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The use of expressions femicide and feminicide, mainly developed by academics in the sociological and anthropological fields as well as by feminist activists, have become frequent in the areas of law and public policy in Latin American countries. This article seeks to analyse the challenges currently faced regarding the interpretation and application of these new criminal offences in various countries, considering the strong questioning they have often received from the criminal law field. For this purpose, the article analyses briefly the origin and development of the expressions of femicide/feminicide, are as well as the main characteristics and problems of the new crimes and their incipient legal interpretation and application. ; L'uso dei termini femicidio/femminicidio, elaborati principalmente da studiosi negli ambiti della sociologia e dell'antropologia, così come da militanti femministe, è divenuto frequente nei paesi dell'America Latina in materia di diritto e politica pubblica. L'articolo intende analizzare le attuali sfide da affrontare relativamente all'interpretazione e all'applicazione di questi nuovi delitti in diversi paesi, tenendo in considerazione il dibattito accesosi in ambito penale. In tal senso, l'articolo analizza brevemente le origini e lo sviluppo dei termini femicidio/femminicidio unitamente alle caratteristiche essenziali e alle problematiche poste da queste nuove fattispecie criminose. ; L'utilisation du mot féminicide (en anglais : femicide et feminicide), développé principalement par des scientifiques dans les domaines de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie ainsi que par les militantes féministes, est devenue fréquente dans les pays d'Amérique latine en matière de loi et de politique publique. Cet article vise à analyser les défis actuels relatifs à l'interprétation et à l'application de ce nouveau délit dans plusieurs pays, compte tenu de la série de questions posées à son égard dans le domaine pénal. Dans ce but, l'article analyse brièvement les origines et le développement de ce mot féminicide ainsi que les caractéristiques essentielles et les problèmes posés par ce nouveau délit.

This paper develops an analytical model to calculate the amount by which individuals are expected to modify their values (the relationship between lifestyle and happiness, as measured by subjective well-being, SWB) and to adopt innovative technologies (to increase the sustainability of production and consumption, measured by the ecological footprint, EF) to allow current and future generations to achieve sustainable happiness (the pursuit of happiness that does not exploit other people, the environment, or future generations). The paper also examines the dependence of these changes on an individual's concern for future generations and on their country's current state of economic development. Individuals in developed countries can change their values by showing greater concern for future generations as well as by adopting new technologies, thereby reducing the required change in values and achieving sustainability at a high SWB. In contrast, individuals in developing countries must rely solely on technological innovation (and to a greater extent than in developed countries), and their concern for future generations is less relevant, with sustainability achieved at a low SWB. Finally, maximising the concern for future generations will make individuals in developing and developed countries coincide in terms of their potential to substitute values for technologies or vice versa, but not in terms of their potential to achieve sustainable happiness.

International audience ; The idea of disarmament for development was particularly explored in the early 1980s, at the initiative of the UN. It highlighted the economic burden of the great powers' arms race, while development aid was proving to be highly insufficient. Within the framework of international agreements, it was a question of the highly militarised developed countries reducing the financing of their armaments and providing part of these savings to support the development of Third World countries. Three main questions were then asked. Is armament a brake on development? Does disarmament only have positive effects on the national economies of developed countries? Does the transfers of resources from developed to developing countries be realized without perverse effects? ; L'idea del disarmo per lo sviluppo è stata particolarmente studiata all'inizio degli anni '80, su iniziativa delle Nazioni Unite. Ha evidenziato il peso economico della corsa agli armamenti delle grandi potenze, mentre gli aiuti allo sviluppo si stavano dimostrando altamente insufficienti. Nell'ambito degli accordi internazionali, si trattava che i paesi sviluppati molto militarizzati riducessero il finanziamento dei loro armamenti e fornissero parte di questi risparmi per sostenere lo sviluppo dei paesi del terzo mondo. Sono state quindi poste tre domande principali. L'armamento è un freno allo sviluppo? Il disarmo ha solo effetti positivi sulle economie nazionali dei paesi sviluppati? Il disarmo può essere facilmente accompagnato da trasferimenti di risorse dai paesi sviluppati a quelli in via di sviluppo?

International audience ; The idea of disarmament for development was particularly explored in the early 1980s, at the initiative of the UN. It highlighted the economic burden of the great powers' arms race, while development aid was proving to be highly insufficient. Within the framework of international agreements, it was a question of the highly militarised developed countries reducing the financing of their armaments and providing part of these savings to support the development of Third World countries. Three main questions were then asked. Is armament a brake on development? Does disarmament only have positive effects on the national economies of developed countries? Does the transfers of resources from developed to developing countries be realized without perverse effects? ; L'idea del disarmo per lo sviluppo è stata particolarmente studiata all'inizio degli anni '80, su iniziativa delle Nazioni Unite. Ha evidenziato il peso economico della corsa agli armamenti delle grandi potenze, mentre gli aiuti allo sviluppo si stavano dimostrando altamente insufficienti. Nell'ambito degli accordi internazionali, si trattava che i paesi sviluppati molto militarizzati riducessero il finanziamento dei loro armamenti e fornissero parte di questi risparmi per sostenere lo sviluppo dei paesi del terzo mondo. Sono state quindi poste tre domande principali. L'armamento è un freno allo sviluppo? Il disarmo ha solo effetti positivi sulle economie nazionali dei paesi sviluppati? Il disarmo può essere facilmente accompagnato da trasferimenti di risorse dai paesi sviluppati a quelli in via di sviluppo?

International audience ; The idea of disarmament for development was particularly explored in the early 1980s, at the initiative of the UN. It highlighted the economic burden of the great powers' arms race, while development aid was proving to be highly insufficient. Within the framework of international agreements, it was a question of the highly militarised developed countries reducing the financing of their armaments and providing part of these savings to support the development of Third World countries. Three main questions were then asked. Is armament a brake on development? Does disarmament only have positive effects on the national economies of developed countries? Does the transfers of resources from developed to developing countries be realized without perverse effects? ; L'idea del disarmo per lo sviluppo è stata particolarmente studiata all'inizio degli anni '80, su iniziativa delle Nazioni Unite. Ha evidenziato il peso economico della corsa agli armamenti delle grandi potenze, mentre gli aiuti allo sviluppo si stavano dimostrando altamente insufficienti. Nell'ambito degli accordi internazionali, si trattava che i paesi sviluppati molto militarizzati riducessero il finanziamento dei loro armamenti e fornissero parte di questi risparmi per sostenere lo sviluppo dei paesi del terzo mondo. Sono state quindi poste tre domande principali. L'armamento è un freno allo sviluppo? Il disarmo ha solo effetti positivi sulle economie nazionali dei paesi sviluppati? Il disarmo può essere facilmente accompagnato da trasferimenti di risorse dai paesi sviluppati a quelli in via di sviluppo?

The importance given to the migratory phenomena occurring all over the world is more & more evident because of their relevance both demographically (hence the differentials existing in the TFT of the developed & developing countries) & in economic terms (given the possible increase & promotion of economic growth in developing countries). Consequently, in a context such as the present one in which demographic events & economic phenomena are combined, a fundamental role is played on a micro-level by the migrant, who comes to occupy the role of fundamental "resource," both for the place of origin & for the place of destination, while on a macro level the territorial mobility of populations, which brings in new features, regarding the natural movement of populations, that are very different from those already rooted in the developed countries, could play a "re-equilibrating" role in the quantitative development of populations. Taking all these factors into account, it is worth examining & reflecting on the role of the migratory phenomena in a well limited area -- the area that includes the countries of the EU & of the Mediterranean Basin -- which we have been methodically analyzing for some years & above all since the time when the Southern European countries started to become more & more the areas of final destination for people coming prevalently from the Southern bank of the Mediterranean & from the Third World in general. References. Adapted from the source document.

During the 20th century intervention with respect to economic & productive activity became a normal practice for nearly all states. While, in the nineteenth century, laissez-faire liberalism generally prevailed, & the defence of private property was considered the fundamental role of the state, the twentieth century saw the affirmation in some countries of Marxist-Leninist theories, which assigned the state property rights in the means of production, the arrival on the world scene of the new Keynesian approach, which assigned the state the role of promoting & stabilizing economic & social development, &, lastly, the great world revolution consisting in colonial emancipation, which, though a political phenomenon, constituted an implicit move towards economic independence. All of these factors brought about an upheaval in the situation that had been consolidated since the second half of the 19th century -- a century that saw the consolidation of a hegemony of the most developed countries which exercised control over the natural resources of less developed countries, above all of the colonies conquered by European states in the period of imperialist expansion. The problem of nationalizations, or international expropriations, arose out of the conflict that developed between countries exporting capital, which tended to protect the property of their citizens abroad, & countries importing capital, which decided without warning to take over full responsibility for their own economic resources. It is crucial to note, in this connection, the presence, on the one hand of states with a long liberal tradition, which have often suffered losses in terms of the property of their own citizens &, on the other hand, of international actors exhibiting a socialist state structure or of recent liberal tradition, which claim sovereignty over their own resources. For this reason, international nationalizations need to be re-examined in the light of the ideological, political & economic structure of the single states. They concern, in other words, national sovereignty, general political economy choices, the position held within the international community & relations with various other international state-actors, aiming, in the last analysis, to take account of the role adopted, since the 1960s, by the main international organization, the United Nations. Adapted from the source document.

Science is facing a fundamental turning point of its history. Never as in this historical moment it appears giant and powerful, but at the same time it shows high fragility: the concentration of information control power in the hands of few commercial groups, the iniquity of a system that benefits developed countries, the restriction of academic autonomy by political and economic power, the precariousness of working conditions of young researchers, the increase in the number of cases of scientific fraud and misconduct, the questioning of its authority by a portion of the public. Can openness be understood as a system capable of strengthening science and treating the diseases that afflict it?

A review symposium on a book by Richard J. Samuels, Machiavelli's Children. Leaders and Their Legacies in Italy and Japan (Ithaca & London: Cornell U Press, 2003), with contributions from Michele Salvati, Mauro Calise, & Leonardo Morlina & a reply by author Samuels. The book offers a detailed comparison between Italy & Japan from the Union of Italy & the Meiji Restoration to present days. One hundred fifty years of parallel history reveal that the two countries had similar nation- & state-building experiences. In the 19th Century both countries were forced to fill the economical gap separating them from more developed countries. They also struggled to maintain the general consensus during times of intense structural development that required strenuous sacrifices from their population. In both cases such consensus was never achieved through real democratic participation, until their defeat in WWII. The comparison also shows the deep differences between the pre-fascist, liberal Italian state & the Japanese totalitarian regime. However, after WWII, similarities increase again, especially after the American occupation & its commitment to export democracy. M. Williamson

Science is facing a fundamental turning point of its history. Never as in this historical moment it appears giant and powerful, but at the same time it shows high fragility: the concentration of information control power in the hands of few commercial groups, the iniquity of a system that benefits developed countries, the restriction of academic autonomy by political and economic power, the precariousness of working conditions of young researchers, the increase in the number of cases of scientific fraud and misconduct, the questioning of its authority by a portion of the public. Can openness be understood as a system capable of strengthening science and treating the diseases that afflict it? The essay is aimed at answering this question. ; Trento LawTech Research Paper nr. 32

Social, cultural and demographic changes due to economic growth lead to changes on food production patterns. Increased instruction levels, strong urbanization and consequent depopulation of rural areas, increased number of working women, increased wealth of families, growth and differentiation of food demand led to deep innovations in consumers priorities and choices: consumption behaviors are now more focused on food safety (search for secure, healthy and even biological food) rather than food security (the problem of food scarcity no longer affects the developed countries). Food producers and distributors, in particular large scale distribution, gradually adapted their strategies to meet the emerging consumers' preferences. In this paper we analyze the brand management strategy ViviVerde" pursued by Coop and, with an analysis of the demand elasticity of the food products sold with the ViviVerde label (eggs, milk, fresh cheese, pasta, fruit juices) from January 2010 to May 2012.

The importance for political studies of the problems related to collective action &, more generally, to cooperation cannot be neglected. Some of these problems find a solution; others do not. This article is related to the growing literature about social capital. It shows that social capital (ie, institutionalized expectations of cooperation) can help to explain the institutional performance of a microfinance program in Ethiopia. In this regard, it is assumed that the rate of repayment for different credit groups is influenced by their ability to lower the transaction costs of supplying a collective good (an efficient regime). The channels through which the social capital is hypothesized to be working are addressed from both a theoretical & an empirical point of view. The consequences of these findings in terms of both politics & policies for development, especially in the rural areas of less developed countries, are assessed. 3 Tables, 1 Appendix, 62 References. Adapted from the source document.

I comportamenti nutrizionali stanno assumendo sempre maggiore rilievo all'interno delle politiche comunitarie e questo sottolinea che la dieta sta avendo, negli ultimi anni, una maggiore importanza come fattore di causa e allo stesso tempo prevenzione nella diffusione di malattie croniche come il cancro, malattie cardiovascolari, diabete, osteoporosi e disturbi dentali. Numerosi studi mostrano infatti che i tassi di obesità sono triplicati nelle ultime due decadi e si è stimato che, se i livelli di obesità continueranno a crescere allo stesso tasso del 1990, nel 2010 il numero di persone obese raggiungerà i 150 milioni tra gli adulti e i 15 milioni tra bambini e adolescenti. I governi nazionali stanno quindi cercando di risolvere questo problema, a cui sono inoltre legati alti costi nazionali, tramite l'implementazione di politiche nutrizionali. Analisi di tipo cross-section sono già state evidenziate da studiosi come Schmidhuber e Traill (2006), i quali hanno effettuato un'analisi di convergenza a livello europeo per esaminare la distanza tra le calorie immesse da 426 prodotti diversi. In quest'analisi hanno così dimostrato la presenza di una similarità distinta e crescente tra i paesi europei per quanto riguarda la composizione della dieta. Srinivasan et al. invece hanno osservato la relazione esistente tra ogni singolo prodotto alimentare consumato e le norme nutrizionali dell' Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (World Health Organization, WHO) Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di evidenziare il problema a livello di aggregati nutritivi e di specifiche componenti nutrizionali come zucchero, frutta e verdura e non relativamente ad ogni singolo prodotto consumato. A questo proposito ci si è basati sulla costruzione di un indicatore (Recommendation Compliance Index) in modo da poter misurare le distanze tra la dieta media e le raccomandazioni del WHO. Lo scopo è quindi quello di riuscire a quantificare il fenomeno del peggioramento della dieta in diverse aree del mondo negli ultimi quattro decenni, tramite un'analisi panel, basandosi sui dati sui nutrienti consumati, provenienti dal database della FAO (e precisamente dal dataset Food Balance Sheets – FBS). Nella prima fase si introduce il problema dell'obesità e delle malattie croniche correlate, evidenziando dati statistici in diversi paesi europei e mondiali. Si sottolineano inoltre le diverse azioni dei governi e del WHO, tramite l'attuazione di campagne contro l'obesità e in favore di una vita più salutare e di una maggiore attività fisica. Nella seconda fase si è costruito un indicatore aggregato (Recommendation Compliance Index) in modo da analizzare le caratteristiche nella dieta dei diversi Paesi a livello mondiale rispetto alle norme del WHO. L'indicatore si basa sui dati ottenuti da FAOSTAT ed è calcolato per 149 paesi del database dell'FBS per il periodo 1961-2002. Nell'analisi si sono utilizzati i dati sulle percentuali di energia prodotta dalle varie componenti nutritive, quali grassi, grassi saturi e transaturi, zuccheri, carboidrati, proteine e le quantità di frutta e verdura consumate. Inoltre si è applicato un test statistico per testare se il valore del RCI è significativamente cambiato nel tempo, prendendo in considerazione gruppi di Paesi (Paesi OECD, Paesi in via di sviluppo e sottosviluppati). Si è voluto poi valutare la presenza o meno di un processo di convergenza, applicando l'analisi di σ-convergenza per osservare ad esempio se la variabilità è diminuita nel tempo in modo significativo. Infine si è applicato l'indicatore ad un livello micro, utilizzando il database del National Diet and Nutrition Survey, che raccoglie dati di macrocomponenti nutritive e misure antropometriche della popolazione inglese dai 16 ai 64 anni per il periodo 2000-2001. Si sono quindi effettuate analisi descrittive nonché analisi di correlazione, regressione lineare e ordinale per osservare le relazioni tra l'indicatore, i macronutrienti, il reddito e le misure antropometriche dell' Indice di Massa Corporea (Body Mass Index, BMI) e del rapporto vita-fianchi (Waist-hip ratio, WHR). ; The growing economic relevance of the adverse health effects of poor dietary choices is leading governments of developed and developing countries towards the implementation and calibration of nutrition policies, hence requiring a stronger quantitative basis to policy monitoring and evaluation. Quantitative research on the nutrition-health relationship is being pushed towards considering meal and dietary patterns as opposed to the traditional analysis of food consumption on a product-by-product basis. To this purpose, nationally aggregated data comparable across countries might provide support to monitor the impact of dietary guidelines and to model the health-diet relationship. In this paper we propose an indicator of distance from the WHO recommendations for an healthy diet, based on FAOSTAT time series of energy intakes for 150 countries over the period 1961-2002. Using parametric methods we explore the evolution in diet healthiness evolved over time, with a special focus on disparities and convergence in different World regions. A single aggregated indicator of distance from the key WHO recommendations for a healthy diet is built using FAOSTAT intake data, bounded between 0 (maximum possible distance from goals) and 1 (perfect adherence). Two hypotheses are tested for different country groupings: (a) whether adherence has improved over time; (b) whether cross-country disparities in terms of diet healthiness have decreased. Preliminary results show that on average diets in developed countries are becoming healthier over time, with a reduction in disparities across countries. Such trend is not confirmed in least developed countries, nor disparities seem to reduce over time. The recommendation compliance index (RCI) shows significant improvements in adherence to WHO goals for both developing and especially OECD countries. The latter group of countries show the highest levels of the RCI and the largest increase over time, especially between 1981 and 2002. No improvement is detected for least developed countries. A reduction in disparities (convergence of the RCI) is only observed within the OECD grouping. Diets are so improving and converging in advanced economies, but developing and especially least developed countries are still far from meeting WHO nutrition goals. This confirms findings on the double burden of malnutrition and suggests that economic drivers are more relevant than socio-cultural factors in determining healthiness of diets. Finally, we have applied the same index on the National Diet and Nutrition Survey database, that is about nutrient intakes and anthropometric measures of English people from 16 to 64 years old over the period 2000-2001. We have implemented correlations, linear and ordinal regression analysis to show the relationship among the index, the macronutrients, the income and the anthropometric measures of the Body Mass Index and the Waist-hip ratio.

DIET AS A KEY ELEMENT OF HEALTH PROMOTION AT THE WORKPLACE IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND PRACTICE. FIRST RESULTS OF THE EU PROJECT FAHRE. The globalization of markets have led to rapid changes in diet and lifestyle in the developed countries, where living standards have improved, and availability and variety of food has increased while physical activity decreases have led to an augment in chronic diseases (obesity and diabetes mellitus), cardiovascular diseases and some specific cancers. In this context there is a need to develop health promotion activities. Workers represent a very appropriate group for such activities because they are relatively homogeneous, easily reachable because they can be found together in the same place and time and the occupational physician has good knowledge of the of health status of individual worker. In this scenario, a renew interest must be posed to the relationship between diet and health. In this context our Group is participating at the FAHRE project (Food and Health Research in Europe). The project aims to establish the state of the art of research at the interface of nutrition and health in the European Union, identifying its strengths and weaknesses in order to propose strategies to increase coordination and improve its functioning as a European Research Area.

Privacy as a fundamental human right remains a challenge in our data-driven society. Legislators in developed countries did their best to enact laws to protect this right. The most well-established privacy law is the GDPR in the European Union. While the GDPR creates a detailed framework to define every aspect of interaction with data, there are still some gaps that remained. One of these gaps is the lack of numeric assessment methods to measure different risks that data subjects may face in a data breach situation. Based on Article 35 of the GDPR, EU companies are required to perform a Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA), but the law does not mention precisely how to do such assessments and does not provide any numeric methodologies. In this thesis work, we explain the details of this challenge and introduce different existing frameworks to overcome it. We get in details of the PRUDEnce, a framework to assess the re-identification risk in the background knowledge based attacks. The main contribution of this thesis is examining the PRUDEnce framework in the temporal purchasing footprints dataset of shopping baskets and proving the ability of the framework in providing a numeric risk assessment in such datasets. Our findings confirm the results of the main research paper and demonstrate how the risk changes numerically with the increment of the background knowledge of adversaries.