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Democratization is the most comprehensive volume on this critical field of contemporary politics, with insightful coverage of the key theories, actors, dynamics, and developments. This authoritative guide brings together leading experts from diverse international backgrounds, including some of the best known names in the field, making it an invaluable resource to students of democratization. This second edition reflects the dramatic changes in today's political world, with empirical coverage of developments on every continent. It considers the role of new technologies, including a dedicated chapter on social media and democratization, as well as the resilience of authoritarianism and renewed antidemocratic tendencies in many parts of the world.

A review essay on a book by Tatu Vanhanen, Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of 170 Countries (London: Routledge, 2003). References.

Despite renewed opposition from prodemocracy movements, African democracy is in a shambles. Government leaders have simply appropriated the colonial state apparatus to serve their own interests, & the people are still oppressed by the same structures they tried to overthrow in the 1960s. Although some liberalization has occurred -- eg, in Benin, Ghana, & Zambia -- government responses to public agitation have run the spectrum from cooptation to intimidation to divisionary tactics. Changes have been primarily superficial, & deeper problems remain: the repressive, undemocratic state retains its agenda; the same elite manpulates politics; the African economy is a disaster; civil society is ineffective & fragmented; primordialism has increased; elections have been emphasized at the expense of developing democratic institutions; & foreign nations continue to destabilize democracies. Still, democracy can prevail if civil society is strengthened & if prodemocracy movements & new political parties change their strategies. 4 References. E. Munson

In light of Jurgen Habermas's theory of communicative action (see IRPS No. 41/88c09222 & 88c09223), an analysis is offered of two opposing phenomena now occurring: fascist, despotic destruction vs radical-/eco-democratic extension of modern democracies. These phenomena, it is suggested, are both realizations of democracy's normative content; discursive solutions for social conflicts should replace the polemic of class struggle. Distinctions between formal & actual democracies are identified, & the coevolution of modern structural potentialities' variants in light of the fall of Stalinism & fascism is reviewed. Specifically modern forms of competition & the coevolution of modern structures were dysfunctional under accepted Marxist-Leninist ideologies. It is proposed that a cultural form of competition take the evolutionary lead, thus controlling the economic forms of competition through radical democratization. 32 References. J. Sadler