The article discusses the crisis of the political, treating this phenomenon as an interactive constellation of political, over-political and apolitical factors. The aim is to reconstruct the assumptions of the crisis and highlight its main features in the context of ancient Greece. Under the influence of Dionysian religion, theater was established as a compelling and universally accessible authority to legitimize democracy. Therefore my analysis focuses on the social change after which democracy was no longer perceived as a form of governance but as a form of collective ownership. The article explains how the unbridled demonstration of power quickly erased the long-cherished principle of verbal argumentation and pushed Greeks to practice of power politics. It is shown how, with the establishment of autocracy, parallel interchange between political and anti-political institutions emerged in the Greek polis.
Thesis: The problems and solutions in the adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion risk families at school (Vilkaviškis district case). Problem. While changing socio-economical conditions, certain groups of people feel insecure socially, they feel difficulties to adapt to the pace of modern life, socio-economical and political changes. As a result, some people do not feel themselves, or they really are not, the part of society in which they live; therefore a phenomenon of social exclusion is growing rapidly in Lithuania. Recently in the country, due to poor material and social living conditions, morality of families and emotional safety of children is deteriorating. The adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion of risk families at school is relevant, as students, while hard adaptation, experience failure, often lose interest in learning, weakening in motivation for learning and this has a negative impact on their future life. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of the adaptation of students from the social exclusion risk families in rural and urban-type schools. Hypothesis: • There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk. • A failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk. • Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school. • The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students - the need for material assistance. Research methods: literature analysis; qualitative study – interviews with informants in four groups (children from the social exclusion risk families, children from unproblematic families, teachers (class teachers), social pedagogues). The conclusions: • The analysis of the survey shows that the hypothesis - There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey revealed that generally students of social exclusion risk families, regardless of where they live, think, that both – their teachers and friends think negative, bad about their families, though, they are likely reluctant to admit it out loud, hide and feel uneasy about it while thinking and talking. Thus, the hypothesis – All groups of respondents consider that a failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey showed that students from the social exclusion risk families are reluctant to talk about their families; they hide the facts or just contrarily – are trying to demonstrate that they are well, can operate and go wherever they want. So we can state that the hypothesis – Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school – has been proved partly. They have mastered two basic strategies for managing stigma – the concealment and the demonstration of advantages at school. • Research data analysis showed that students from the social exclusion risk families consider that they, in the event of difficulties, are unable to cope with problems but friends, class tutors, teachers, social pedagogues and psychologists can help them; and their families need material assistance. Students from usual families think, that they are able to cope with the encountered difficulties; they can manage themselves without anyone's help. Thus, it appears that the hypothesis – The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students – the need for material assistance–- has been confirmed.
Thesis: The problems and solutions in the adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion risk families at school (Vilkaviškis district case). Problem. While changing socio-economical conditions, certain groups of people feel insecure socially, they feel difficulties to adapt to the pace of modern life, socio-economical and political changes. As a result, some people do not feel themselves, or they really are not, the part of society in which they live; therefore a phenomenon of social exclusion is growing rapidly in Lithuania. Recently in the country, due to poor material and social living conditions, morality of families and emotional safety of children is deteriorating. The adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion of risk families at school is relevant, as students, while hard adaptation, experience failure, often lose interest in learning, weakening in motivation for learning and this has a negative impact on their future life. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of the adaptation of students from the social exclusion risk families in rural and urban-type schools. Hypothesis: • There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk. • A failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk. • Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school. • The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students - the need for material assistance. Research methods: literature analysis; qualitative study – interviews with informants in four groups (children from the social exclusion risk families, children from unproblematic families, teachers (class teachers), social pedagogues). The conclusions: • The analysis of the survey shows that the hypothesis - There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey revealed that generally students of social exclusion risk families, regardless of where they live, think, that both – their teachers and friends think negative, bad about their families, though, they are likely reluctant to admit it out loud, hide and feel uneasy about it while thinking and talking. Thus, the hypothesis – All groups of respondents consider that a failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey showed that students from the social exclusion risk families are reluctant to talk about their families; they hide the facts or just contrarily – are trying to demonstrate that they are well, can operate and go wherever they want. So we can state that the hypothesis – Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school – has been proved partly. They have mastered two basic strategies for managing stigma – the concealment and the demonstration of advantages at school. • Research data analysis showed that students from the social exclusion risk families consider that they, in the event of difficulties, are unable to cope with problems but friends, class tutors, teachers, social pedagogues and psychologists can help them; and their families need material assistance. Students from usual families think, that they are able to cope with the encountered difficulties; they can manage themselves without anyone's help. Thus, it appears that the hypothesis – The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students – the need for material assistance–- has been confirmed.
The dissertation focuses on theoretical-legal aspects of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated for theoretical (doctrinal) justification and demonstration of the suitability of the tax laws for the regulation of the credit institutions. It reveals the main features, the legitimacy conditions and the main principles of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The second part of the dissertation analyses the main concepts of credit institutions' aimed regulatory taxes and on these concepts based factually applied tax norms which are aimed to regulate credit institutions' activity. In the second part there are also analyzed the most popular and the most attention given recent initiatives and proposals aimed to regulate the activity of the credit institutions with tax norms. The third part of the dissertation analyses the Lithuanian system of the tax norms, seeking to explore and assess the usage of the national system of the tax norms for the regulation of the credit institutions' activity. The dissertation is finished by presenting the most important conclusions which summarize the results of research and the main research objectives. Also in the end of the dissertation there is given certain proposals aimed to improve the quality of the regulation of the credit institutions' activity also the quality of the national system of the tax norms.
The dissertation focuses on theoretical-legal aspects of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated for theoretical (doctrinal) justification and demonstration of the suitability of the tax laws for the regulation of the credit institutions. It reveals the main features, the legitimacy conditions and the main principles of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The second part of the dissertation analyses the main concepts of credit institutions' aimed regulatory taxes and on these concepts based factually applied tax norms which are aimed to regulate credit institutions' activity. In the second part there are also analyzed the most popular and the most attention given recent initiatives and proposals aimed to regulate the activity of the credit institutions with tax norms. The third part of the dissertation analyses the Lithuanian system of the tax norms, seeking to explore and assess the usage of the national system of the tax norms for the regulation of the credit institutions' activity. The dissertation is finished by presenting the most important conclusions which summarize the results of research and the main research objectives. Also in the end of the dissertation there is given certain proposals aimed to improve the quality of the regulation of the credit institutions' activity also the quality of the national system of the tax norms.
The dissertation focuses on theoretical-legal aspects of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated for theoretical (doctrinal) justification and demonstration of the suitability of the tax laws for the regulation of the credit institutions. It reveals the main features, the legitimacy conditions and the main principles of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The second part of the dissertation analyses the main concepts of credit institutions' aimed regulatory taxes and on these concepts based factually applied tax norms which are aimed to regulate credit institutions' activity. In the second part there are also analyzed the most popular and the most attention given recent initiatives and proposals aimed to regulate the activity of the credit institutions with tax norms. The third part of the dissertation analyses the Lithuanian system of the tax norms, seeking to explore and assess the usage of the national system of the tax norms for the regulation of the credit institutions' activity. The dissertation is finished by presenting the most important conclusions which summarize the results of research and the main research objectives. Also in the end of the dissertation there is given certain proposals aimed to improve the quality of the regulation of the credit institutions' activity also the quality of the national system of the tax norms.
The dissertation focuses on theoretical-legal aspects of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated for theoretical (doctrinal) justification and demonstration of the suitability of the tax laws for the regulation of the credit institutions. It reveals the main features, the legitimacy conditions and the main principles of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The second part of the dissertation analyses the main concepts of credit institutions' aimed regulatory taxes and on these concepts based factually applied tax norms which are aimed to regulate credit institutions' activity. In the second part there are also analyzed the most popular and the most attention given recent initiatives and proposals aimed to regulate the activity of the credit institutions with tax norms. The third part of the dissertation analyses the Lithuanian system of the tax norms, seeking to explore and assess the usage of the national system of the tax norms for the regulation of the credit institutions' activity. The dissertation is finished by presenting the most important conclusions which summarize the results of research and the main research objectives. Also in the end of the dissertation there is given certain proposals aimed to improve the quality of the regulation of the credit institutions' activity also the quality of the national system of the tax norms.
The dissertation focuses on theoretical-legal aspects of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated for theoretical (doctrinal) justification and demonstration of the suitability of the tax laws for the regulation of the credit institutions. It reveals the main features, the legitimacy conditions and the main principles of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The second part of the dissertation analyses the main concepts of credit institutions' aimed regulatory taxes and on these concepts based factually applied tax norms which are aimed to regulate credit institutions' activity. In the second part there are also analyzed the most popular and the most attention given recent initiatives and proposals aimed to regulate the activity of the credit institutions with tax norms. The third part of the dissertation analyses the Lithuanian system of the tax norms, seeking to explore and assess the usage of the national system of the tax norms for the regulation of the credit institutions' activity. The dissertation is finished by presenting the most important conclusions which summarize the results of research and the main research objectives. Also in the end of the dissertation there is given certain proposals aimed to improve the quality of the regulation of the credit institutions' activity also the quality of the national system of the tax norms.
The dissertation focuses on theoretical-legal aspects of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The first part of the dissertation is dedicated for theoretical (doctrinal) justification and demonstration of the suitability of the tax laws for the regulation of the credit institutions. It reveals the main features, the legitimacy conditions and the main principles of the regulatory impact of the tax laws on the activity of the credit institutions. The second part of the dissertation analyses the main concepts of credit institutions' aimed regulatory taxes and on these concepts based factually applied tax norms which are aimed to regulate credit institutions' activity. In the second part there are also analyzed the most popular and the most attention given recent initiatives and proposals aimed to regulate the activity of the credit institutions with tax norms. The third part of the dissertation analyses the Lithuanian system of the tax norms, seeking to explore and assess the usage of the national system of the tax norms for the regulation of the credit institutions' activity. The dissertation is finished by presenting the most important conclusions which summarize the results of research and the main research objectives. Also in the end of the dissertation there is given certain proposals aimed to improve the quality of the regulation of the credit institutions' activity also the quality of the national system of the tax norms.
The object of this major thesis is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (North Korea) nuclear program and the threat it possesses to international security. The latter are being analyzed within realism theory and Hans J. Morgenthau's systemic and non-systemic view to the state, R. Cooper's new and old world order concepts, North Korea's reactions to international community's power demonstration in international system. Also, the analysis of international community's efforts to deal with the emerging situation through multilateral negotiations is being carried out (concentrating the attention to four and six-party talks). In this thesis the statement is being made, that North Korea is viewing international system as rival to her, because it still forms politics according to the old world order concept, that is according to the rules that emerged during Cold War, and this is why the multilateral talks most of the times are meaningless. Lastly, the insights to the future events in Korea peninsula are being proposed. The thesis is composed of three parts. In the first part the analysis of realism theory according to Hans J. Morgenthau is being carried out. In the second part the influence of nuclear North Korea's program to international security is pointed out. The third part tells why multilateral negotiations were not effective, what is the North Korea's reaction to the changes in international politics and the future perspectives are being told. This analysis includes abbreviations and annexes.
The object of this major thesis is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (North Korea) nuclear program and the threat it possesses to international security. The latter are being analyzed within realism theory and Hans J. Morgenthau's systemic and non-systemic view to the state, R. Cooper's new and old world order concepts, North Korea's reactions to international community's power demonstration in international system. Also, the analysis of international community's efforts to deal with the emerging situation through multilateral negotiations is being carried out (concentrating the attention to four and six-party talks). In this thesis the statement is being made, that North Korea is viewing international system as rival to her, because it still forms politics according to the old world order concept, that is according to the rules that emerged during Cold War, and this is why the multilateral talks most of the times are meaningless. Lastly, the insights to the future events in Korea peninsula are being proposed. The thesis is composed of three parts. In the first part the analysis of realism theory according to Hans J. Morgenthau is being carried out. In the second part the influence of nuclear North Korea's program to international security is pointed out. The third part tells why multilateral negotiations were not effective, what is the North Korea's reaction to the changes in international politics and the future perspectives are being told. This analysis includes abbreviations and annexes.
The object of this major thesis is the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's (North Korea) nuclear program and the threat it possesses to international security. The latter are being analyzed within realism theory and Hans J. Morgenthau's systemic and non-systemic view to the state, R. Cooper's new and old world order concepts, North Korea's reactions to international community's power demonstration in international system. Also, the analysis of international community's efforts to deal with the emerging situation through multilateral negotiations is being carried out (concentrating the attention to four and six-party talks). In this thesis the statement is being made, that North Korea is viewing international system as rival to her, because it still forms politics according to the old world order concept, that is according to the rules that emerged during Cold War, and this is why the multilateral talks most of the times are meaningless. Lastly, the insights to the future events in Korea peninsula are being proposed. The thesis is composed of three parts. In the first part the analysis of realism theory according to Hans J. Morgenthau is being carried out. In the second part the influence of nuclear North Korea's program to international security is pointed out. The third part tells why multilateral negotiations were not effective, what is the North Korea's reaction to the changes in international politics and the future perspectives are being told. This analysis includes abbreviations and annexes.
According to researchers, the Lithuanian rock of the 1970s and 1980s was a hybrid of the Western alternative culture, the Soviet proletarian culture and the Lithuanian dissidentism. Instead of turning into a part of show business as it did in the Western Europe, the Lithuanian rockmusic always stayed illegal and prosecuted. Among the most bitter rock groups was Antis, which satirized the Soviet bureaucracy and the official kitschy art. The soloist of the group Algirdas Kaušpėdas was one of the leaders of the Lithuanian movement for freedom. All the power of the national independence movement gave vent in the "Singing Revolution" in 1989. The process of liberation was like a rite, which for many people turned into an unforgettable personal and historical experience. The demonstrators gathered in squares like in churches. Folk, rock and popsongs performed at that time were regarded as sacred; and this attitude towards them did not change much until nowadays. Political demonstrations of Lithuanian people could be characterized by numerous traits typical to the religious festivals: not responding to force by violence, experiencing brotherhood and sisterhood, praying to Providence and hoping for a miracle. In the song by Algirdas Kaušpėdas Coast of Our Dreams, some biblical images could be noted: "We are a strange young armless troop stepping onto a bright surface of water. Let's walk ahead, no hesitations, or we'll forget the destination!" New wave of patriotic songs surged up. [to full text]
According to researchers, the Lithuanian rock of the 1970s and 1980s was a hybrid of the Western alternative culture, the Soviet proletarian culture and the Lithuanian dissidentism. Instead of turning into a part of show business as it did in the Western Europe, the Lithuanian rockmusic always stayed illegal and prosecuted. Among the most bitter rock groups was Antis, which satirized the Soviet bureaucracy and the official kitschy art. The soloist of the group Algirdas Kaušpėdas was one of the leaders of the Lithuanian movement for freedom. All the power of the national independence movement gave vent in the "Singing Revolution" in 1989. The process of liberation was like a rite, which for many people turned into an unforgettable personal and historical experience. The demonstrators gathered in squares like in churches. Folk, rock and popsongs performed at that time were regarded as sacred; and this attitude towards them did not change much until nowadays. Political demonstrations of Lithuanian people could be characterized by numerous traits typical to the religious festivals: not responding to force by violence, experiencing brotherhood and sisterhood, praying to Providence and hoping for a miracle. In the song by Algirdas Kaušpėdas Coast of Our Dreams, some biblical images could be noted: "We are a strange young armless troop stepping onto a bright surface of water. Let's walk ahead, no hesitations, or we'll forget the destination!" New wave of patriotic songs surged up. [to full text]
The history of political marking of the Vilnius city centre in the end of the 19th century – first half of the 20th century is reconstructed and analysed in the doctoral thesis. The research focuses on material markers (urban reorganizations of the city centre, construction of monuments and buildings of ideological significance), symbolic markers (competitions for projects of material markers, demonstration of national and / or state symbols, change of toponyms and functions of buildings, occasional texts) and rituals (mass events and their visual complements) realised or only designed by nine political regimes. The aim of the thesis is to analyse modern practices of symbolic marking which were based on political ideology and which were applied during the period of 1895–1953 in the public spaces of central Vilnius, and to disclose their causes, character and change. The research is based on theories of nationalism, memory and identity. Social art history is the methodology applied for examination of specific cases of political marking – political, social, cultural and economic context of their emergence is analysed, their target audience is identified, a relation of a commissioner and an executor is discussed. The method of comparative analysis is applied when juxtaposing the strategies of urban public space marking that were applied by different political regimes in the same space, i.e., Vilnius. The controversy around contemporary Vilnius commemoration signs encouraged to turn back to the beginnings of the development of modern political symbols in the city.
