Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Since 2007, the majority of FDI flows to Morocco, an average of 74%, have come fromdeveloped countries. This reality of FDI in Morocco leads to questions about the determinantsof its attractiveness. In fact, the location of multinational firms could emanate either from arational choice based on the advantages of Morocco, or from a systemic choice linked to theeconomic policy of the countries and their economic diplomacy. In our paper, we have triedto answer the question: What is the relationship between the economic diplomacy ofdeveloped countries and FDI flows to Morocco?In order to provide theoretical insight on our main question, and in the face of this relativereality on the determinants of FDI flows, we have opted for scientific realism as anepistemological position, and the hypothetico-deductive approach as a research approach.A review of the literature has allowed us to explain the flow of FDI to Morocco by thecomponents of economic diplomacy, like the need for fiscal adjustment in developedcountries and the military power of the latter on an international scale.To study our research hypotheses, we constructed a sample of panel data from 2007 to 2020(T=14) covering 6 original developed countries (France, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Canadaand Sweden). As data sources, we used statistics from the University of Sherbrooke, datafrom Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and data from MoroccanExchange Office. With the existence of longitudinal data that are represented by a doubledimension: individual and temporal, we are obliged to pass by an empirical analysis of thedata by using panel data econometrics. The procedure followed to achieve this technique iscomposed of three steps. The first step is to determine the panel structure using a sequentialtesting procedure. Then in the second step, calculate the VIF (variance inflation factor) toavoid multicollinearity, and in the third step, use the estimation method related to the result ofthe procedure.The study conducted ...

In a context of development crisis which, the Lest Developed Countries (LDCs) are trapped in since their independences and faced to a persisting if not a contained expanding informal economy, micro enterprises are seen as a solution to boost dynamic Small Medium Sized business (SMEs) that can generate added value. Our reflection in this research project is to shed more light on the operational patterns of micro-enterprises and contribute to identify the main factors that determine their dynamism and thus, their transition to dynamic commercial SMEs. The project presents a synthesis of some of the different theories explaining the so-called informal economy and micro-enterprises. For this purpose, we have conducted a survey in 2012 among a sample of 205 urban micro-entrepreneurs in the Republic of Mali. Our research led us to accept and analyze the very existence and reality of the so-called informal economy; and study the operational logic of micro enterprises and thus come out with a typology of MSMEs into two main categories. The division is made according to the logic of operation and the size of the invested capital: enterprises for mere subsistence or commercial enterprises. For each category, appropriate incentive policies that can prompt micro enterprises to comply with formal legislation in force in the LDCs. ; Dans un contexte de crise de développement dans lequel ont été plongés les PMA depuis leurs indépendances et la persistance, voir l'expansion continue de l'économie dite informelle, la dynamisation des micro-entreprises devient un sujet clé afin de développer des PME dynamiques capables de générer de la valeur ajoutée. Dans la réflexion que nous proposons notre ambition est de mieux comprendre les modes de fonctionnement des micro-entreprises et d'identifier les principaux facteurs qui déterminent leur dynamisation et leur transition vers des PME commerciales dynamiques. L'étude fait une synthèse des théories explicatives de l'économie dite informelle et de la micro-entreprise. Pour cela, nous ...

In a context of development crisis which, the Lest Developed Countries (LDCs) are trapped in since their independences and faced to a persisting if not a contained expanding informal economy, micro enterprises are seen as a solution to boost dynamic Small Medium Sized business (SMEs) that can generate added value. Our reflection in this research project is to shed more light on the operational patterns of micro-enterprises and contribute to identify the main factors that determine their dynamism and thus, their transition to dynamic commercial SMEs. The project presents a synthesis of some of the different theories explaining the so-called informal economy and micro-enterprises. For this purpose, we have conducted a survey in 2012 among a sample of 205 urban micro-entrepreneurs in the Republic of Mali. Our research led us to accept and analyze the very existence and reality of the so-called informal economy; and study the operational logic of micro enterprises and thus come out with a typology of MSMEs into two main categories. The division is made according to the logic of operation and the size of the invested capital: enterprises for mere subsistence or commercial enterprises. For each category, appropriate incentive policies that can prompt micro enterprises to comply with formal legislation in force in the LDCs. ; Dans un contexte de crise de développement dans lequel ont été plongés les PMA depuis leurs indépendances et la persistance, voir l'expansion continue de l'économie dite informelle, la dynamisation des micro-entreprises devient un sujet clé afin de développer des PME dynamiques capables de générer de la valeur ajoutée. Dans la réflexion que nous proposons notre ambition est de mieux comprendre les modes de fonctionnement des micro-entreprises et d'identifier les principaux facteurs qui déterminent leur dynamisation et leur transition vers des PME commerciales dynamiques. L'étude fait une synthèse des théories explicatives de l'économie dite informelle et de la micro-entreprise. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une enquête conduite en 2012 auprès d'un échantillon de 205 micro-entrepreneurs urbains de la république de Mali. Cette thèse analyse l'existence et la réalité de l'économie dite informelle ; étudie la logique de fonctionnement des micro-entreprises ; établit une typologie des MPME en deux groupes en fonction de leurs logiques de fonctionnement et de la taille du capital investi : entreprises de subsistance et entreprises commerciales ; cible les interventions pour chaque type de micro-entreprises et propose des politiques de dynamisation et d'incitation à la formalisation des micro-entreprises dans les PMA.

In a context of development crisis which, the Lest Developed Countries (LDCs) are trapped in since their independences and faced to a persisting if not a contained expanding informal economy, micro enterprises are seen as a solution to boost dynamic Small Medium Sized business (SMEs) that can generate added value. Our reflection in this research project is to shed more light on the operational patterns of micro-enterprises and contribute to identify the main factors that determine their dynamism and thus, their transition to dynamic commercial SMEs. The project presents a synthesis of some of the different theories explaining the so-called informal economy and micro-enterprises. For this purpose, we have conducted a survey in 2012 among a sample of 205 urban micro-entrepreneurs in the Republic of Mali. Our research led us to accept and analyze the very existence and reality of the so-called informal economy; and study the operational logic of micro enterprises and thus come out with a typology of MSMEs into two main categories. The division is made according to the logic of operation and the size of the invested capital: enterprises for mere subsistence or commercial enterprises. For each category, appropriate incentive policies that can prompt micro enterprises to comply with formal legislation in force in the LDCs. ; Dans un contexte de crise de développement dans lequel ont été plongés les PMA depuis leurs indépendances et la persistance, voir l'expansion continue de l'économie dite informelle, la dynamisation des micro-entreprises devient un sujet clé afin de développer des PME dynamiques capables de générer de la valeur ajoutée. Dans la réflexion que nous proposons notre ambition est de mieux comprendre les modes de fonctionnement des micro-entreprises et d'identifier les principaux facteurs qui déterminent leur dynamisation et leur transition vers des PME commerciales dynamiques. L'étude fait une synthèse des théories explicatives de l'économie dite informelle et de la micro-entreprise. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une enquête conduite en 2012 auprès d'un échantillon de 205 micro-entrepreneurs urbains de la république de Mali. Cette thèse analyse l'existence et la réalité de l'économie dite informelle ; étudie la logique de fonctionnement des micro-entreprises ; établit une typologie des MPME en deux groupes en fonction de leurs logiques de fonctionnement et de la taille du capital investi : entreprises de subsistance et entreprises commerciales ; cible les interventions pour chaque type de micro-entreprises et propose des politiques de dynamisation et d'incitation à la formalisation des micro-entreprises dans les PMA.

Growth prospects for developed and particularly European countries have deteriorated dramatically in recent weeks. The "voluntary and negotiated" depreciation of Greek sovereign debt, which is no more than a sovereign default, the wave of announced fiscal restraint plans while finance laws are still being debated, the European Union's inability to mobilise its forces in the crisis have made the forecasts made two months ago obsolete. 2012 will be marked by a recession in several European countries, including France (Table 1) (.). ; Les perspectives de croissance pour les pays développés et plus particulièrement européens se sont dégradées spectaculairement au cours des dernières semaines. La dépréciation " volontaire et négociée " des titres de dette souveraine grecque, qui n'est autre qu'un défaut souverain, la vague de plans de restriction budgétaire annoncés alors que les lois de finance sont encore en train d'être débattues, l'impuissance de l'Union européenne à mobiliser ses forces dans la crise sont autant de facteurs qui ont rendu les prévisions faites il y a deux mois obsolètes. L'année 2012 sera marquée par une récession dans plusieurs pays européens, dont la France (tableau 1) (.).

This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world's least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve. ; Cette thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) émergent et influencent la conservation effective des écosystèmes naturels au Cambodge. Elle contribue également à poursuivre l'opérationnalisation des cadres conceptuels institutionnalistes d'analyse des PSE dans le cadre d'un pays parmi les moins avancés de la planète. Au Cambodge, les PSE apparaissent comme le résultat de processus politiques de négociations influencés par les institutions ...

This thesis aims to understand the mechanisms through which Payments for Environmental Services (PES) emerge and influence the effective conservation of natural ecosystems in Cambodia. It also contributes to the operationalization of institutional conceptual frameworks for the analysis of PES, as it takes to the case of one of the world's least developed countries. In Cambodia, PES appear to be the result of political processes (negotiations) influenced by pre-existing institutions and in which some stakeholders, such as the Government and NGOs,seek to influence decisions related to the definition of new rules for the use of natural resources so that they align with their interests. This explains why some types of PES schemes face political blockages at the national level. The thesis also seeks to measure and explain the environmental effectiveness of one community-PES. The case study leads to the effective conservation of forests even when the external pressure increases. However, this effect depends on some characteristics of the local socio-economic context, probably because they influence the likelihood of local collective management of forests, which the scheme aims to strengthen. In addition, the permanence of these effects is not guaranteed in the long run. The program has indeed eroded some perceptions of use values of forest conservation, which are, in a context of poverty and strong dependence of local communities on natural resources, the foundation for partially intrinsic motivation to conserve. ; Cette thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) émergent et influencent la conservation effective des écosystèmes naturels au Cambodge. Elle contribue également à poursuivre l'opérationnalisation des cadres conceptuels institutionnalistes d'analyse des PSE dans le cadre d'un pays parmi les moins avancés de la planète. Au Cambodge, les PSE apparaissent comme le résultat de processus politiques de négociations influencés par les institutions ...