Suchergebnisse

Cilj ovog istraživanja je procijeniti utjecaj informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) na ljudski razvoj (mjerene indeksom ljudskog razvoja). Utjecaj se proučava za zemlje s različitim razinama razvoja kako bi se identificirale moguće razlike u tim utjecajima kada se uzme u obzir razina dohotka (razvijenost zemlje). Istraživanje se temelji na statičkoj regresijskoj analizi panel podataka s procjenom fiksnih učinaka (FE). Kako bismo riješili mogući problem endogenosti zbog obrnute uzročnosti, također izvodimo dinamičku regresiju panel podataka koristeći procjenitelj Generalizirana metoda momenata (GMM). Rezultati podupiru naše pretpostavke i pokazuju kako i tercijarno obrazovanje i korištenje IKT-a imaju pozitivne učinke na ljudski razvoj, iako rezultati variraju ovisno o procjeniteljima. Dok su u slučaju FE procjenitelja učinci značajni i pozitivni u svim promatranim zemljama, rezultati s GMM procjeniteljem pokazuju značajne učinke IKT-a samo u slučaju zemalja s višim srednjim dohotkom, ali također impliciraju da vrijednost HDI s vremenskim pomakom ima značajne i pozitivne učinke na promatrani HDI. Za ekonomsku politiku rezultati znače da IKT treba uzeti u obzir kao relevantan instrument koji može izravno ili neizravno pozitivno utjecati na živote ljudi. ; This study aims to assess the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on human development (measured with the human development index – HDI). The authors have analyzed the countries with different development levels in order to identify the possible differences in these impacts when observing the level of income (development of the country). Based on a static panel data regression analysis, the study applies the fixed-effects estimator (FE). To address the possible endogeneity problem caused by reverse causality, we also perform a dynamic panel data regression using the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator. The results support our hypothesis and show that ICT use and tertiary education positively affect human development, ...

Cilj ovog istraživanja je procijeniti utjecaj informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) na ljudski razvoj (mjerene indeksom ljudskog razvoja). Utjecaj se proučava za zemlje s različitim razinama razvoja kako bi se identificirale moguće razlike u tim utjecajima kada se uzme u obzir razina dohotka (razvijenost zemlje). Istraživanje se temelji na statičkoj regresijskoj analizi panel podataka s procjenom fiksnih učinaka (FE). Kako bismo riješili mogući problem endogenosti zbog obrnute uzročnosti, također izvodimo dinamičku regresiju panel podataka koristeći procjenitelj Generalizirana metoda momenata (GMM). Rezultati podupiru naše pretpostavke i pokazuju kako i tercijarno obrazovanje i korištenje IKT-a imaju pozitivne učinke na ljudski razvoj, iako rezultati variraju ovisno o procjeniteljima. Dok su u slučaju FE procjenitelja učinci značajni i pozitivni u svim promatranim zemljama, rezultati s GMM procjeniteljem pokazuju značajne učinke IKT-a samo u slučaju zemalja s višim srednjim dohotkom, ali također impliciraju da vrijednost HDI s vremenskim pomakom ima značajne i pozitivne učinke na promatrani HDI. Za ekonomsku politiku rezultati znače da IKT treba uzeti u obzir kao relevantan instrument koji može izravno ili neizravno pozitivno utjecati na živote ljudi. ; This study aims to assess the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on human development (measured with the human development index – HDI). The authors have analyzed the countries with different development levels in order to identify the possible differences in these impacts when observing the level of income (development of the country). Based on a static panel data regression analysis, the study applies the fixed-effects estimator (FE). To address the possible endogeneity problem caused by reverse causality, we also perform a dynamic panel data regression using the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator. The results support our hypothesis and show that ICT use and tertiary education positively affect human development, ...

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je empirijski istražiti utjecaj potrošnje obnovljivih i neobnovljivih izvora energije na ekonomski rast. Analiza je provedena na podacima za 16 razvijenih EU država u razdoblju od 1990. do 2018. te za 11 post-tranzicijskih EU država u razdoblju od 1995. do 2018. Dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s rezultatima dobivenim za razdoblje do 2014.godine. Za kvantificiranje kratkoročnog i dugoročnog utjecaja, primijenjen je združeni procjenitelj aritmetičke sredine grupe (PMG). Prema empirijskim rezultatima potrošnja oba izvora energije u dugom roku značajno utječe na ekonomski rast u obje skupine zemalja. Međutim, rezultati se razlikuju između razvijenih i post-tranzicijskih EU zemalja. U razvijenim EU zemljama potrošnja obnovljivih izvora energije ima negativan utjecaj na ekonomski rast, dok potrošnja neobnovljivih izvora energije ima pozitivan utjecaj. U post-tranzicijskim EU zemljama rezultati su suprotni, što znači da u tim zemljama postoji tendencija prelaska s manje učinkovitih i onečišćujućih izvora energije na učinkovitije energetske opcije koje mogu biti poticaj ekonomskom rastu. ; This paper aims to investigate the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth. Analysis was conducted for 16 developed EU member states over the period from 1990 to 2018 and 11 post-transition EU member states over the period from 1995 to 2018. We also compared obtained results with results for the period until 2014. The pooled mean group (PMG) model was used to capture dynamic relationship in a short and long run. The empirical results show that consumption of both energy sources has an impact on economic growth in the long run in both groups of countries. However, the results differ between the developed and post-transition EU countries. In developed EU countries renewable energy consumption has a negative impact on economic growth, while non-renewable energy consumption has a positive impact. In post-transition EU countries results are opposite, meaning that in these countries there is a tendency to shift from less efficient and more polluting energy sources to more efficient energy options which can be a stimulus to economic growth.

Social entrepreneurs create value. Global problems such as poverty have been heightened by the economic crisis lately and continue to affect the lives of many people all over the world and bring a great deal of interest to the social economy. Social entrepreneurship is an important determinant of the social economy and describes a set of exceptional behaviors. This paper analyzes the notion, perception, and degree of social-economic development with an emphasis on social entrepreneurship in the selected countries of the European Union and Croatia. The analysis encompasses the concept and development of selected older members of the European Union and relies on post-socialist countries at the same time as the newest members of the European Union. By analyzing the facts it is trying to prove that the social economy and social entrepreneurship are more developed and more fragmented in the older and more developed countries of the European Union. Further evidence of this fact is the level of employment in the social economy in the European Union, where the post-socialist countries lag behind the more developed countries of the European Union. ; Društveni poduzetnici stvaraju vrijednost. Globalni problemi poput siromaštva u posljednje su vrijeme intenzivirani uslijed gospodarske krize te i dalje imaju velik utjecaj na život mnogih ljudi diljem svijeta i predstavljaju velik interes društvenoj ekonomiji. Društveno poduzetništvo je važna odrednica društvene ekonomije i opisuje skup iznimnih ponašanja. Ovaj rad analizira pojam, percepciju i stupanj društveno-gospodarskog razvoja s naglaskom na društveno poduzetništvo u odabranim zemljama Europske unije i u Hrvatskoj. Analiza obuhvaća koncept i razvoj odabranih starijih članica Europske unije i oslanja se na postsocijalističke zemlje, kao najmlađe članice Europske unije. Analiziranjem činjenica članak pokušava dokazati da su društvena ekonomija i društveno poduzetništvo razvijeniji i rascjepkaniji u starijim i razvijenijim zemljama članicama Europske unije. Dodatni dokaz ...

The author's assumption is that a regular rotation of the Left & the Right in power has been a long-standing feature of stable European democracies. In most East European countries, the collapse of communism was followed by the electoral defeat of leftist parties. However, in the last two years, these regions have witnessed a return to power of more or less transformed leftist parties & leaders. This does not mark the return of communism, which has definitely become a thing of the past, though some of the leftist parties nurture certain revisionist traits. In less developed countries, former communist elites are being transformed into national political elites, while in more developed countries of Eastern Europe, the transformation of leftist parties into social-democratic parties has been completed. The author underlines the prominence of the national element in the political programs of leftist parties. He goes on to conclude that the main reason for the resurgence of the Left in East European countries lies in the social repercussions of the transition & the fact that the Right has been turning a blind eye to these problems. 1 Table. Adapted from the source document.

The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi,中国特色社国主国) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, 走出去国略) – the current Belt and Road Initiative is China's continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China's accession to WTO in 2001 marked China's full integration into the global economy and since then the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism "16+1", with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the "16+1" China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation. ; The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi,中国特色社国主国) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, 走出去国略) – the current Belt and Road Initiative is China's continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China's accession to WTO in 2001 marked China's full integration into the global economy and since then the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism "16+1", with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the "16+1" China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation.

Globalizacija je proces svjetske ekonomske integracije koji vodi do globalne ekonomije bez granica. U radu se procjenjuje utjecaj globalizacije na gospodarski rast u slučaju zemalja Europske monetarne unije (EMU). Autori su koristili tri komponente globalizacije – ekonomsku, socijalnu i političku globalizaciju. Pooled Mean Group estimator (PMG) korišten je za procjenu dugoročne i kratkoročne veze između globalizacije i ekonomskog rasta. Rezultati su pokazali da u kratkom roku ekonomska i socijalna globalizacija ima pozitivan utjecaj na gospodarski rast, dok politička globalizacija negativno utječe na ekonomski rast zemalja EMU. Ekonomska globalizacija dugoročno ima statistički značajan pozitivan utjecaj na ekonomski rast zemalja EMU, dok društvena i politička globalizacija negativno utječe na ekonomski rast zemalja EMU. Autori preporučuju, za svaku zemlju, pojedinačni pristup prilikom prihvaćanja globalizacijskog procesa. Pristup ovisi o fazi razvoja zemlje, socijalnoj i političkoj pozadini. Jedan bi pristup mogao biti evolucijski za zemlje u razvoju i najmanje razvijene zemlje. Drugi pristup bi mogao biti brži način prihvaćanja globalizacije za razvijene zemlje. ; Globalization is a process of world economic integration which leads to the global economy without borders. The paper estimates the impact of globalization on economic growth in the case of European Monetary Union countries (EMU). Authors used three components of globalization – economic, social, and political globalization. Pooled Mean Group estimator (PMG) was used to estimate the long-run and short-run relationship between globalization and economic growth. The results showed that in the short-run, economic and social globalization has a positive impact on economic growth, while political globalization has a negative effect on the economic growth of EMU countries. In the long-run, economic globalization has a statistically significant positive impact on the economic growth of EMU countries, while social and political globalization has a negative effect on the economic growth of EMU countries. Authors recommend, for each country, case by case approach in accepting the globalization process. The approach depends on the country's development stage, social, and political background. Thus, the approach for developing and least developed countries could be an evolutionary way, while for the developed ones a faster way of acceptances of globalization, for developed countries.

The author gives a short account of his broadly based studies on the theory of public choice & the financing of the public sector in the industrialized countries of the world. In this context, he first defines the theory of choice & its relation to the financing of the public sector & then reviews the evolution of the theory of public choice in the history of human development, with special focus on the most recent trends. He then explores the fundamental principles of public choice in the functioning of the contemporary state & its consequences for the economic & social development of the developed countries. In conclusion, the author lists the essential requirements regarding the possibility of the implementation of the theory of public choice in Croatian theory & practice relating to collective decisions regarding the financing of public needs. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.

Rad pručava politike razvojne pomoći kao instrumente moći za postizanje vanjskopolitičkih ciljeva koji koriste u prvom redu državama-inicijatoricama. Rad se fokusira na dvije velike europske zemlje: Francusku Republiku i Saveznu Republiku Njemačke, koje su ujedno gospodarski i politički najmoćnije zemlje članice Europske unije. Promjenom paradigme, iz one u kojoj najveću korist od politika razvojne pomoći imaju slabije razvijene zemlje u paradigmu kako dugoročno najveću korist imaju upravo zemlje koje su inicijatorice istih, rad pokazuje da starije, veće te politički i ekonomski moćnije države članice Europske unije koriste politike razvojne pomoći prema slabije razvijenim članicama, prema zemljama kandidatkinjama te ostalim zemljama, kako bi promovirale vlastiti interes i ostvarile ciljeve svoje vanjske politike. Konačno, pokazujući vezu između politika razvojne pomoći i širenja utjecaja i moći Francuske i Njemačke, rad stvora pretpostavke za novo objašnjenje odnosa moći u međunarodnom okruženju. ; The dissertation examines how the development aid policy, both in the context of national budgets and European Structural and Investment Funds, is being used as an instrument for achieving foreign policy objectives, and it is in this sense primarily beneficial for countriesdonators. Dissertation is focussed on two main European Union member states: the Republic of France and Federal Republic of Germany. By changing the paradigm from the one in which the least developed countries have the most benefit from development aid policy to the paradigm that, on the long-term, greatest benefits precisely have the countries that are the initiators of the same development aid, dissertation argues that older, bigger, politically and economically more powerful European Union member states use development policies assisting less developed members, candidate and other countries to promote their own interests and achieve goals of their foreign policy. In attempt to demonstrate the influence of France and Germany through development ...

Politika ruralnog razvoja za svoj glavni cilj ima poboljšanje životnog standarda ljudi koji žive u ruralnim područjima. Ulaskom u Europsku uniju, sve zemlje dobivaju mogućnost korištenja sredstava koje EPFRR (Europskog poljoprivrednog fonda za ruralni razvoj). Cilj ovog rada je prikazati iskoristivost EPFRR-a za zemlje srednje i istočne Europe u razdoblju od 2014. do 2020. godine. Sam cilj EFRR je smanjiti gospodarske razlike između regije kroz razvoj poljoprivrede. Mjere EPFRR odnose se na investiranje u poljoprivredne aktivnosti, potpore slabije razvijenim područjima, u ljudske resurse, zaštitu okoliša i slično. A te mjere još su upotpunjene mjerama za šumarstvo, te mjerama promocije razvoja ruralnih područja. To je napravljeno kroz analizu dokumenata Europske unije, ponajviše ključnih odluka i planova. U radu su dati primjeri na zemljama srednje i istočne Europe, s detaljnijim pregledom iskoristivosti EPFRR u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i Estoniji, Rumunjskoj i Poljskoj. Kroz komparativnu analizu odabranih zemalja Europske unije prikazuju se korištena sredstava EPFRR-a te i prikaz same poljoprivrede tih zemalja i njihovo pozicioniranje u Europskoj uniji. ; Rural development as its main objective has to improve the living standards of people living in rural areas. By joining the European Union, all countries, together with Croatia, get the opportunity to use the funds that are offered. One of the options which got available is the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The aim of this pape is to demonstrate the usefulness of EAFRD for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the period from 2014 to 2020. The Fund's goal is to reduce economic disparities between the regions through agricultural development. The EAFRD measures themselves relate to investment in agricultural activities, support for less developed areas, human resources, environmental protection and the like. And these measures are further complemented by measures for forestry, and measures to promote the development of rural ...

Politika ruralnog razvoja za svoj glavni cilj ima poboljšanje životnog standarda ljudi koji žive u ruralnim područjima. Ulaskom u Europsku uniju, sve zemlje dobivaju mogućnost korištenja sredstava koje EPFRR (Europskog poljoprivrednog fonda za ruralni razvoj). Cilj ovog rada je prikazati iskoristivost EPFRR-a za zemlje srednje i istočne Europe u razdoblju od 2014. do 2020. godine. Sam cilj EFRR je smanjiti gospodarske razlike između regije kroz razvoj poljoprivrede. Mjere EPFRR odnose se na investiranje u poljoprivredne aktivnosti, potpore slabije razvijenim područjima, u ljudske resurse, zaštitu okoliša i slično. A te mjere još su upotpunjene mjerama za šumarstvo, te mjerama promocije razvoja ruralnih područja. To je napravljeno kroz analizu dokumenata Europske unije, ponajviše ključnih odluka i planova. U radu su dati primjeri na zemljama srednje i istočne Europe, s detaljnijim pregledom iskoristivosti EPFRR u Republici Hrvatskoj, kao i Estoniji, Rumunjskoj i Poljskoj. Kroz komparativnu analizu odabranih zemalja Europske unije prikazuju se korištena sredstava EPFRR-a te i prikaz same poljoprivrede tih zemalja i njihovo pozicioniranje u Europskoj uniji. ; Rural development as its main objective has to improve the living standards of people living in rural areas. By joining the European Union, all countries, together with Croatia, get the opportunity to use the funds that are offered. One of the options which got available is the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD). The aim of this pape is to demonstrate the usefulness of EAFRD for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the period from 2014 to 2020. The Fund's goal is to reduce economic disparities between the regions through agricultural development. The EAFRD measures themselves relate to investment in agricultural activities, support for less developed areas, human resources, environmental protection and the like. And these measures are further complemented by measures for forestry, and measures to promote the development of rural areas. This will be done through an analysis of EU documents, highlighting key decisions and plans. Furthermore, this document will attempt to provide a comparative analysis of the researched countries of the European Union, which is an analysis of how much EAFRD is used and how this has affected the development of their rural economic sector, with a more detailed overview of the use of the EAFRD in the Republic of Croatia, as well as Estonia, Romania and Poland.Through a comparative analysis of selected countries of the European Union, the used EAFRD funds are presented, as well as an overview of the agriculture of those countries and their positioning in the European Union.

Migracije su fenomen koji se proteže kroz cijelu ljudsku povijest; one predstavljaju potrebu i nužnost. Brojni su push and pull uzročni faktori. Suvremene masovne migracije pretežno su obilježene premještanjem ljudi koji, u kombinaciji bijega od ratnih sukoba, disfunkcionalnih sustava upravljanja, klimatskih promjena i neimaštine, nastoje stići do sigurnijih i ekonomski razvijenih zemalja. Premda se većina trenutačne svjetske populacije migranata nalazi u državama Azije i Afrike, najveća pozornost posvećena je situacijama u kojima manje skupine pokušavaju dospjeti do država Europske unije, Australije ili primjerice SAD-a. Premda su ulazne migracije nužnost spomenutih zemalja, one nisu spremne za velike priljeve migranata, već navedeno žele projektirano odraditi kroz duže razdoblje. U tu svrhu razvijaju brojne politike, mjere i mehanizme, koji su predmet analize ovoga rada. Rad se posebno bavi kontekstom stvaranja i usporedbom migracijskih politika i postupaka Europske unije i Australije, njihovim sličnostima i razlikama. ; Migration is a phenomenon present throughout human history, as a need and a necessity. There are numerous push and pull factors which cause it. Modern mass migration is mostly marked as "relocating people who in combination with escape from war, dysfunctional management systems, climate change and poverty try to reach safer and economically developed countries". Although most of the current world population of migrants is located in countries of Asia and Africa, the greatest attention was paid to cases where small groups are trying to reach the European Union countries, Australia or the USA. Though in-migration is a necessity in these countries, they are not ready for large inflows of migrants and they want this process to unwind during a longer period of time. For this purpose, they develop a number of policies, measures and mechanisms, which are also the subject of analysis in this paper. This research is especially focused on the context of creation and comparison of the migration policy and procedures of the European Union and Australia, their similarities and differences.

Migracijska kretanja su konstanta ljudske povijesti, bilo da se radi o dobrovoljnim ili prisilnim migracijama. No,s prijelaza s 2015. na 2016. godinu, Europa se suočila s izbjegličkom krizom koja je uzrokovana dugogodišnjim tranzicijskim procesima na Bliskom istoku i sjevernoj Africi. Ti su tranzicijski procesi uzrokovali građanski rat u Siriji i Libiji, ali i stvorili ogromnu nestabilnost u susjednim državama. Veliki broj migranata s područja Bliskog istoka, Afrike i Azije je krenuo prema Europi, a cilj im je bio stići u najrazvijenije zemlje Europe, Njemačku, Švedsku, Norvešku i druge. Na putu koji se proteže preko Turske i Grčke pa sve do Švedske, našle su se i države koje su svoju samostalnost stekle dezintegracijom Jugoslavije. Neke od država nastalih raspadom Jugoslavije su članice Europske unije i NATO pakta, no to im nije olakšalo suočavanje s izbjegličkom krizom, iako su one, u većini slučajeva, samo tranzitne zemlje. Nedostatak sredstava, slaba koordinacija, manjak institucionalnih kapaciteta i problemi s drugim državama samo su neki od izazova s kojima su se ove države suočile. Upravo zbog svih navedenih problema ovaj rad se bavi komparacijom migracijskih politika država nastalih raspadom Jugoslavije, i to ne samo onih koje se nalaze na Balkanskoj ruti, već i Crne Gore i Bosne i Hercegovine. ; Migration movements have been a constant feature of human history, wheather voluntary or forced. However, in the late 2015 Europe was faced with refugee crisis caused by long – term transition process in Middle East and North Africa. That transition process caused Civil war in Syria and Libya and instability in neighboring countries. A huge number of migrants from Middle East, Africa and Asia headed to Europe with the aim to reach most developed countries: Germany, Sweden, Norway etc. Countries which gained their independence with desintergration of Yugoslavia can be found on the path from Turkey and Greece towards countries as far as Sweden. Althought some of the states that have been createdafter the ...

The article deals with the concept of civil society in relation to its theoretical legacy & also with its meaning in the context of the social reality of developed democracies &, in particular, transitional societies. The author looks into the fundamental features of the societies of developed democracies where defining the further development of civil society & its adjustment to new social circumstances is under way, primarily due to the preservation & strengthening of the civic initiative & the expansion of the space for civic & political participation. For transitional societies, democracy is a coveted goal. The author's opinion is that the establishment of an autonomous civil society & the application of its elementary mechanisms is the essential & irreplaceable condition of its realization. He looks into the prospects for the democratization of the public & the political space of transitional societies by means of the application of social & political patterns of civil society, especially in relation to all the differences & particularities of these societies that serve as inhibiting factors (social & political legacy, authoritarian aberrations). Despite a plethora of obstacles, the prospects for an autochthonous structuring of the civil society within the existing social conditions, based on the same universal values of the civil society in developed democracies, are much bigger than those for the implementation of the readymade solutions from developed democracies. 31 References. Adapted from the source document.

The author deals with the new cycle of multilateral trade negotiations that started in Doha in 2001. Since then, the main question has remained to be how to overcome the radically different priorities of developed & developing countries. ED insists on expanding the WTO regulation system. Developing countries were against broadening of the negotiations, especially not to development that is not directly related to the trade dimension. The clash appeared in the form of a crisis of the multilateral system but also in the form of a crisis of confidence in WTO. The general agreement signed by the members of WTO in July 2004 was of great importance for the future of multilateralism. It remains to be seen if that will be confirmed at the conclusion of the Doha cycle envisaged for the end of 2006. References. Adapted from the source document.