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Abstract
The growing importance of cyberspace to modern society, and its increasing use as an arena for dispute, is becoming a national security concern for governments and armed forces globally. The special characteristics of cyberspace, such as its asymmetric nature, the lack of attribution, the low cost of entry, the legal ambiguity, and its role as an efficient medium for protest, crime, espionage and military aggression, makes it an attractive domain for nation-states as well as non-state actors in cyber conflict.
This paper studies the various non-state actors who coexist in cyberspace, examines their motives and incitements, and analyzes how and when their objectives coincide with those of nation-states. Literature suggests that many nations are currently pursuing cyberwarfare capabilities, oftentimes by leveraging criminal organizations and irregular forces. Employment of such non-state actors as hacktivists, patriot hackers, and cybermilitia in state-on-state cyberspace operations has also proved to be a usable model for conducting cyberattacks. The paper concludes that cyberspace is emerging as a new tool for state power that will likely reshape future warfare. However, due to the lack of concrete cyberwarfare experience, and the limited encounters of legitimate cyberattacks, it is hard to precisely assess future effects, risks and potentials.

Pundits debate whether conflict in cyberspace is more likely to trigger or preempt conflict in other domains. We consider a third possibility. Rather than directly complementing or substituting for traditional forms of conflict, the Internet could separately affect both virtual and kinetic dispute behavior. Specifically, we argue that a country's increasing Internet access causes it to engage in aggressive cyberspace behavior more often. At the same time, economic and social changes associated with the information age reduce the utility of pursuing more traditional forms of conflict. Cyberspace offers an attractive domain in which to shape the balance of power, interests, and information in a technological era, while territorial conquest has become somewhat anachronistic. We test our theory using an innovative estimation approach, applied to panel data on cyber versus conventional disputes. Our findings confirm this indirect substitutability between cyber and conventional conflict.

Contemporary global security environment could be labeled as complex, dynamic, multidimensional and ''beyond limits'' of conventional understanding of Warfare. Diversity of threat forms and its interactions and non-conventionality contribute that most of the actual security crises and conflicts are marked as Hybrid security endangering, or Hybrid Warfare. Globalised tehnology introduce new ''battlefild'' in global digital arena. Massive application of information and communication technology has brought about new risks and threats represented by physical and software related dangers to critical information infrastructure and cyberspace that are of relevance to the nation and its security. In same hand, wolnurability and inportance of Cyber space tends to provoke necessity for ultimate resilaince copabilities against ataks and informational warfare. Hybrid form and asimetrical nature of endangerment of Cyber space which is crutial for national defence copabilites, rised analiticial approach to the political, security and organizational forms as well as clasification of threats in cyber space which were elaborated in this paper. Authors' contribute to the understunding of threats in Cyber secyrity arena, trough analyses of China PLA approach to the subject. In addition, unique contribution is given with analyses of Cyber-Information Warfare during 1999 NATO aggression to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

In recent years, much comment and analysis has been devoted to questions surrounding the potential or actual military uses of cyberspace. Cyberspace can be used for a range of tasks, including gathering information, infiltrating and exploiting networked systems of potential or actual adversaries, and delivering effects that may have implications for military forces, either in terms of impact on them or in terms of tasks that they may be called on to undertake in response. This article assesses national and multinational cyber capabilities, both civil and military, even if these are difficult to detail in the traditionally quantitative way to address military inventories. Adapted from the source document.

The dynamic civilisation transformations observed worldwide in recent years have arisen from the rapid development of information and the ICTs that support it. Cyberspace is a new sphere affected by these processes, and it evolves alongside the threats occurring therein. Nowadays, no country's cyberspace is entirely secure. Cyber threats are characterised by unpredictability and global reach. In modern times, cyberspace is a symbol of development, the freedom of speech, and the right to privacy and every interference in the behaviours of its users is associated with an attack on these values. The article discusses the fundamental problems concerning operations in cyberspace justified by the violation of human rights but should also be assessed in the context of interference with the scope of individual rights and freedoms, including in times of seemingly normal functioning, namely in times of peace.