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Since the Enlightenment, liberalism as a concept has been foundational for European identity and politics, even as it has been increasingly interrogated and contested. This comprehensive study takes a fresh look at the diverse understandings and interpretations of the idea of liberalism in Europe, encompassing not just the familiar movements, doctrines, and political parties that fall under the heading of "liberal" but also the intertwined historical currents of thought behind them. Here we find not an abstract, universalized liberalism, but a complex and overlapping configuration of liberalisms tied to diverse linguistic, temporal, and political contexts

The Rise and Fall of the People's Parties explores the striking parallels between the history of democracy and that of the people's parties since 1918. It demonstrates that understanding the rise and fall of the people's parties is pivotal to understanding the contemporary crisis of democracy

The politics of the Republican period in China (1912-1949) are often interpreted as a battle between the Nationalists of Chiang Kaishek & the Communists of Mao Zedong, with the transformative ideology of the latter given credit for their eventual victory. However, the political disunity of the Republic actually gave rise to a whole variety of redemptive ideologies whose aim was to redefine "the people" & "save the country." In considering ways forward for China, some political actors took paths ignored or rejected by both the Nationalists & Communists, such as harnessing enthusiasm for popular religion or experimenting with collaboration with the Japanese, both before & during WWII. The triumph of secular, progressivist ideology in China was by no means inevitable, & terms such as "democracy" & "nation" were strongly contested by rival ideologues who sought to promote their versions of modernity. The article attempts an overview of the varying paths to "national salvation" in Republican China, & suggests that the competition between systems of thought did not provide any overall victor until late into the period. Adapted from the source document.

Text of manifesto jointly issued by British Prime Minister Tony Blair and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder which describes proposals to modernize social democracy to deal effectively with economic and social challenges. Annotated and critiqued by Joanne Barkan.

Introduction : European liberal discourses : conceptual affinities and disparities / Michael Freeden and Javier Fernandez-Sebastian -- Habsburg liberalisms and the Enlightenment past, 1790-1848 / Franz Leander Fillafer -- Formulating and reformulating 'liberalism' : Germany in European comparison / Jorn Leonhard -- 'Friends of freedom.' : first liberalisms in spaIn and beyond / Javier Fernandez-Sebastian -- Liberalism in Portugal in the nineteenth century / Nuno Goncalo Monteiro and Rui Ramos -- The rise and fall of 'liberalism' in France / Helena Rosenblatt -- Nordic liberalisms. Sweden and Denmark in comparison / Jussi Kurunmaki and Jeppe Nevers -- 'Liberalism' and 'liberality'. the liberal tradition in the Netherlands / Henk te Velde -- A conceptual scheme of Polish liberalism : Six Pillars / -- Liberal politics without liberal thought? The strange career of Italian liberalism / Paolo Pombeni -- Encounters with liberalism in post-Soviet Russia / Olga Malinova -- Temporal evolution and morphological complexity : the multiple layers of British liberalism / Michael Freeden.

The liberal democratic order that seemed so stable in North America and Western Europe has become precarious. James E. Cronin argues that liberalism has never been secure and that since the 1930s the international order has had to be crafted, redeployed, and extended in response to both victories and setbacks. Beginning with the German and Japanese efforts in the 1930s to establish a system based on empire, race, economic protectionism, and militant nationalism, Cronin shows how the postwar system, established out of a revulsion at the ideas of fascism, repeatedly reinvented itself in the face of the Cold War, anticolonial insurgencies, the economic and political crises of the 1970s, the collapse of communism, the rise of globalization, and the financial crisis of 2008. Cronin emphasizes the links between internal and external politics in sustaining liberal order internationally and the domestic origins and correlates of present difficulties. Fragile Victory provides the context necessary to understand such diverse challenges as the triumph of Brexit, the election of Trump, the rise of populism, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine