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Under what conditions are Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programs successfully implemented following intrastate conflict? Previous research is dominated by under-theorized case studies that lack the ability to detect the precise factors and mechanisms that lead to successful DDR. In this article, we draw on game theory and ask how the number of veto players, their policy distance, and their internal cohesion impact DDR implementation. Using empirical evidence from Nepal and the Democratic Republic of Congo, we show that the number of veto players, rather than their distance and cohesion, explains the (lack of) implementation of DDR.

The National Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Program (NDDRP) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) was implemented over a period of seven years (2004- 2011) with the World Bank's support and funding. The NDDRP had three objectives: 1) disarmament of all combatants willing to be granted a status of demobilized person; 2) demobilization of all ex-combatants who met the conditions for a return to civilian life through a downsizing process of armed forces or groups; and 3) reintegrate the demobilized in the social and economic practices of the community of their choice with opportunities and conditions similar to those of other members of the community. To achieve these objectives, the DRC government initially established a National Commission of Demobilization and Reinsertion (CONADER, 2003), then established the NDDRP (2004), and finally created a new NDDRP Implementation Unit (IU-NDDRP, 2007). NDDRP was divided into three distinct phases, each capitalizing on the gains as well as the mistakes of the past. Economic reintegration of demobilized ex-combatants represented four out of five demobilized as recorded by the program. At the program's conclusion, the implementing partners decided to support the creation, legalization, and strengthening of demobilized persons' economic associations. This model of economic and social reintegration developed by the NDDRP can serve as a model framework for future rehabilitation and reintegration processes in DRC as well as in other countries. Finally, as the results were not as high as expected in regard to the number of women as well as wounded and disabled veterans demobilized, the NDDRP can be lauded for successfully reaching and reintegrating a highly significant number of Children Associated to Armed Forces and Groups (CAAFG) through special projects executed by different implementing partners.

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is a set of activities that forms part of the strategies for peacebuilding after civil war. DDR has become the standard way of addressing security threats in immediate post-conflict situations. However, DDR is designed to promote national security, rather than human or community security. This creates severe obstacles for success, if success is seen in terms of overall security promotion rather than defined merely by the number of arms collected and people demobilized. The reason is that if security at the community level is not improved, then people will be unable to abandon armed violence as a way of protection and of making a living. Disarmament in such a situation will probably be only temporary. Thus, it is a necessity for DDR to aim at community security. However, when community security becomes the aim, then this opens up questions about whether DDR is the most appropriate strategy. At best, it can be part of a more wide-ranging strategy, which in addition to top-down DDR programs also involves community-based activities. Altogether, such a holistic security promotion strategy should endeavor to make people and communities better able to protect themselves and to create a living that does not depend on war and violence. In other words, it should aim at making guns redundant 'Community-based' and 'Second-generation' DDR initiatives lend inspiration for such a wider security promotion approach. What they show is that the optimal approach is very context-specific. An analysis of the conflict, of local security mechanisms, and of the needs and capacities of communities, therefore, has to be the first step, despite the fact that this takes valuable time. Adapted from the source document.

This article introduces the special issue on DDR and 'Armed Non-Statutory Actors' (ANSAs) which we prefer to the less precise label of Armed Non-State Actors. The understanding that disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs are essential in helping to prevent the recurrence of war in post-conflict situations is at the heart of current peacebuilding practice and the academic literature on peacekeeping and stabilization. But the changing strategic context of DDR programs and in particular the proliferation of ANSAs presents new challenges, the responses to which have been characterized as 'second generation' DDR. The changing context poses new questions and forces us to rethink assumptions and templates of DDR as the concept is blurred and expanded. The question is if it makes sense to hold on to the concept or whether the assumptions associated with it will get in the way of rethinking templates for violence reduction in the future.

This article examines the phenomenon of child soldiers in terms of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR). Does this process which aims to socially reintegrate soldiers specifically take into account child soldier? The fact remains that if the child soldier is cared for by the DDR programs, this coverage is still incomplete for lack of integration of certain factors is the cornerstone of its success. Therefore, this article proposes to make more effective DDR programs for better reintegration of child soldiers. Without these measures, these programs will remain incomplete and ineffective for many child soldiers recruited by armed forces and/or armed groups. Adapted from the source document.

Für den Zeitraum 16.-22.12.1989 wurde eine Analyse von Spielfilmeinsätzen in den Programmen des DDR-Fernsehens durchgeführt. Die Untersuchung fand unter dem Gesichtspunkt statt, welche Veränderungen im Kinobereich der DDR stattfinden müßten, um der Fernsehkonkurrenz wirkungsvoller begegnen zu können. Die Auswertung beschränkt sich auf die quantitativen Aspekte (Herkunft der Filme, Genres, Verteilung auf Sendezeiten, Anzahl von Wiederholungen usw.), einige Hypothesen werden näher diskutiert. Festgestellt wird, daß die Strategie falsch war, mit massenattraktiver Unterhaltung "Sogwirkungen" für andere Programmbestandteile schaffen zu wollen. In den 80er Jahren kam es bei wachsendem Zugriff zu BRD-Programmen zu einem deutlichen, wenn auch nicht dramatischen Rückgang der Nutzung des DDR-Fernsehens. Der Spielfilmeinsatz folgte den Pfaden von Internationalisierungsprozessen, die von den Autoren mit den Schlagworten "Amerikanisierung" und "Verwestlichung" umschrieben werden: "In dieser Hinsicht wurde das DDR-Fernsehen immer ähnlicher dem, was es zu 'bekämpfen' suchte. Nebenfolge dieser Rezeptur war das fast allabendliche Freigeben des Bildschirms für die Kommunikation vor allem bürgerlicher Werte." (psz)

Die 1978 durchgeführte Fragebogen-Aktion unter 2300 Jugendlichen in der DDR untersucht die politische Einstellung zur DDR und den Identifikationsgrad, die Verteidigungsbereitschaft und das Ausmaß an West-Kontakten. Es werden die Beteiligung und das Engagement der Jugendlichen in den verschiedenen Bereichen der FDJ-Organisation hinterfragt sowie Meinungen zu ausgewählten aktuellpolitischen Fragen analysiert. Primärquellen wurden verwendet. (ICB)

Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR). Deals with exchange programs and cooperation between West German and East German libraries.