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Purpose – Librarians and the library profession keep repeating that libraries contribute greatly to generating social capital by "building community". However, little evidence of this has been presented. This paper aims to be a first step towards correcting this situation by asking whether public libraries matter in the creation of generalized trust. Design/methodology/approach – This study used quantitative data in analyzing macro-level data on whether public library expenditure could explain social trust patterns in the OECD countries. Additionally, a few qualitative interviews with public library leaders in the USA and Norway were used to indicate by what mechanisms, or by which processes, libraries generate generalized trust. Findings – The main finding is that public libraries seem the most important factor in creating generalized trust in the OECD area, even more so than efficient/impartial public institutions. However, there is the problem of causal direction. It might be the case that it is high trusting countries that prioritize public libraries. Therefore, times series data are needed as well as qualitative data on the process of trust creation in the library. Interviews with library leaders point towards the fact that they see outreach activities as creating trust and that people trust the library. Replication of these results, however, is crucial. Moreover, the findings appear to indicate that when the library's attention is directed at disadvantaged groups of non-users it is the widespread trust in the public library institution that breeds trust among these groups too. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the understanding/theory of the creation of generalized trust in general and to the role of the public library in this process. ; This paper was written as part of the research project "PLACE: Public Libraries – Arenas for Citizenship" lead by Professor Ragnar A. Audunson, Oslo University College, and financed by the Research Council of Norway. The authors would like to thank members of the PLACE research group, master students in the class on information and cultural policy (fall semester 2007) within the LIS program at Oslo University College, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. They would also like to thank Professor Susan Clarke and the Center to Advance Research and Teaching in the Social Sciences (CARTSS) at the University of Colorado at Boulder for having provided an excellent work environment. ; 'This article is (c) Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for this version to appear here. Emerald does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Emerald Group Publishing Limited.'

Aims: This study examines the compliance with the law against selling beer to under-aged persons in Sweden. It also analyses determinants of compliance and the importance of checking IDs. The paper also aims to reveal the strategies used by youths when purchasing beer. Methods & Data: The study is the result of a close collaboration between the Swedish Youth Temperance Movement (UNF) and researchers at Örebro University. UNF has been responsible for the purchase attempts, and the research team for the analyses. The data consists of 681 purchase attempts in seven cities in Sweden during 2003-2004. Results: Almost half of the purchase attempts made by under-aged persons (14-17 years old) resulted in successfully buying beer. The study reveals that the genders of the check-out clerk and the buyer are significant with regard to both selling/buying beer and asking for ID. The proportion of sales was significantly higher among girls than boys, both in total and when they were asked for ID first. Conclusions: The study shows that under-aged teenagers succeed in purchasing beer in Sweden despite the present legislation. Some succeed because of the tricks they use, and some because of the check-out clerk's negligence. The procedure used in the present study – letting under-aged persons attempt to purchase beer – resembles the situation for ordinary teenagers trying to buy beer under normal circumstances. ; Syfte: Denna studie undersöker följsamheten hos lagen som förbjuder försäljning av folköl till minderåriga personer. Den analyserar följsamhetens bestämningsfaktorer och vikten av att kontrollera legitimationer. Artikeln syftar också till att undersöka ungdomars strategier vid inköp av folköl. Metoder och data: Studien är resultatet av ett nära samarbete mellan Ungdomens nykterhetsförbund (UNF) och forskare vid Örebro universitet. UNF har ansvarat för provköpen och forskarteamet för analyserna. Data består av 681 provköp i sju svenska städer 2003-2004. Resultat: Nära hälften av alla provköp gjorda av minderåriga personer (14-17 år gamla) resulterade i att de fick köpa folköl. Studien visar att könen hos personalen i kassan och köparna har signifikant betydelse för såväl försäljning/köp och kontroll av legitimation. En signifikant högre andel av flickorna fick köpa folköl än bland pojkarna, både totalt och när de blev tillfrågade om legitimation. Sammanfattning: Studien visar att minderåriga tonåringar lyckas köpa folköl i Sverige trots den svenska lagstiftningen. Några lyckas på grund av de trick de använder sig av och några som följd av kassapersonalens nonchalans. Proceduren som använts i denna studie - att låta minderåriga genomföra provköp - är snarlik en typisk situation när ungdomar försöker köpa öl.

International audience ; Writing history in the Islamic world involves both a literary aspect and a material presentation of the texts. One finds in the Muslim world historical chronicles presenting data in the form of tables (jadwal; taqwīm) or or other synthetic graphic forms, which demonstrates the author's intention to carry out a selection among the data. A literature which could be qualified as "para-historical" (geographical books, biographic dictionaries, chancellery treatises) also uses graphic modes. Il seems that presentation of "history in images" mainlely appears from the 14th century onwards, until the 19th century. In this article the author examines the origins and motivations which led historians to adopt this synthetic presentation of data: needs of the readers, a fast acquiring of historical culture, pegagogical an/or political function? The study of Islamic historiography presented under this form is a totally neew field of research, which as far as we currently know raises more questions than it answers. As a form of introduction, the author analyses exemples of this kind of presentation of data in other fields than history (astronomy, medicine). Although it is posssible that the historians were influenced by this tradition used in sciences, it may also be that the origins of this use are older than Islam. ; L'écriture de l'histoire dans le monde islamique concerne à la fois l'aspect littéraire et la présentation matérielle du texte. Il existe dans le monde musulman des chroniques historiques qui présentent les données sous la forme de tableaux (ǧadwāl ; taqwīm) ou sous d'autres formes graphiques synthétiques, ce qui peut témoigner de la part des auteurs leur volonté d'effectuer une sélection dans les faits. Une littérature que l'on peut qualifier de « para-historique » (ouvrages géographique, dictionnaires biographiques, traités de chancellerie) utilisent également le mode graphique. Il semble que cette présentation de « l'histoire en images » apparaît surtout à partir du XIVe siècle et qu'elle se poursuit jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Dans cet article, l'auteur s'interroge sur les origines et les motifs qui ont conduit les historiens à adopter cette présentation synthétique des données : besoin du public, acquérir rapidement une culture historique, fonction pédagogique et/ou politique ? L'étude de l'historiographie islamique représentée sous cette forme constitue un domaine de recherche tout à fait nouveau qui dans l'état de nos connaissances soulève plus de questions qu'elle n'apporte de réponses. En guise d'introduction, l'auteur examine quelques exemples de présentation des données sous forme graphique dans d'autres domaines que l'histoire (astronomie, médecine). Bien qu'il soit possible que les historiens aient été influencés par cette tradition utilisée pour les sciences, il se pourrait que l'origine soit à rechercher en amont de l'islam

2011 Summer. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; This dissertation describes a research project that examined and interpreted the text of Colorado House Bill 1023 (2006) and the narratives embedded in this policy text. The research context was framed by current debates at the national and state levels on the issue of postsecondary education benefits for undocumented students. Analysis of the data led to the illumination of the rationalization for denying in-state tuition benefits to undocumented graduates from public high-schools in Colorado. This rationalization was found to be based on selected ideological beliefs that were then identified and interpreted. The study employed a qualitative research design. The method of inquiry was grounded in a constructivist-interpretive methodology. The methods of analysis and interpretation were thematic analysis, hermeneutic interpretation, and narrative policy analysis. The data consisted of Colorado policy texts concerning immigration and membership issues, related federal legislation, and state statutes from Texas and California. The data were first analyzed using thematic networks analysis and then hermeneutic interpretation. Narrative policy analysis was subsequently employed to synthesize the themes that emerged in the thematic analysis and hermeneutic interpretation. A dominant policy narrative and counter policy narrative were generated, and from these a metanarrative evolved. The thematic analysis yielded an internal or legalistic interpretation of the verification regulations of lawful presence requirement set forth in Colorado HB 06S-1023. The hermeneutic interpretation revealed that this Colorado policy was framed according to the principle of self-sufficiency for immigrant admission and notions of restrictive membership for resident aliens. The interpretive analysis also showed that the interaction of negative constructions of undocumented immigrants with structures of social dominance led to a narrative of exclusion and objectification of these resident aliens. The narrative policy analysis related Colorado HB 06S-1023 to a dominant policy narrative that reinforced the legal grounds for the delegitimization and social exclusion of undocumented immigrants. A metanarrative derived from the comparison of these narratives and was interpreted as the contrast between we want them, but we don't want them to explain how official government texts of the state of Colorado rationalized the issue of undocumented immigrants' rights and the state's responsibilities in this regard. The interpretation of the data contributed perspectives that advance the understanding of the social issue regarding the restriction on public benefits for undocumented immigrants currently residing in American communities. Specifically, this interpretation provided insights on the case of undocumented students in Colorado who, as a result of current state legislation, are denied access to in-state tuition benefits. The study also contributed another approach to meaning-creation processes and understanding the meaning of a policy text. Recommendations for further research on this topic and related themes were identified.

This project paper aims to analyze the staff turnover of international non governmental organizations (NGO) and particularly the case of the International Rescue Committee (IRC). Non government non profit organizations are one type of the institutions that provide employment opportunities in addition to the private sectors and government institutions. The success of NGOs is determined by the availability and commitment of efficient and effective human resources. However, currently most of the NGOs are highly affected by staff turnover and therefore the quality of the service they provide to the beneficiaries is affected and the financial and non-financial cost of replacing vacant posts is significantly increased. In order to identify the causes and impact of the staff turnover in IRC, the project has used both primary and secondary data. With regard to primary data, first hand data have been collected through questionnaire filled by twelve terminated, thirty one existing non-management and seven management staffs of the organization selected based purposive sampling. Moreover data about the trend of both existing and terminated staff were collected from the organization. IRC (An American NGO) was founded at the suggestion of Albert Einstein in 1933 with the objective to assist Germans suffering under Hitler. Currently it works in twenty five countries and fifteen are found in Africa. IRC Ethiopia program has started in 2000 in response to the severe drought in Somali Region. With 209 permanent employees IRC Ethiopia participate in education and Community service, Environmental Health (Water and Sanitation), Health, and other sectors in the four refugee camps and local communities. Since from the period 2004/2005 to 2006/2007 the total number of staffs terminated from the IRC is counted to 89. However, though the organization does not keep detailed record for each resigned/terminated staffs, the total number of terminated staffs since from establishment is around 174. This indicates that the organization has lost almost 45% (174 out of 383) of its employees due to different reasons. The analysis of the three year period figures portray that most of the employees are terminated /resigned from the IRC during the first months of their employment period. Of the total terminated 89 employees, the highest share of terminated staff based on position is counted for the Officer and Assistant positions. Regarding termination based on filed office Assosa and department Education and Community service takes the lion shares.The findings of the study also revealed that the causes of staff turnover are a combination of factors. Family problems, poor leadership, dissatisfaction with the job, better opportunity in other organizations, dissatisfaction with the area, and educational opportunity are some of the causes. Based on the findings recommendations are suggested.

The construction industry deals with the provision of shelter and infrastructure for acontinuing growing population and urbanization, especially in developing countries, Thissector is well known as a huge consumer of natural resources; which produces a significantquantity of construction and demolition waste, Data about the situation of construction wastegeneration in Costa Rica is scarce and the objectives of the study were to develop a baselinestudy to determine quantities and composition of the waste, as well as, motivators and barriersfor achieving a more sustainable activity, This paper draws the findings of the surveyundertaken by means of questionnaires, interviews and site visits, The composition basicallyis wood, soil, piping materials, corrugated roof sheets, wires, packaging materials (paper,plastic and cardboard), cement, concrete, blocks, paints and debris, The amounts (either byvolume or by weight) of these streams are unknown since the majority of the companies don'tkeep track of these data, It is suggested a value of I 00 kg/m2 as an educated guess of theamount of construction waste produced, This high amount, compared to lower values found inliterature for developed countries, could be explained by the general lack of awareness andinformation on environmental issues as well as lack of technologies, governmentalenforcement and market incentives to improve the environmental footprint of the sector, ; The construction industry deals with the provision of shelter and infrastructure for acontinuing growing population and urbanization, especially in developing countries, Thissector is well known as a huge consumer of natural resources; which produces a significantquantity of construction and demolition waste, Data about the situation of construction wastegeneration in Costa Rica is scarce and the objectives of the study were to develop a baselinestudy to determine quantities and composition of the waste, as well as, motivators and barriersfor achieving a more sustainable activity, This paper draws the findings of the surveyundertaken by means of questionnaires, interviews and site visits, The composition basicallyis wood, soil, piping materials, corrugated roof sheets, wires, packaging materials (paper,plastic and cardboard), cement, concrete, blocks, paints and debris, The amounts (either byvolume or by weight) of these streams are unknown since the majority of the companies don'tkeep track of these data, It is suggested a value of I 00 kg/m2 as an educated guess of theamount of construction waste produced, This high amount, compared to lower values found inliterature for developed countries, could be explained by the general lack of awareness andinformation on environmental issues as well as lack of technologies, governmentalenforcement and market incentives to improve the environmental footprint of the sector

It is interesting to see the Phenomenon of houses improvement in the Cultural Geography and District Development point of view since 1965, during Development Order era until Rqhrmation Order (nowadays) in Kampung Gembalalean Bawah, Cokrodirjan Kalurahan Suryatmajan and Kampung Ledok Tukangan Tegalpanggung. The objective of this study is to figure out whether it is true that there is a relationship and influence between family education, occupation, family income, religion, orientation, society institution (LKMU) and also nature resource such as land and water toward the indication of dwelling environment development which are also as a cultural changing.The method that is used in this study is Purposive Sampling which determines the location survey. The source in this study can be divided into two parts, those are the primary data and secondary data The primary data are obtained by applying interview to 40 heads of family from Kampung Gemblalean Bawah and Cokrodirjan, and 40 heads of family from kampung Ledok Tukangan. The secondary data are from the related institutions.In the analisys the writer needs to employ the multiple regresion and correlation technic to define the relationship and influence between the social economy factors and the culture. The result of this study shows that since 1965, during the development order, the development of houses that is considered as the culture phenomenon is in progress.The analisys shows that there is a significant relationship on the family income factor in Tegalpanggung but there is not in Suratmajan. The multiple regression analisys displays that it has a positive relationship on all factors including social economy factor in both locations, but it becomes doubtful after each R Square analisys contributes more or less 20 percent only. It is because of the historical background of society in both locations. They were migrants and now live in their ancestral hams. One of their typical characteristics is that they still have an orientation to their origin places. Therefore the houses they live in now tend to he temporary houses for short-term settlement.TheAMD Program (one of Indonsian Government Program which concerns Indonesian Army/ABRI to make a community service in the village), could manipulate the condition by guiding the people to carry out the public necessity such as flood preventive. The flood always threatens the sojourn, dwelling house and their environment with destruction. This program is eflective to influence the people mattitude and behavior to make a forward movement in house renovation and environment maintenance. The rsult emphasizes a new atmosphere of cultural dimension, which is caused by a power distance, in this case, interest group, so that enables the people to have culture progress.

Consider the intertemporal volatility of the number of firms and establishments within an industry over a relatively long span of time. Data from the U.S. manufacturing sector shows that this degree of endemic volatility varies widely across industries. Examining the determinants of this volatility is important in its own right as it reflects on the underlying forces governing entry and exit. In addition, data shows that the volatility of firms and establishments is significantly correlated with the volatility of the number of production and nonproduction workers employed in an industry. The primary focus of this paper is to evaluate the role played by the real options channel which suggests that sunk costs and uncertainty may be important determinants of the degree of volatility of the number of firms. We also control for other factors related to advertisingintensity, industry growth and technological change. An advantage of the manufacturing industry dataset we use in this study is that it combines the annual timeseries data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures with data from the five-yearly Census of Manufactures. This allows us to construct measures of uncertainty about profits, sunk capital costs, technological change, among others. Our key findings are: (1) industries with higher sunk capital costs and profit uncertainty have significantly lower endemic volatility of the number of firms and establishments; and (2) these relationships are non-linear as suggested by theory with even small amounts of sunk costs or profit uncertainty contributing to significantly lower firm volatility. Our findings appear broadly consistent with the predictions of the real options channel. We highlight some implications of our findings for antitrust/competition policy and labor market dynamics. ; Betrachtet man die intertemporale Schwankung der Anzahl von Unternehmen eines Industriezweigs über einen relativ langen Zeitraum, so zeigen Daten der U.S.amerikanischen verarbeitenden Industrie eine große Variation des Grades dieser endemischen Schwankungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Industriezweigen. Die Untersuchung der Determinanten dieser Volatilität ist für sich genommen bedeutsam, indem sie die Hintergründe für den Markteintritt und - austritt von Firmen beleuchtet. Darüber hinaus lässt sich eine hohe Korrelation zwischen der Schwankung in der Anzahl der Unternehmen und der Volatilität der Zahl der Arbeiter, die in der Produktion und in nicht-produzierenden Tätigkeiten beschäftigt sind, herstellen. Das Hauptaugenmerk dieses Papier ist es zu bewerten, welche Rolle der 'real options'- Kanal spielt, was impliziert, dass 'sunk costs' und Unsicherheit entscheidende Bestimmungsfaktoren für den Grad an Volatilität der Unternehmenszahl sind. Bei der Untersuchung werden auch andere Faktoren, die mit Werbungsintensität, Industriewachstum und technologischem Wandel verbunden sind, kontrolliert. Ein Vorteil des in der Analyse verwandten Datensatzes liegt darin, dass er jährliche Zeitreihendaten aus dem Jahresbericht des verarbeitenden Gewerbes der U.S.A. (Annual Survey of Manufacturers) mit Daten des Zensus des verarbeitenden Gewerbes, der fünfmal im Jahr erhoben wird, kombiniert. Das gestattet die Konstruktion von Maßzahlen zur Unsicherheit über Gewinne, versunkene Kapitalkosten, technologischen Wandel, etc. Die Hauptergebnisse der Untersuchung sind: (1) Industriezweige mit höheren versunkenen Kapitalkosten und Gewinnunsicherheit zeichnen sich durch signifikant geringere endemische Volatilität in der Anzahl der Unternehmen aus; (2) diese Beziehungen sind nicht-linear, wie bereits die Theorie vermuten lässt, die besagt, dass schon geringe 'sunk costs' oder Gewinnunsicherheit zu bedeutend geringerer Schwankungsbreite in der Unternehmenszahl beitragen. Die Ergebnisse scheinen insgesamt mit den Aussagen zum 'real options'- Kanal übereinzustimmen. Einige Implikationen der Resultate für die 'Antitrust'- und Wettbewerbspolitik sowie Arbeitsmarkt-dynamik werden herausgestellt.

This article examines the small transnational enterprises of recent Chinese entrepreneur immigrants to Vancouver, Canada. These enterprises are part of the globalization process and contribute to the economic and cultural integration of certain regions of Asia with large urban areas of Canada. The entrepreneurs are analyzed utilizing a transnationalism framework which is situated in the ethnic enterprise literature. The article explains how these transnational small Chinese businesses are different from the businesses of earlier Chinese in Canada. A detailed analysis of the Canadian Business Immigration Program illustrates how and why small Chinese transnational enterprises have emerged. The primary data comes from extensive in–depth interviews with 61 Chinese entrepreneur immigrants that allows for the delineation of three transnational business types: (1) Asian production–North American distribution, (2) retail chains and (3) import–export. Quantitative data illustrate the major differences between 'transnational' and 'non–transnational' enterprises along several variables. Other qualitative data provide insights on how family networks are interwoven with firm relations in small transnational businesses, how entrepreneurs perceive interethnic relations and the extent to which they experience barriers to mobility. Evidence is provided of extensive transmigration and, in contrast to the sojourner identity of earlier Chinese, the data here suggests the emergence of a new transnational and cosmopolitan identity amongst entrepreneur immigrants.Cet article étudie les petites entreprises transnationales des récents immigrants chinois de Vancouver (Canada). Celles–ci s'inscrivent dans le processus de mondialisation et contribuent à l'intégration économique et culturelle de certaines régions d'Asie dans d'importantes zones urbaines canadiennes. L'analyse de ces créateurs d'entreprise est faite à partir d'un cadre d'analyse transnationaliste qui se situe dans la littérature sur l'entreprise ethnique. L'article explique en quoi ces petites entreprises chinoises transnationales diffèrent de celles des Chinois arrivés plus tôt au Canada. Une étude détaillée du Programme canadien d'Immigration des Hommes d'affaires explique comment et pourquoi sont apparues ces petites entités transnationales. Les principales données, tirées d'entretiens approfondis avec 61 entrepreneurs chinois, permettent de définir trois types d'entreprises transnationales: production asiatique avec distribution nord–américaine, chaînes de détaillants, et import–export. Des données quantitatives illustrent les grandes différences entre les entreprises 'transnationales' et 'non–transnationales' en fonction de plusieurs variables. D'autres données quantitatives révèlent de quelle manière les réseaux familiaux s'entremêlent avec les relations professionnelles dans les petites entités transnationales, comment les chefs d'entreprise perçoivent les relations inter–ethniques et dans quelle mesure ils rencontrent des obstacles à leur mobilité. Une importante transmigration est mise en evidence et, par opposition au caractère temporaire du séjour des premiers Chinois, les données suggèrent ici l'émergence d'une nouvelle identité transnationale et cosmopolite chez les immigrants chefs d'entreprise.

This study set out to explore the relationship between household's capacity for resource mobilisation and children's nutritional status in Kaloleni Division, Kilifi District of the Coast Province of Kenya. Kilifi District was chosen because it had one of the highest rates of childhood malnutrition in the county. The broad objective of the study was to explore the relationship between households' resource mobilisation capacity and children's nutritional status in Kaloleni Division of Kilifi District. The study specifically sought to explore the relationship between social and economic factors, resources mobilisation capacities, the patriarchal authority structures and children's nutritional status. The social and economic variables under investigation were educational levels, household sizes, number of dependants and household incomes. Investigations on the patriarchal authority structures focused on role performance, decision making and resource control. Relevant literature on the nature and extent of malnutrition, resource mobilisation and allocation patterns, patriarchal authority structures and gender relations were reviewed. The study made use of the Household Production of Health Behavioural Approach (HHPH) to demonstrate how households and community resources could be utilised to improve the health status of the children. The household economic models were also used to show the different patterns of resource distribution within the household level. The data for the study were drawn from a randomly selected sample of 110 households with pre-school aged children. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Nutritional assessment was done using the weight for age (W-A) nutritional assessment. Analysis of data was done using the statistical package for social scientist (SPSS). Analysis of data revealed that thirty five percent of the children were malnourished. The poor nutritional status of pre-school children in the district could be attributed to inter alia number of dependants, parental educational levels and household incomes. Gender relations with regard to food provision, decision making and resources control were found to influence the household resource allocation and distribution patterns and had an impact on the nutritional status of the children. Parents' knowledge of the causes and symptoms of malnutrition was limited. This lack of knowledge as highlighted by the HPPH Behavioural Approach contributes greatly to the problem of childhood malnutrition as it hampers effective prevention and treatment of the illness. It was concluded that the existing intervention programmes fail because they do not address household internal dynamics which adversely affect the nutritional status of the children. The study recommended that parental education and in particular maternal education, nutritional education and inequalities in power relations be addressed for effective control and prevention of childhood malnutrition. Besides the provision of food and training on basic feeding habits, the government and other stakeholders should endeavour to pursue pragmatic policies that enhance the well being of the children.

Der Forschungsbericht enthält die Ergebnisse einer internationalen schriftlichen Umfrage innovativer und sich im Modernisierungsprozeß befindlicher öffentlicher Verwaltungen in Deutschland, Großbritannien und den USA über ihre Modernisierungsstrategien. Forschungsleitend war dabei die Frage, welche länderspezifischen Unterschiede es bei der Implementation von Verwaltungsmodernisierung in verschiedenen Modernisierungsfeldern gibt. Die Umfrage wurde 1996 unter ehemaligen Teilnehmern an deutschen, britischen und amerikanischen Qualitätswettbewerben durchgeführt. Die Daten beinhalten die Antworten von über 400 verschiedenen Hochleistungsverwaltungen aus Deutschland, Großbritannien und den USA. Eine erste Datenauswertung ergab, daß die britischen Verwaltungen am meisten dem Manageralismus zugeneigt waren, die amerikanischen Verwaltungen nahmen eine mittlere Position ein und die deutschen Verwaltungen waren in den meisten Modernsierungsbereichen am wenigsten weit fortgeschritten. In bezug auf die meisten Modernisierungsstrategien verifizierte sich die Hypothese über anglo-amerikanische Gemeinsamkeiten, was heißt, daß britische und amerikanische Implementationsstrategien einander ähnlicher sind als deutsche und amerikanische Strategien der Verwaltungsmodernisierung. Die Studie beginnt mit einem theoretischen Teil, der ausgiebig den Forschungsstand der vergleichenden Verwaltungswissenschaft diskutiert. Das nachfolgende Kapitel diskutiert methodische Probleme, die mit der Verwendung von Qualitätswettbewerben als Datenbank verbunden sind. Analog zum Aufbau der Studie als ein zwei-Ebenen-Vergleich, wendet sich der Bericht zunächst der Beschreibung der sogenannten kontextuellen Makrovariablen zu. Darunter ist die Analyse der charakteristischen Merkmalsausprägungen des politischen Systems und des Verwaltungsaufbaus Deutschlands, Großbritanniens und der USA zu verstehen. Der Hauptteil der Studie widmet sich der Analyse der Implementationsstrategien, die im Schlußteil mit den zuvor beschriebenen Makrovariablen in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Der Forschungsbericht ist in englischer Sprache geschrieben. Die leicht geänderte deutsche Fassung des Berichts wird Anfang 1998 beim Raabe-Verlag in Stuttgart et al. veröffentlicht werden. ; This research report presents the results of an international mail survey on the implementation strategies of innovative and modernizing public organizations in Germany, Great Britain and the U.S. The aim of the survey was to discover country-specific differences in the implementation of administrative modernization in various areas of modernization. The survey was undertaken in 1996 among former quality award participants of German, British and American national quality awards. The data collected include organizational level responses from 400 different well-performing public organizations. A first data analysis shows that British public organizations are the most managerialist ones, American public organizations take a medium position and German public organizations are behind in most modernization areas. For most modernization strategies, the Anglo-American hypothesis proved to be a valid assumption, which means that British and American implementation strategies are more similiar than German and American strategies of administrative modernization. The study starts with an extensive discussion various theoretical and methodological issues in the context of comparative 'New Public Management'. The following chapter is devoted to empirical issues involved with the use of quality awards as a source of empirical data. In accordance with the structure of this study, a two-level comparative analysis, the study proceeds to analysize contextual macro-level variables before it jumps into the empirical subgroup analysis of the survey data on modernization strategies. Last, but not least, the study concludes with hypothesis testing and by producing some tentative qualitative and quantitative country-specific profiles of administrative modernization. The research report is written in English. A modified German version of this research report will be published in early 1998 in the series 'die innovative Verwaltung' by Raabe-Verlag, Stuttgart et al.

The article provides an analysis in the problems of social stability and "patience" of the population, basing on the consolidated array of data (26,000 respondents) obtained in the course of 9 monitoring surveys of 1994-1995, as well as the data for July 1995. The author proposes a typology of "patient" respondents, based on: (a) the actual though "latent" success; (b) hope as a condition of a future success; (c) alienation from social and political realities and interests; and (d) apathetic indifference to personal and common destiny. Examining the nature of interest and involvement in politics, the author notes that: 1) the level of young people's interest in politics is fairly low; 2) the population of Moscow and St.Petersburg, the recognised centres of the nation's political life, at present differs little from inhabitants of other cities as regards the level of interest in politics; 3) the greatest interest in politics is manifested by the supporters of parties of the most irreconcilable opposition. However, this interest in politics is preserving a merely visual and passive nature not coupled with establishment of any structures of mass political participation, either officially recognised.or informal. The dominant of the entire period "after 1985" is not as much affirmation as negation, negativism concerning the policy both pursued and declared. ; The article provides an analysis in the problems of social stability and "patience" of the population, basing on the consolidated array of data (26,000 respondents) obtained in the course of 9 monitoring surveys of 1994-1995, as well as the data for July 1995. The author proposes a typology of "patient" respondents, based on: (a) the actual though "latent" success; (b) hope as a condition of a future success; (c) alienation from social and political realities and interests; and (d) apathetic indifference to personal and common destiny. Examining the nature of interest and involvement in politics, the author notes that: 1) the level of young people's interest in politics is fairly low; 2) the population of Moscow and St.Petersburg, the recognised centres of the nation's political life, at present differs little from inhabitants of other cities as regards the level of interest in politics; 3) the greatest interest in politics is manifested by the supporters of parties of the most irreconcilable opposition. However, this interest in politics is preserving a merely visual and passive nature not coupled with establishment of any structures of mass political participation, either officially recognised.or informal. The dominant of the entire period "after 1985" is not as much affirmation as negation, negativism concerning the policy both pursued and declared.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sources of revenues received by Historically Black Colleges to the sources of revenues received by predominantly white colleges during the 1970s. More specifically, seventy-six HBC were paired with seventy-six predominantly white colleges, and the basis of control (public or private), Carnegie classification, size, and geographic location, were arranged into two groups. Public comprehensive colleges, both black and white, were identified as group 1. Private liberal arts colleges, both black and white, were identified as Group 2. The sources of revenues for these two groups were analyzed to determine how sources of revenues compared between black and white colleges, within groups, fiscal years 1971 through 1979. The sources of revenues were (a) tuition and fees, (b) federal government revenues, (c) state and local government revenues, (d) private gifts, grants and contacts, (e) endowment, (f) other sources of revenues, and (g) total revenues. Fourteen null hypotheses were formulated to determine if statistically significant differences existed between black and white colleges, within each group, for each of the seven sources of revenues. Data were obtained from the Higher Education General Information Surveys of the National Center for Education Statistics. The MANOVA procedures were used to analyze the data and the .05 level of significance was required to reject the hypotheses. Analysis of the data for black and white public comprehensive colleges showed: 1. There was not a statistically significant difference between black and white public comprehensive colleges for revenues received through the sources of tuition and fees; private gifts, grants and contracts; endowment; and other sources of revenues. 2. There was a statistically significant difference between black and white public comprehensive colleges for revenues received through the sources of federal government revenues, state and local government revenues, and total revenues. Analysis of the data for black and white private liberal arts colleges showed: 1. There was not a statistically significant difference between black and white private liberal arts colleges for revenues received through the sources of endowment and other sources of revenues. 2. There was a statistically significant difference between black and white private liberal arts colleges for revenues received through the sources of tuition and fees; federal government revenues; state and local revenues; private gifts, grants and contracts; and total revenues. The MANOVA procedures were also used to analyze the sources of revenues for public comprehensive colleges with black land grant institutions removed. Chapter five listed some of the past operational practices of historically black colleges which may have contributed to the higher cost of operation where revenues are calculated on a per student basis. ; Ed. D.

An important goal in Brain-Computer Interfacing (BCI) is tofind and enhance procedural strategies for users for whom BCI control is not sufficiently accurate. To address this challenge, we conducted offline analyses and online experiments to test whether the classification of different types of motor imagery could be improved when the training of the classifier was performed on the data obtained with the assistive muscular stimulation below the motor threshold. 10 healthy participants underwent three different types of experimental conditions: a) Motor imagery (MI) of hands and feet b) sensory threshold neuromuscular electrical stimulation (STM) of hands and feet while resting and c) sensory threshold neuromuscular electrical stimulation during performance of motor imagery (BOTH). Also, another group of 10 participants underwent conditions a) and c). Then, online experiments with 15 users were performed. These subjects received neurofeedback during MI using classifiers calibrated either on MIor BOTH data recorded in the same experiment. Offline analyses showed that decoding MI alone using a classifier based on BOTH resulted in a better BCI accuracy compared to using a classifier based on MI alone. Online experiments confirmed accuracy improvement of MI alone being decoded with the classifier trained on BOTH data. In addition, we observed that the performance in MI condition could be predicted on the basis of a more pronounced connectivity within sensorimotor areas in the frequency bands providing the best performance in BOTH. Thesefinding might offer a new avenue for training SMR-based BCI systems particularly for users having difficulties to achieve efficient BCI control. It might also be an alternative strategy for users who cannot perform real movements but still have remaining afferent pathways (e.g., ALS and stroke patients). ; The work of CV and KRM was funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) under Grant 01IS14013A-E and Grant 01GQ1115, as well as by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG) under Grant MU 987/19-1, MU987/14-1 and DFG MU 987/3-2 and by the EU-FP7 MUNDUS project Grant 248326. Additionally, KRM was partly supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research as Berlin Big Data Centre (01IS14013A) and Berlin Center for Machine Learning (01IS18037I). Partial funding by DFG is acknowledged (EXC 2046/1, project-ID: 390685689). This work was also supported by the Institute for Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (No. 2017-0-00451, No. 2017-0-01779). CV was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy RYC-2014-15671. VN has been supported by the HSE Basic Research Program, Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'. Correspondence to CV, KRM and VN.

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with Phenol and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for Phenol. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to Phenol. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on Phenol, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to Phenol. Phenol is potentially capable of causing both systemic toxicity and direct adverse effects on the skin following dermal exposure. A critical review of available data indicates that contact of a significant area of skin with subjectively low concentrations of phenol (5-6%) may be extremely hazardous and life-threatening [ATSDR 2008]. Undiluted phenol or solutions containing more than 3% phenol are capable of causing skin corrosion, whereas diluted solutions (1 to 3% phenol) are irritating to the skin [European Parliament 2008]. NIOSH has designated phenol with the following SK assignment: SK: SYS (FATAL)-DIR (COR). Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data considered in the development of this SK assignment. The following section provides additional detail about the potential health hazards of skin contact with phenol and the rationale behind the SK assignment." - NIOSHTIC-2 ; Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for Phenol -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI Ratio for Phenol ; "This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Eric Esswein, M.Sc., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., Richard Niemeier, Ph.D., and Loren Tapp, M.D., contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA])." -- p. ix ; "April 2011." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 8-9). ; Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (651.89 KB, 26 p.).