необходимость разработки механизма, позволяющего формализовать управленческий опыт командиров соответствующих уровней и автоматически выводить решения на основании параметров текущей ситуации и предварительно заданных решающих правил.Как правило, в процессе принятия решений, командир оперирует сложно формализуемой информацией на уровне комплексных категорий. В противоположность этому, состояние объекта в системе моделирования описывается в виде набора значений конкретных параметров. Для преобразования множества параметров объектов в параметры более высокого уровня предлагается использовать метод анализа иерархий.Вторая задача, требующая своего разрешения, синтез аппарата принятия решений на основе полученных комплексных понятий. Для этого предлагается использование механизма нечеткого логического вывода. В этом случае предпочтительность выбора того или иного варианта поведения задается в зависимости от характера пересечения определенных экспертом нечетких множеств, функции принадлежности которых построены на осях сформированных ранее комплексных параметров. В качестве консеквентов решающих правил выступают заранее сформированные стратегии поведения модельных объектов, в связи с чем в предлагаемом алгоритме фактически отсутствует этап дефаззификации, а для аккумулирования заключений используется формула алгебраического объединения. Предлагаемый подход позволяет осуществлять автоматический выбор альтернативы поведения в ходе моделирования без участия оператора.

197 military men, virus A hepatitis patients, have been examined during military operations. The leading role of water way transfer of hepatitis A virus has been stated as well as the high level of morbidity. Epidemiological and clinicallaboratory pecularities of disease course have been revealed, efficiency of biological stimulator pyrogenal in complex treatment has been marked. The use of pyrogenal has provided the duration reduction of intoxication, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and has promoted the quick biochemical indices normalization, clinical-biochemical recovery and reduction of military patient stay in hospital. ; Обследовано 197 военнослужащих, больных вирусным гепатитом А, в условиях боевых действий. Установлена ведущая роль водного пути передачи в распространении вируса гепатита А и высокая заболеваемость военнослужащих. Выявлены эпидемиологические и клинико-лабораторные особенности течения заболевания, отмечена эффективность биологического стимулятора пирогенала в комплексном лечении. Применение пирогенала обеспечило сокращение продолжительности интоксикации, желтухи, гепатомегалии, способствовало быстрой нормализации биохимических показателей, клинико-биохимическому выздоровлению и уменьшению сроков пребывания больных военнослужащих в стационаре.

An information society sets new vectors for the development of all socio-political and socio-economic institutions. The efficiency and professionalism with which these institutions implement communication technologies into their practices and adapt to challenges of the modern world determine its potential and further development. This article examines the operation of such a socio-political institution as a "think tank", given conditions of the internet's ever growing importance and the expansion of social media. Traditionally "think tanks", or "analytical centers", are considered by political experts and specialists in international affairs to be components of political systems, however, the expansion and development of such organizations all around the world, together with their increasing functional capacity, leads to the need for interpreting the place and role in society of such think tanks from a sociological standpoint. This article examines them as a socio-political institution, which simultaneously generates and conveys information which is of importance to both the government and society. The main function of such an institution is designated as "communicative", which encompasses the social potential of think tanks as a crucial component to developing social awareness and democracy. In order to evaluate the operation of Russia's analytical centers, the author refers to the "Global Go To Think Tank Index" global ranking. Russian analytical centers are generally held in high regard by foreign experts, despite them possessing a few peculiar traits. Most of these Russian think tanks are affiliated with branches of the government, or exist within scientific institutions under the Russian Academy of Sciences or certain higher educational facilities, while being funded by the government. Their scope of research-analytical activity primarily includes issues such as foreign policy, international affairs, and global economy. As for sociological analysis of the processes occurring within society, only fragments of the former are present in the agenda of Russian think tanks. Analytical centers have an inconsequential presence in media space. They barely use modern communication technologies, which affects the isolation of the expert community from society.

The paper covers operations features of Huntington Ingalls Industries, one of the leading contractors of the US Department of Defense (DoD), in terms of financial performance and business outlook. In general, taking into account the increase in the DoD budget and the increase in appropriations for the procurement of military equipment and weapon systems, as well as R&D, we can say that this had a positive impact on companies of the US military–industrial complex as a whole (both larger and smaller) and led to improved financial performance and level of investment attractiveness. At the same time, it is quite obvious that the high growth rates of the DoD budget cannot be maintained for a while, which in the long run presents significant risks for the companies, as it can lead to a decrease in funding and the volumes of government contracts. Since there are a significant number of studies and publications for large companies in the sector, the author puts emphasis on smaller companies, the number of papers on which is small, but analysis on which is important because of their role and functions in the US military–industrial complex. These include Huntington Ingalls Industries, which specializes in the implementation of the US Navy's shipbuilding program. The analysis showed that the dynamics of its financial and economic operations, in general, can be characterized positively, despite the observed moderate decrease in values of some financial ratios. The outlook for its business in the long run can be assessed as sustainable, but for the period after 2025, attention should be paid to a number of risks that are primarily associated with a reduction of the US Navy shipbuilding program.

The analysis of the existing system of exploitation of military equipment in Vietnam is conducted, structural and functional models of stages and processes of operation are constructed. The main principles of optimization of the military equipment operation system are presented and the main directions for increasing the effectiveness of the management of the operation of military equipment are recommended, in particular, the application of the method of controlling the technical resource of military equipment in a step-by-step schedule, and also the method of network planning. The use of these recommendations has the greatest prospects in organizing the operation of military equipment of the Vietnamese People's Army. ; Проведен анализ существующей во Вьетнаме системы эксплуатации военной техники, построены структурные и функциональные модели этапов и процессов эксплуатации. Представлены основные принципы оптимизации системы эксплуатации военной техники и рекомендованы основные направления повышения эффектности управления эксплуатацией армейской техники, в частности, применение метода управления техническим ресурсом военной техники по ступенчатому графику, а также метода сетевого планирования. Использование данных рекомендаций имеет наибольшие перспективы при организации эксплуатации военной техники Вьетнамской народной армии.

The victory of the USSR in its war against fascist Germany can be understood only in light of the fate of the Russian revolution. The revolution opened the sluice-gates of the creative forces of our country's people. This found expression, in particular, in industrialisation and in rapid military construction. It also laid the objective foundations for victory in the war when it occurred. The triumphant revolution, however, underwent a degeneration whose effects included undermining the construction of military capability. This principal contradiction of Soviet history manifested itself clearly in the way the military strategy of the Red Army was developed, and in the tragic fate of its authors. The Red Army's military doctrine was based on the tactic of battle in depth, on the theory of deep defensive and offensive operations, and on the doctrine of strategic defence and strategic counter-attack. With the devastation of the military cadres during the repressions of the 1930s these views were replaced by the Stalinist concept of a war "with minimal bloodshed, and on foreign territory". This concept failed utterly, in many ways leading to the catastrophe suffered during the summer of 1941. The rebirth of the Red Army and the turn in the course of the war were associated with an unacknowledged return to the heritage of the repressed Red commanders. The Stalinist Thermidor thus placed in question the very existence of the Soviet state, whose survival depended on a return to the legacy of the Bolshevik Revolution.

In the article there are adduced the results of the empirical research of personal andsocial-psychological factors of fighting trim of groups of fast reaction and sub-units of securityof composite battalion of control post of incorporated grouping of armies in theChechen Republic. It is shown that personal characteristics, interpersonal needs of soldiersand a number of features of interpersonal relations in military collectives cause a typeof fighting trim of military sub-units. In result of the research carried out it is described asocial-psychological portrait of the young urgent soldier – participant of counterterrorismoperation in the Chechen Republic ; В статье приведены результаты эмпирического исследования личностных и социально-психологических факторов боеготовности отрядов быстрого реагированияи подразделений обеспечения сводного батальона пункта управления объединенной группировки войск в Чеченской республике. Показано, что личностные характеристики, межличностные потребности военнослужащих и ряд особенностеймежличностных отношений в военных коллективах обуславливают тип боеготовности воинского подразделения. В результате проведенного исследования описан социально-психологический портрет молодого солдата-срочника – участникаконтртеррористической операции в Чечне