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Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Figures -- Tables -- Introduction: Into the Cyber Realm -- Cybersecurity Governance -- The Argument -- Plan of the Book -- Implications for Policy -- 1 Cybersecurity Governance -- The "Cyber" Prefix -- War and Cyberwar -- Data Weaponized -- Internet Penetration -- Proliferation of Cyber Military Units -- Issues of Democratic Governing -- Governance and Internet Penetration -- The Dataset -- Empirical Findings -- Brief Analysis -- Discussion and Conclusion -- 2 Cyber Responses and the State -- States and Cybersecurity Governance

The growing importance of cyberspace to modern society, and its increasing use as an arena for dispute, is becoming a national security concern for governments and armed forces globally. The special characteristics of cyberspace, such as its asymmetric nature, the lack of attribution, the low cost of entry, the legal ambiguity, and its role as an efficient medium for protest, crime, espionage and military aggression, makes it an attractive domain for nation-states as well as non-state actors in cyber conflict. This paper studies the various non-state actors who coexist in cyberspace, examines their motives and incitements, and analyzes how and when their objectives coincide with those of nation-states. Literature suggests that many nations are currently pursuing cyberwarfare capabilities, oftentimes by leveraging criminal organizations and irregular forces. Employment of such non-state actors as hacktivists, patriot hackers, and cybermilitia in state-on-state cyberspace operations has also proved to be a usable model for conducting cyberattacks. The paper concludes that cyberspace is emerging as a new tool for state power that will likely reshape future warfare. However, due to the lack of concrete cyberwarfare experience, and the limited encounters of legitimate cyberattacks, it is hard to precisely assess future effects, risks and potentials.

The first 7 years of U.S. Cyber Command operations are paved with milestones that mark the steady operationalization of modern cyberspace as the newest domain of military conflict as well as a realm of international power. The creation of the Cyber Mission Force and Joint Force Headquarters-Cyber are significant steps toward improving the timeliness and effectiveness of cyberspace operations that directly support combatant commands and the whole-of-government responses to cyberspace threats. It focuses on the central question: "What is the context in which different military services approach cyberspace component operations internally as well as with the Department of Defense?" ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1381/thumbnail.jpg

"This edited book focuses specifically on military and defense operations, expenditure, technologies, and tools, and the ethics surrounding technologies like weaponry and artificial intelligence in the military, covering a wide and diverse range of military and defense applications while providing crucial information on the functions, security, and reliability of these technologies"--

"This edited book focuses specifically on military and defense operations, expenditure, technologies, and tools, and the ethics surrounding technologies like weaponry and artificial intelligence in the military, covering a wide and diverse range of military and defense applications while providing crucial information on the functions, security, and reliability of these technologies"--

News Stories Archive ; Understanding the role of cyberspace in military operations is not limited to just the cyber experts and practitioners, especially in this modern era of Great Power Competition. With this in mind, the. Read More

Cyberspace operations have become pervasive in the United States, and they enable many aspects of modern life for the average citizen, such as entertainment, communication, education, transportation, banking, and voting. The continuing development of the U.S. Army and Department of Defense (DoD) Reserve component cyberspace units can leverage the capabilities and experience of industry and academia to help protect critical information infrastructure and enhance national security. What opportunities and challenges surround the integration of these forces into a still-evolving joint cyberspace force? ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1383/thumbnail.jpg

Introduction -- The impact of cyber security / Eric A. Fischer -- Cyberattacks : a new threat / Marc Ginsberg -- Consequences of a cyberattack / Lin Yang Kang -- What cybercrime means for privacy / Merlin Oommen -- Smart devices lure in hackers / Elad Ben-Meir -- Is there self defense against cyberattacks? / Jean-Marie Gu¿henno -- The real danger behind cyberattacks / Scott D. Applegate -- How malware hides in plain sight / Henry S. Kenyon -- "Mr. Robot? can act as a warning" / James Plouffe -- The ambiguity of cyberwarfare in law / Ido Kilovaty -- Governing cyberweapons / Tim Stevens -- Finding accountability for cyberattacks prove difficult / Siraj Ahmed Shaikh -- Can political strategy be applied to cyberspace? / Joseph S. Nye -- Acknowledging cyberwarfare / Shahrooz Shekaraubi -- Organizations to contact -- Bibliography -- Index

This article addresses the question 'what considerations should be taken by cyber commands when designing attack infrastructure for offensive operations?'. Nation-states are investing in equipping units tasked to conduct offensive cyberspace operations. Generating 'deny, degrade, disrupt, destroy or deceive' effects on adversary targets requires to move from own ('green'), through neutral ('grey'), to adversary ('red') cyberspace. The movement is supported by attack infrastructure for offensive cyberspace operations. In this paper, we review the professional and scientific literature identifying the requirements for designing an attack infrastructure. Next, we develop and define the concepts for attack infrastructure. Finally, we explain and describe the considerations for designing attack infrastructure. The research question is answered by proposing a framework for designing attack infrastructure. This framework is vital for military and civilian commands designing attack infrastructure for offensive cyberspace operations.

Pundits debate whether conflict in cyberspace is more likely to trigger or preempt conflict in other domains. We consider a third possibility. Rather than directly complementing or substituting for traditional forms of conflict, the Internet could separately affect both virtual and kinetic dispute behavior. Specifically, we argue that a country's increasing Internet access causes it to engage in aggressive cyberspace behavior more often. At the same time, economic and social changes associated with the information age reduce the utility of pursuing more traditional forms of conflict. Cyberspace offers an attractive domain in which to shape the balance of power, interests, and information in a technological era, while territorial conquest has become somewhat anachronistic. We test our theory using an innovative estimation approach, applied to panel data on cyber versus conventional disputes. Our findings confirm this indirect substitutability between cyber and conventional conflict.

View the Executive SummaryMilitary cyberspace operations have evolved significantly over the past 2 decades and are now emerging into the realm of military operations in the traditional domains of land, sea, and air. The goal of this monograph is to provide senior policymakers, decisionmakers, military leaders, and their respective staffs with a better understanding of Army cyberspace operations within the context of overall U.S. military cyberspace operations. It examines the development of such operations in three major sections. First, it looks at the evolution of Department of Defense cyberspace operations over the past decade to include the founding of U.S. Cyber Command from its roots in various military units focused on defensive and offensive cyberspace operations. Second, it examines the evolution of the Army implementation of cyberspace operations toward the initial establishment of Army Cyber Command as well as recent efforts to establish Fort Gordon, Georgia as the center of gravity for Army cyberspace activities. Third, it explores the role of cyberspace operations in the escalation of international conflict, focusing on the sufficiency of the current cyberspace force structure to address an international environment of multiple actors interacting with varying degrees of tension. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1470/thumbnail.jpg

Over the last century, the domains of air, space, and cyberspace have joined the traditional warfighting domains of land and sea. While the doctrine for land operations is relatively mature, the doctrine for space and cyberspace continue to evolve, often in an unstructured manner. This monograph examines the relationships among these domains and how they apply to U.S. Army and joint warfighting. It concentrates on the central question: How are U.S. military operations in the newest domains of space and cyberspace being integrated with operations in the traditional domain of land? This inquiry is divided into three major sections: • Existing Doctrine: This section presents an overview of the current state of joint and U.S. Army doctrinal development for each of the domains of land, space, and cyberspace. • Operations in Multiple Domains: This section examines the concept of cross-domain synergy and its ability to enhance globally integrated operations. • Future Operations: This section explores probable future operating environments as well as the resulting implications for U.S. Army and joint force development. It includes recommendations for policymakers and senior leaders regarding the future development and integration of space and cyberspace doctrine. Anticipated future trends favor the decreased emphasis on traditional large-scale land operations and increased frequency and intensity of conflict in space and cyberspace, perhaps even where these newer domains may become preeminent for a given operation. The joint staff's pursuit of achieving cross-domain synergy in planning and operations offers a credible method to face some of the challenges of the future joint force, but this will likely remain an evolutionary vice revolutionary endeavor. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1399/thumbnail.jpg

"This textbook offers an accessible introduction to the historical, technical, and strategic context of global cyber conflict. The 2nd edition has been revised and updated throughout, with three new chapters. Cyber warfare involves issues of doctrine, strategy, policy, international relations and operational practice associated with computer network attack, computer network exploitation, and computer network defense. However, it is conducted within complex sociopolitical settings alongside related forms of digital contestation. This book provides students with a comprehensive perspective on the technical, strategic and policy issues associated with cyber conflict, as well as an introduction to key state and non-state actors. Specifically, the book provides a comprehensive overview of several key issue areas: - The historical context of the emergence and evolution of cyber warfare, including the basic characteristics and methods of computer network attack, exploitation, and defense; - An interdisciplinary set of theoretical perspectives on conflict in the digital age from the point of view of the fields of international relations (IR), security studies, psychology and Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies; - Current national perspectives, policies, doctrines, and strategies relevant to cyber warfare; - An examination of key challenges in international law, norm development and deterrence; and - The role of emerging information technologies like artificial intelligence and quantum computing in shaping the dynamics of global cyber conflict. This textbook will be essential reading for students of cybersecurity/cyber conflict and information warfare, and highly recommended for students of intelligence studies, security and strategic studies, defense policy, and International Relations in general"--