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International audience ; The expansion and democratization of the digital world coupled with the effect of the Internet globalization, has allowed individuals, countries, states and companies to interconnect and interact at incidence levels never previously imagined. Cybercrime, in turn, is unfortunately one the negative aspects of this rapid global interconnection expansion. We often find malicious individuals and/or groups aiming to undermine the integrity of Information Systems for either financial gain or to serve a cause. Our study investigates and proposes a hybrid data mining methodology in order to detect abnormal behavior that could potentially threaten the security of an Information System, in a simple way that is understandable to all involved parties, whether they are security experts or standard users.

AbstractThere is a vast amount of studies on the origins of revolutions and armed conflict. However, there is no empirical analysis of the political outcome of revolutionary conflicts. A second branch of research focuses on waves of democratization. This paper fills the gap and links the two fields by examining the importance of revolutions as an explanatory factor for changes in systems of governance. Using a data set covering 135 countries from 1960–2011, global changes in the level of democracy are examined. The revolutionary conflicts examined in the panel had a positive influence on a countrys democratic path. In addition the effect of selected variables on the development of the system of governance is analyzed in more detail.

The parliamentary elections on March 1, 2015, mark a caesura for postconflict Tajikistan. With the exclusion of the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan (irpt) from Tajikistan's parliament, the political elite has finally abandoned the principles of the 1997 General Peace Accord, which had ended the country's Civil War (1992–1997). Since then, the irpt has distinguished itself as a credible oppositional political party committed to democratic principles with an almost imperceptible religious agenda. By shifting the irpt's attention to issues of democratization and socioeconomic development, its chairman, Muhiddin Kabirī, opened the irpt to a younger electorate. Continuous defamation campaigns and persecution, however, have worn down the irpt's activists and its electorate. The party's electoral defeat did not come as a surprise.

Is an imagined democracy more important than actual democracy for nation-building purposes? After 20 years of independence, Central Asian countries present a mixed bag of strong and weak states, consolidated and fragmented nations. The equation of nation and state and the construction of genuine nation states remains an elusive goal in all of post-Soviet Central Asia. This paper examines the role that electoral politics has played in nation-state formation. We argue that electoral processes have been central to attempted nation-state building processes as part of efforts to legitimize authoritarian regimes; paradoxically in those few countries where (for brief periods) partial democratization actually occurred, elections contributed, at least in the short term, to nation-state fragmentation.

The basic universal values are necessary in teaching the school students, rot it will become a ,guidance in encountering national, regional as well as international open interaction, Teachers are necessary to understand what is meant by the universal values, how to leach and evuluate them. The universality ojvalues might be meant within the main principles as a core and structure of them. For example, the universal moral values are justice, reciprocity, while the faith, the existential faith is the universal faith, as well as empathy, democratization. etc. The teachers are not only demanded to be able to teach these values. but they also must be able to evaluate how far the development of them within the personalities of the students.

International audience ; For the last fifteen or so years, there has been growing economic and political optimism regarding Latin America. However, this is also the continent with the highest homicide rate as well as endemic political corruption – increasingly tied to criminal activity and members of State security institutions. The " normalization " of the State's repressive behaviour in the name of democracy, while also reinforcing certain of its authoritarian trends, is a standard practice in Latin American countries. To what extent is this paradox intrinsic to the democratization process these countries are going through? To bring some elements of a response, the " grey zones " concept will be developed here through the example of the phenomenon of " militias " in the western area of Rio de Janeiro.

International audience ; For the last fifteen or so years, there has been growing economic and political optimism regarding Latin America. However, this is also the continent with the highest homicide rate as well as endemic political corruption – increasingly tied to criminal activity and members of State security institutions. The " normalization " of the State's repressive behaviour in the name of democracy, while also reinforcing certain of its authoritarian trends, is a standard practice in Latin American countries. To what extent is this paradox intrinsic to the democratization process these countries are going through? To bring some elements of a response, the " grey zones " concept will be developed here through the example of the phenomenon of " militias " in the western area of Rio de Janeiro.

There are students at higher school without enough study motivation. How to educate them effectively, how to guarantee high quality of education, how to correspond to the demands of the work – force market and help them to become competitive employees? And alongside with these problems there is a mutual necessity to succeed in their mental and moral spheres development, be sure that the students get ideas about the sense of life and about their place in the society and in the university. The process of democratization of our society allows us to introduce and use humanistic approach in all what concerns the content of studies, methodology and results. The student's individual development, self – education and self – control become especially important.

The twentieth century has left behind a painful and complicated legacy of massive trauma, monstrous crimes, radical social engineering creating collective/individual guilt syndromes that were often specters haunting the process of democratization in the various societies that have emerged out of these profoundly de-structuring contexts, such as Germany, Romania, Russia, and others. The volume is an up-to-date reassessment of how the interplay between memory, history, and justice gives the reader insights that examine the present and future of democracy without becoming limited to a Europe-centric framework of understanding. The analysis is structured on three complementary and interconnected trajectories: the public use of history, politics of memory, and transitional justice.

Zhou lays out the ways in which every media environment contains its own unique memory terrain of knowledge and power, indicating, for instance, the ways in which the West includes harsh criticisms of its own history and values but also has its own forms of censorship. She points to the heterogeneity of the Chinese tradition, which includes Marxism as a Western import but has also been integrating Confucianism into the Party's ideological self-understandings. In placing the Chinese opposition to Western values within a larger global trend away from democratization, she ultimately lays out a vision of an 'internationalized community of academic cosmopolites' who move from one cultural context to another yet are not defined by any particular one. Adapted from the source document.

"This article examines the ideas and strategy of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East. Since 2003 Turkey is in a direct competition with Iran for a regional hegemony and Syria is the battleground of this competition. The article asserts that Turkish support for the Syrian opposition is based on ideological and strategical reasons. Yet at the same time, Turkey's position on Arab democratization brings it into conflict with Sunni authoritarian regimes. Instead of focusing on Syria as its number one foreign policy goal, Ankara has overextended its capabilities by engaging in other regional conflicts. Consequently, it has alienated other regional and international powers and could not capitalize on chances of collaboration and coordination on Syria." (author's abstract)

Following more than a decade of NATO's intervention in Afghanistan, it is often argued that the UN, alongside its international partners and the Afghan government, has failed to facilitate good governance and a stable democratic political order. In charting the evolving UN role in 'democratizing' Afghanistan, this article analyses why this is so. The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), facing considerable historical and institutional constraints, has had neither the will nor the capacity to implement its ambitious democratization mandate. Instead of aiming for a system of governance along 'Western' lines, it should focus primarily on promoting an appropriate, institutionalized, workable political order, regional consensus, and national reconciliation as the necessary foundations for bringing peace and stability to the country.

The article studies the issue of the democratization of countries within the globalization context, it points to the unreasonably high economic and social costs of a rapid transition to the democracy as a result of revolutions or of similar large-scale events for those countries that are unprepared for this. The authors believe that in a number of cases the authoritarian regimes turn out to be more effective in economic and social term in comparison with emerging democracies, especially of the revolutionary type which are often incapable to ensure a social order and may have a swing to authoritarianism. Effective authoritarian regimes can also be a suitable form of a transition to an efficient and stable democracy

В статье рассматриваются основные парадигмы современного гражданского образования. Главная цель исследования показать, что отличительной чертой современного гражданского образования является разнообразие парадигм интерпретации его содержания. В статье анализируются два определяющих направления для развития европейских парадигм гражданского образования, которые актуализированы демократизацией политической жизни: цели и средства гражданского образования; обучение умению жить вместе. ; The article considers the basic paradigm of modern civic education. The main objective of the study is to show that the hallmark of modern civic education is the variety of paradigms interpreting its contents. The paper analyzes two sets of the direction for the development of European paradigm of civic education, which updated the democratization of political life: the purposes and means of civic education; learning to live together.

Статья посвящена исследованию особенностей организации и проведения выборов в представительные органы местного самоуправления. Сформулированы законодательные требования, касающиеся механизма реализации гражданами права избирать и быть избранными на муниципальных выборах. Автором изложены предложения по совершенствованию норм действующего законодательства в целях обеспечения надлежащей реализации гражданами избирательных прав и демократизации муниципального избирательного процесса. ; The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of organization and conduct of elections to bodies of local self-government. Formulated legislative requirements regarding the mechanism of realization of citizens' right to elect and be elected in municipal elections. The author lays out proposals for the improvement of the current legislation in order to ensure proper implementation of citizens' electoral rights and democratization municipal election process.