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Engl. Zsfassung u.d.T.: The end of party democracy? : Political representation and ideologies

Straipsnio tikslas yra naujai pazvelgti i politines laisves principo mo-dernioje demokratijoje problema, iskylancia pilieciu konformizmo ir abejin-gumo viesajam gyvenimui pavidalu. Musu siulomas analitinis budas - tai laisves problema suvokti ir nagrineti moderniuju laiku mastytoju adaptuotu klasikines drasos dorybes aspektu. Viesojo gyvenimo nuosmukio demokrati-joje aiskinimai paprastai susitelkia i politiniu instituciju, atstovavimo mecha-nizmu arba pilietines visuomenes ugdymo klausimus, taciau retai reiksminga demesi skiria pilieciu kasdieniu paprociu ir dorybiu veiksniui. Nematant de-mokratijos kaip unikalaus, socialines lygybes idealu gristo paprociu tinklo, sunku deramai ivertinti reiksmingus sios santvarkos priestaravimus politi-nes laisves principui, ir del to isvados apie konformizmo reiskinio priezastis buna negalutines. Drasos dorybe yra patogus analitinis irankis, leidziantis taikliai ir spalvingai pamatyti demokratijai budingu etiniu prielaidu santyki su politines laisves principa palaikanciomis prielaidomis. Musu straipsnyje pasitelktas ziurejimo i laisves problema demokratineje santvarkoje budas lei-dzia tiketis nestandartiniu isvadu apie konformizmo reiskinio priezastis The purpose of this article is to offer a new approach to the issue of conformism and political apathy in modern democratic societies, which indicates an implicit tension between democracy as a political form and the principle of political liberty. What we attempt to do in the article is to bring the issue onto the grounds of classical and modern ethics by introducing the virtue of courage as an analytical concept. The article argues that the virtue of courage and the morals it implicates are the key to understanding how democratic ethics interferes with the ones sustaining an active civic life and liberty, a process which gives rise to the problem of conformism. Such approach allows us to view and interpret the issue of liberty in a democracy not only as a technical issue of governance or representation, but also as a worrying indication of a decline of the political significance of liberty itself. Adapted from the source document.

Straipsnio tikslas - nustatyti, kokia itaka demokratijos veikimo verti-nimui ir pasitikejimui parlamentu daro politiniai veiksniai - partines siste-mos fragmentacija, poliarizacija ir valdanciosios koalicijos dydis. Tyrime, apimanciame desimt Vidurio ir Rytu Europos saliu nuo 1991 iki 2011 m., ivertinamas ir dvieju ekonominiu veiksniu - ekonomikos augimo ir nedarbo lygio - poveikis politines paramos rodikliams. Stipriausias statistinis rysys nustatytas tarp nedarbo lygio ir pasitenkinimo demokratija: kuo daugiau ne-turinciuju darbo, tuo maziau teigiamai vertinanciuju demokratijos veikima. Taip pat paaiskejo, kad demokratijos veikimo vertinimui neigiamai atsiliepia mazas parlamentiniu partiju skaicius ir dideles valdanciosios koalicijos. Pasi-tikejimas parlamentu buvo mazesnis tais atvejais, kai ideologiniai skirtumai tarp parlamentiniu partiju buvo dideli, ir tuomet, kai ekonomika traukesi arba augo tik labai nedaug. Ketvirtoje straipsnio dalyje siekiama nustatyti, kodel dideles valdanciosios koalicijos veda prie mazesnio patenkintuju demokrati-ja procento. Cekijos ir Bulgarijos lyginamoji analize parode, kad didele val-dancioji koalicija apriboja parlamento politini vaidmeni, sudaro palankias salygas grieztai ir nepopuliariai ekonominei politikai vykdyti ir palieka di-dele rinkeju dali be priimtinu politiniu alternatyvu. Siu politinio gyvenimo reiskiniu visuma didina nepasitenkinima demokratijos veikimu The article examines the effect of parliamentary fragmentation, polarization and ruling coalition size on satisfaction with democracy and trust in parliament. Statistical analysis, encompassing 10 CEE countries from 1991 to 2011, is used to measure the impact of political factors, while the effect of economic growth and unemployment rate is also evaluated. The strongest finding suggests that there is a negative relation between unemployment rate and satisfaction with democracy. Furthermore, satisfaction with a political regime is undermined by a small number of parliamentary parties and large ruling coalitions. Trust in parliament tends to be lower when ideological differences among parliamentary parties are sizable, as well as at the times of economic recession or marginal growth. Fourth section of the article deals with the question of why large ruling coalitions lead to lower satisfaction with democracy. A comparative analysis of political realities in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria has shown that a large ruling coalition diminishes the political role of parliament, provides a strong ground for the implementation of a strict and unpopular economic policy and leads to the lack of viable political alternatives in the ranks of parliamentary opposition. The complex of these political phenomena contributes to the low satisfaction with democracy. Adapted from the source document.