Declining resources, declining markets
In: International perspectives: a journal of the Departement of External Affairs, S. 13-18
ISSN: 0381-4874
In: International perspectives: a journal of the Departement of External Affairs, S. 13-18
ISSN: 0381-4874
In: International labor and working class history: ILWCH, Band 47, S. 24-27
ISSN: 1471-6445
In: Demokratizatsiya: the journal of post-Soviet democratization = Demokratizacija, Band 24, Heft 3, S. 399-418
ISSN: 1074-6846
World Affairs Online
In: Routledge library editions, 102
The economic consequences of changing demographics are of as much significance now as when this book was first published. It covers not only changes in population size and age-composition, but also factors not then included in the word 'declining'.
This article was published in the American Economic Review [© American Economic Association] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.538 ; We ask whether the US government should replace its current discounting practices with a declining discount rate schedule, as the United Kingdom and France have done, or continue to discount the future at a constant exponential rate. We present the theoretical basis for a declining discount rate (DDR) schedule, but focus on how, in practice, a DDR could be estimated for use by policy analysts. We discuss the empirical approaches in the literature and review how the United Kingdom and France estimated their DDR schedules. We conclude with advice on how the United States might proceed to consider modifying its current discounting practices.
BASE
In: Africa research bulletin. Economic, financial and technical series, Band 51, Heft 10, S. 20610A-20611A
ISSN: 1467-6346
In: Information bulletin - The Conference Board no. 44
In: The Israel journal of foreign affairs, Band 8, Heft 2, S. 37-44
ISSN: 2373-9789
In: Journal of peace research, Band 50, Heft 2, S. 149-157
ISSN: 0022-3433
In: Journal of peace research, Band 50, Heft 2
ISSN: 1460-3578
The article reviews and assesses the recent literature that claims a sharp decrease in fighting and violent mortality rate since prehistory and during recent times. It also inquires into the causes of this decrease. The article supports the view, firmly established over the past 15 years and unrecognized by only one of the books reviewed, that the first massive decline in violent mortality occurred with the emergence of the state-Leviathan. Hobbes was right, and Rousseau was wrong, about the great violence of the human state of nature. The rise of the state-Leviathan greatly reduced in-group violent mortality by establishing internal peace. Less recognized, it also decreased out-group war fatalities. Although state wars appear large in absolute terms, large states actually meant lower mobilization rates and reduced exposure of the civilian population to war. A second major step in the decline in the frequency and fatality of war has occurred over the last two centuries, including in recent decades. However, the exact periodization of, and the reasons for, the decline are a matter of dispute among the authors reviewed. Further, the two World Wars constitute a sharp divergence from the trend, which must be accounted for. The article surveys possible factors behind the decrease, such as industrialization and rocketing economic growth, commercial interdependence, the liberal-democratic peace, social attitude change, nuclear deterrence, and UN peacekeeping forces. It argues that contrary to the claim of some of the authors reviewed, war has not become more lethal and destructive over the past two centuries, and thus this factor cannot be the cause of war's decline. Rather, it is peace that has become more profitable. At the same time, the specter of war continues to haunt the parts of the world less affected by many of the above developments, and the threat of unconventional terror is real and troubling. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]
In: Journal of peace research, Band 50, Heft 2, S. 149-157
ISSN: 1460-3578
The article reviews and assesses the recent literature that claims a sharp decrease in fighting and violent mortality rate since prehistory and during recent times. It also inquires into the causes of this decrease. The article supports the view, firmly established over the past 15 years and unrecognized by only one of the books reviewed, that the first massive decline in violent mortality occurred with the emergence of the state-Leviathan. Hobbes was right, and Rousseau was wrong, about the great violence of the human state of nature. The rise of the state-Leviathan greatly reduced in-group violent mortality by establishing internal peace. Less recognized, it also decreased out-group war fatalities. Although state wars appear large in absolute terms, large states actually meant lower mobilization rates and reduced exposure of the civilian population to war. A second major step in the decline in the frequency and fatality of war has occurred over the last two centuries, including in recent decades. However, the exact periodization of, and the reasons for, the decline are a matter of dispute among the authors reviewed. Further, the two World Wars constitute a sharp divergence from the trend, which must be accounted for. The article surveys possible factors behind the decrease, such as industrialization and rocketing economic growth, commercial interdependence, the liberal-democratic peace, social attitude change, nuclear deterrence, and UN peacekeeping forces. It argues that contrary to the claim of some of the authors reviewed, war has not become more lethal and destructive over the past two centuries, and thus this factor cannot be the cause of war's decline. Rather, it is peace that has become more profitable. At the same time, the specter of war continues to haunt the parts of the world less affected by many of the above developments, and the threat of unconventional terror is real and troubling.
In: The federalist debate: papers for federalists in Europe and the world = ˜Leœ débat fédéraliste : cahiers trimestriels pour les fédéralistes en Europe et dans le monde, Band 12, Heft 1-3, S. 20-23
ISSN: 1591-8483
In: Global Development Fifty Years after Bretton Woods, S. 121-136