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The article reveals the concept and essence of e-democracy, analyzes different approaches in this matter and highlights the features of formation, results and problems of e- government and e-democracy in Uzbekistan.

To fight climate change, democratic countries must find a way to work with autocratic ones.

In recent years, the EU's approach to democracy support has taken a defensive turn. This shift requires a new conceptual framework to capture both its advantages and the concerns it raises.

Tunisia has witnessed a disturbing rise in online misogyny and disinformation since President Kais Saied's July 2021 coup.

The article analyzes the long-term impact of democratic institutions on socio-economic and political development of modern society. The author proves that the transitions to democracy in the twentieth century accelerated not only the pace of economic development, but also the processes of social polarization in society. Despite the positive impact of democratic institutions on economic development and political stability, democracy as a form of political rule cannot solve the problem of social inequality. The history of modern democracy shows that it reduces inequality levels only in certain cases, and in most cases social inequality increases both at the national and global levels. ; Анализируется долгосрочное влияние демократических институтов на социально-экономическое и политическое развитие современного общества. Автор доказывает, что переход к демократии в ХХ в. ускорил не только темпы экономического развития, но и процессы социального расслоения общества. Несмотря на положительное влияние демократических институтов на экономическое развитие и политическую стабильность, демократия как форма политического господства неспособна решить проблему социального неравенства. История современной демократии свидетельствует о том, что она только в отдельных случаях снижает уровень социального неравенства, а в большинстве случаев повышает его.

The article considers problematic issues of sovereignty and democracy as constitutional values of modern Russia. It is proved that Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the system of constitutional values reflecting the most important basis of the state and society. Grounds of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation assigned in Chapter 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are a technical aspect of the system of constitutional values. Interaction between constitutional values and national purpose of modern Russian society and state is proved. Basic courses of development of the constitutional axiology are given. ; В статье рассматривается проблематика народного суверенитета и народовластия как конституционных ценностей современной России. Доказывается, что Конституция РФ закладывает систему конституционных ценностей, отражающих наиболее важные устои жизни общества и государства. Формально-юридическим выражением системы конституционных ценностей являются основы конституционного строя Российской Федерации, закрепленные в главе первой Конституции РФ. Обосновывается взаимовлияние конституционных ценностей и национальной идеи современного российского общества и государства. Обозначены основные направления развития конституционной аксиологии.

The paper studies some theoretical issues related to the application of new information technologies and the formation of e-democracy. It explores the major challenges and contradictions of the process. The perspectives on the edemocracy development in Russia are subject to a detailed analysis. ; В статье исследуются теоретические вопросы, связанные с использованием новых информационных технологий и формированием электронной демократии. Анализируются основные проблемы и противоречия. Рассматриваются перспективы становления электронной демократии в России.

The subject. The article is about the peculiarities of referendum and popular initiative which are the main forms and institutions of direct democracy in Switzerland.The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of direct democracy in Switzerland and characterize its main forms: referendum and popular initiative. In order to achieve the objective the following tasks can be defined: 1) to find the origins and identify the variations of forms of direct democracy in Switzerland; 2) to trace the evolution of enshrining on the statutory level of such institutions of direct democracy in Switzerland as referendum and legislative initiative from the time of their conceiving till the enactment of the actual Constitution; 3) where relevant, to perform a brief comparative analysis of the forms of direct democracy in Switzerland and similar institutions shaped in other countries; 4) to define the role and meaning of referendum and legislative initiative in history as well as in the modern stage of the development of the Swiss State.The methodology of the study includes the use of general scientific methods (description, deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis) together with formal juridical and comparative juridical approach. In addition, throughout the article and, in particular, while working with sources of law, historical approach and systematic approach were practiced. The main results and scope of their application. The article presents the analysis of such forms of direct democracy in Switzerland as referendum and popular initiative, characterizing each form. The principle of democracy expressed by the practice of referendum and legislative initiative is present in its entirety. No country in the world has come as close to applying direct democracy to national political issues as Switzerland. Since the mid-nineteenth century, when the country's first Federal Constitution was adopted, Switzerland has managed to hold more referendums than all other countries combined in the same time frame.Conclusions. Referendum enables Swiss citizens to dismiss the measures taken by their representatives and the initiative gives the citizens possibility to put laws into practice independently from the legislative powers. Swiss experience vividly demonstrates that used sensibly and taking into consideration national legislative traditions such forms of consulting with the people can be quite promising and efficient for other European countries. ; Анализируются основные формы прямой демократии в Швейцарии: референдум и народная инициатива. Отмечается, что референдум позволяет швейцарским гражданам отклонить меры, принятые их представителями, а инициатива дает гражданам возможность применять законы на практике независимо от законодательной власти. Делается вывод о том, что разумно используемые и учитывающие национальные законодательные традиции такие формы консультаций с народом могут быть весьма эффективными и в других европейских странах.

Admitting countries from Eastern Europe and the Balkans would complete the European project. But before further enlargement, the union has to ensure the rule of law and security inside the bloc.

The relationship between the concepts of «democracy» and «parliamentarianism» is analyzed in the article. A number of approaches to interpreting democracy and parliamentarianism are surveyed. The author specifies the interrelation of these socio-political phenomena and then argues for the special role of democracy in the development of parliamentarianism.Key words: democracy, parliamentarianism, parliamentary representation, principle of separation of powers. ; В статье рассматривается соотношение понятий «демократия» и «парламентаризм». Автор на основе анализа различных подходов в интерпретации демократии и парламентаризма устанавливает взаимосвязь этих двух социально-политических явлений, подчеркивает особую роль демократии в становлении и развитии парламентаризма.