To what extent do cyberspace operations increase the risks of escalation between nation-state rivals? In 'Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace', Erica D. Lonergan and Shawn W. Lonergan tackle this question head-on, presenting a comprehensive theory that explains the conditions under which cyber operations may lead to escalation. In doing so, they challenge long-held assumptions about strategic interactions in cyberspace, arguing that cyberspace is not as dangerous as the conventional wisdom might suggest. In some cases, cyber operations could even facilitate the de-escalation of international crises. Through extensive case studies that explore the role of cyber operations in routine competition, crises, and warfighting, the book presents nuanced insights about how cyberspace affects international politics.
This report presents an open source analysis of North Korea's cyber operations capabilities and its strategic implications for the United States and South Korea. The purpose is to mitigate the current knowledge gap among various academic and policy communities on the topic by synthesizing authoritative and comprehensive open source reference material.
"The Information Age of the twenty-first century is distinguished by the proliferation of networks of power that transmit information in a variety of forms and have the effect of defining and decentralizing power relationships. The instantaneous transmission of information through vast geographic space has made possible our current global economic system, as well as the operations of modern governments, militaries, and social organizations. Their capabilities hinge on the accessibility of cyberspace to all participants. To be absent from these networks of information is to be absent from power."--Provided by publisher
This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the international law applicable to cyber operations, including a systematic examination of attribution, lawfulness and remedies. It demonstrates the importance of countermeasures as a form of remedies and also shows the limits of international law, highlighting its limits in resolving issues related to cyber operations. There are several situations in which international law leaves the victim State of cyber operations helpless. Two main streams of limits are identified. First, in the case of cyber operations conducted by non-state actors on the behalf of a State, new technologies offer various ways to coordinate cyber operations without a high level of organization. Second, the law of State responsibility offers a range of solutions to respond to cyber operations and seek reparation, but it does not provide an answer in every case and it cannot solve the problem related to technical capabilities of the victim.
This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the international law applicable to cyber operations, including a systematic examination of attribution, lawfulness and remedies. It demonstrates the importance of countermeasures as a form of remedies and also shows the limits of international law, highlighting its limits in resolving issues related to cyber operations. There are several situations in which international law leaves the victim State of cyber operations helpless. Two main streams of limits are identified. First, in the case of cyber operations conducted by non-state actors on the behalf of a State, new technologies offer various ways to coordinate cyber operations without a high level of organization. Second, the law of State responsibility offers a range of solutions to respond to cyber operations and seek reparation, but it does not provide an answer in every case and it cannot solve the problem related to technical capabilities of the victim.
Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Setting the Stage: China's Evolving Views of Information -- Chapter 2 China's Military: This Is Not Your Father's PLA -- Chapter 3 Informationized Conflict: Maintaining Party Control amid the Information Revolution -- Chapter 4 Information Warfare: Waging Information Campaigns in the Next War -- Chapter 5 Information Operations: Putting Theory into Practice -- Chapter 6 Space and Information Warfare: A Key Battleground for Information Dominance
Information as a Military Asset -- Targets and Combatants -- Cyberwarfare, Law, and Ethics -- Intelligence Operations in a Connected World -- The Evolving Threat: From Script Kiddies to Advanced Attackers -- Social Engineering and Cyberwarfare -- Weaponizing Cyberspace: A History -- Nonstate Actors in Cyberwar -- Defense-in-Depth Strategies -- Cryptography and Cyberwar -- Defending Endpoints -- Defending Networks -- Defending Data -- Cyberwarfare and Military Doctrine -- Pandora's Box: The Future of Cyberwarfare.
Cyber-security is often a top national security priority. Many states have declared cyber-space a new domain of warfare, seeking to develop a military cyber-strategy. Governments' national risk assessments now frequently put the threat of hostile cyber-attack on a par with natural disasters, international terrorism or nuclear attack. This has provoked much policy talk and concern about the future of conflict, as well as societies' digital vulnerability. Moving into the 2020s, the 'cyber club' of proliferators is losing the exclusivity of the early 2000s. Over forty states have now publicly established a military cyber-command, including many countries in the West - the US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Estonia - and elsewhere - Peru, Brazil, Vietnam, South Korea, Nigeria.
To what extent do cyberspace operations increase the risks of escalation between nation-state rivals? In 'Escalation Dynamics in Cyberspace', Erica D. Lonergan and Shawn W. Lonergan tackle this question head-on, presenting a comprehensive theory that explains the conditions under which cyber operations may lead to escalation. In doing so, they challenge long-held assumptions about strategic interactions in cyberspace, arguing that cyberspace is not as dangerous as the conventional wisdom might suggest. In some cases, cyber operations could even facilitate the de-escalation of international crises. Through extensive case studies that explore the role of cyber operations in routine competition, crises, and warfighting, the book presents nuanced insights about how cyberspace affects international politics.
While the deterrence of cyber attacks is one of the most important issues facing the United States and other nations, the application of deterrence theory to the cyber realm is problematic. This study introduces cyber warfare and reviews the challenges associated with deterring cyber attacks, offering key recommendations to aid the deterrence of major cyber attacks
Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of the international law governing cyber operations to peacetime legal regimes. The product of a three-year follow-on project by a new group of twenty renowned international law experts, it addresses such topics as sovereignty, state responsibility, human rights, and the law of air, space, and the sea. Tallinn Manual 2.0 identifies 154 'black letter' rules governing cyber operations and provides extensive commentary on each rule. Although Tallinn Manual 2.0 represents the views of the experts in their personal capacity, the project benefitted from the unofficial input of many states and over fifty peer reviewers.
Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Cyber Analysis and Targeting -- 1.1 Key Cyber Analysis and Targeting Questions -- 1.2 Organization of This Book -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Cyber Policy, Doctrine, and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) -- 2.1 Background -- 2.1.1 Policy, Doctrine, and TTP Definitions -- 2.2 Introduction -- 2.3 Policy -- 2.3.1 Use of Force Policy for Cyber -- 2.3.2 Authorities -- 2.3.2.1 Maritime Example: Harbor Lights and World War II (Delayed Authorities) -- 2.3.2.2 Pre-delegation of Authorities -- 2.3.3 Schmitt's Six Criteria to Establish State Responsibility -- 2.3.4 Policy Example: Coreflood Botnet -- 2.4 Doctrine -- 2.4.1 Example US Department of Defense (DoD) Instructions, Directives, and Doctrine for Cyberspace Analysis and Targeting -- 2.4.2 Critical Security Controls (CSC) -- 2.5 Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) -- 2.6 Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Taxonomy of Cyber Threats -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 NIST Cyber Taxonomy Examples -- 3.3 Cyber System Threats: Risk Evaluation and Cyber Threat Understanding -- 3.3.1 Cyber Security Data Standards -- 3.3.2 DREAD, STRIDE, and CVSS -- 3.3.3 Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis (PASTA) -- 3.4 Data-Sharing Models -- 3.4.1 Cyber Threat Data Providers -- 3.4.2 Cyber Threat Data and System Defense -- 3.5 System Engineering and Vulnerability Evaluation -- 3.5.1 DoD Cyber Security Analysis Approaches and Tools -- 3.5.2 Analysis and Targeting Use of Cyber Threat Data Examples -- 3.5.2.1 Use of Vulnerabilities/Exploits for Cyber System Defense -- 3.5.2.2 Use of Vulnerabilities/Exploits for Cyber System Attack -- 3.6 Summary -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Cyber Influence Operations -- 4.1 Cyber Influence Operations Background -- 4.1.1 Information Operations (IO) Background -- 4.1.2 Influence Operations, Advertising, and Propaganda.
Intro -- Table of Contents -- About the Author -- About the Technical Reviewer -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Cyber and Warfare -- Definition -- Declaration -- Just War Theory -- Jus ad Bellum -- Jus in Bello -- International Agreements -- Expectation of Protection -- Summary -- Chapter 2: Legal Authority -- Title 50-Intelligence Community -- Title 10-Department of Defense -- Maintaining Military Operations -- Covert Action -- Bringing It Together -- Known US Responses -- Example 1 -- Example 2 -- Example 3 -- Example 4 -- Espionage -- Defining Espionage -- Title 18 -- Cyber and Espionage -- Summary -- Chapter 3: Cyber Exploitation -- Refined Definition -- Exploitation -- Types of Exploitation -- Code Vulnerability -- Misconfiguration -- Human Mistake -- Illegitimate Use of Legitimate Credentials -- Valuing Vulnerability Categories -- Title Implications -- Summary -- Chapter 4: Cyber-Attack -- Attack Types -- Denying the Enemy -- Attacks that Degrade -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Attacks that Disrupt -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Attacks that destroy -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Manipulating the Enemy -- Human Perception: Aggressive -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Human Perception: Protective -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Sensor Perception: Aggressive -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Sensor Perception: Protective -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Example -- Cyber-Physical Example -- Espionage -- Summary -- Chapter 5: Cyber Collection -- Cyber Intelligence Gathering -- Cyber Domain Collection Examples -- Open Source Collection -- Non-cyber Example -- Cyber Intelligence Example -- Cyber Reconnaissance Example.