This paper argues that the establishment of a safeguards code is one of the basic issues to be faced by the present GATT round of negotiations. It analyses the operation of the antidumping and subsidies codes during the eighties, with emphasis upon the impacts of the actions taken by other countries against Brazilian exports, and reveals the interplay of these codes with other instruments of protection used by developed countries
This article analyses differences between scientific & technological co-operation & collaboration. International cooperation represents opportunities for partners, mainly strategic alliances. In North-South collaborations usually developed countries define the project/program & become the sole owner of the results. Opportunities & risks for countries such as Brazil are to recognize these differences. Tables. Adapted from the source document.
This paper deals with the international banks' adjustment process to the external debt of the less developed countries. It starts with an overview of the American banks' financial situation during the eighties and concludes that, after Brazil's default in 1987, banks are willing to strengthen their capital structure, but still have risks to face
This paper presents Latin American & Asian perspectives on the biofuels emerging industry. The Brazilian's possibilities of participation on this industry evolution & the involvement on the world trade for ethanol & biodiesel are discussed. Also, an investigation about who will be the main "strategic" partners of Brazil in this sector is made: the huge consumer markets of developed countries or the emerging & also hungry consumers of energy Asian economies? Tables, Graphs. Adapted from the source document.
This article analyzes developing countries performance at the World Trade Organization (WTO) accordingly to two aspects: developing country coalitions and developing country participation in the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The authors conclude that developing countries use institutional mechanisms as their main strategy in order to increase their capacity relatively to developed countries. Thus, developing countries have worked within the existing trade structure in order to try to adapt it to their interests. Developing countries have managed to create and maintain coalitions at the WTO, despite their economic and political diversity. As regards their participation in the DSB, although the number of panels opened by developing countries has increased, it is still concentrated in a small group of developing countries, mainly Brazil and India. Adapted from the source document.
In recent decades, the International Cooperation for Development (ICD) has experienced alternative ways of implementation, integrating developed countries, developing countries and multilateral organizations in triangular arrangements. In a context of economic crisis, the limitations of ICD to promote development and the doubts on the fulfillment of the financial commitments of OECD donors, led to new roles and responsibilities for emerging economies in the international development tasks. They bet on more horizontal forms of cooperation, with approaches and practices a priori distinct from the traditional North-South Cooperation (NSC). For emerging countries such as Brazil, but also for other developing countries, Triangular Cooperation (TRC) is an instrument of support to South-South Cooperation (SSC) which allows to increase the scale of their projects, deepen their impact and explore complementarities with other countries and international organizations.
The liberalization of agricultural markets proved to be one of the most sensitive points in the Uruguay Round negotiations. The contrasting interests of developing and developed countries often give rise to dissensions and deadlocks. Nevertheless, the issue carries great importance within the context of the integration of the Americas, especially with the advent of the FTAA. Unlike what happens at the WTO, trade of agricultural products should gain priority status in the process of negotiations of the FTAA. (Polit Externa/DÜI)
The linkage between the Portuguese economy & the 2007 international crisis -- which has been named as Great Depression -- is not clear. The major problem of the Portuguese economy is not born in recent years, since the beginning of the 21st century that we assist to the lower development rates, which has contributing to deepener the gap with the developed countries. In this article we will examine the outcomes of the Portuguese economy evolution that extrapolate the economic sphere, reaching the European Union project & the Portuguese insertion on it. Adapted from the source document.
The objective of this study is to analyze some of the factors that influence the process of internationalization of Brazilian civil society as a partner for economic and social development in other countries, from the experience of the Non-Governmental Development Organization (NGDO) Viva Brazil Rio in Haiti. Although considered a successful experience, Viva Rio faced a number of obstacles in expanding its international reach, and was not yet followed by a similar movement from other Brazilian NGO's, despite support from the Brazilian government, the United Nations (UN) and other institutions from developed countries. By analyzing the ways by which the national government, international organizations, transnational corporations and NGDOs interact with Northern NGDOs of the global South, it becomes clear that the international capabilities of Brazilian NGDO's are still constrained due to the incipient internationalization of both Brazilian society and government.
A exemplo das relações econômicas internacionais, a saúde segue o ritmo da mundialização. Fala-se, ao mesmo tempo, de uma economia da saúde globalizada e da internacionalização dos riscos sanitários. No entanto, os países desenvolvidos e aqueles em desenvolvimento não estão no mesmo nível em relação ao combate às doenças. Observa-se uma "fratura sanitária" simbolizada, por anos a fio, pela epidemia da AIDS nos países pobres. Enquanto o progresso científico oferece respostas a numerosas doenças, a maioria dos habitantes dos países do "Sul" não tem acesso regular a medicamentos. No centro das políticas de saúde pública, o medicamento vem se tornando mercadoria, em uma economia mundial focada na exploração do conhecimento, no caso a inovação farmacêutica. A falta de acesso a tratamentos pode ser analisada como resultado da exclusão dos países em desenvolvimento frente ao mercado de produtos farmacêuticos, causada tanto pela situação socioeconômica, quanto pela estrutura do mercado e pelas regras da OMC relativas à propriedade intelectual. ; As international economic relations, health field follows the steps of the globalization. People talks, at the same time, about a global health economy and the internationalization of health risks. However, the developed countries and those who are in development are not in the same level to fight against diseases. There is a "health break" for many years symbolized by AIDS epidemic in poor countries. While scientific progress provides answers to several diseases, most of the inhabitants of the "South " has no regular access to medicines. At the heart of public health policies, the drug is becoming a commodity in a global economy focused on the exploration of knowledge, particularly the pharmaceutical innovation. The lack of access to treatment can be analyzed as a result of the exclusion of developing countries facing the pharmaceutical market, caused by socioeconomic status, by the structure of the market and by WTO's intellectual property rules. ; À l'instar des relations économiques internationales, la santé vit au rythme de la mondialisation. Aussi parle-t-on d'une économie de la santé globalisée comme d'une internationalisation des risques sanitaires. Pourtant les pays développés et les pays en développement ne sont pas sur un pied d'égalité face au poids de la maladie. Le constat est celui d'une "fracture sanitaire", symbolisée depuis plusieurs décennies par le fléau du sida au sein des pays à faible revenu. Alors que les progrès scientifiques permettent de répondre à de nombreuses maladies, la majorité des habitants des pays du "Sud" n'a pas accès régulièrement aux médicaments. Au cœur des politiques de santé publique, le médicament est parallèlement devenu un objet de marché dans une économie mondiale centrée sur l'exploitation commerciale du savoir, en l'occurrence l'innovation pharmaceutique. Le manque d'accès aux traitements peut alors s'analyser comme le résultat d'une exclusion des pays en développement vis-à-vis du marché des produits pharmaceutiques, causée tant par leur situation socio-économique que par la structure du marché et les règles de l'OMC relatives à la propriété intellectuelle.
Desde os anos 1980, em resposta aos desafios trazidos pelas doenças raras, alguns países desenvolvidos vêm estabelecendo quadros regulatórios. Os países em desenvolvimento devem fazer o mesmo? Este artigo argumenta que a limitação de recursos de um país em desenvolvimento, embora seja um fator importante para se considerar cuidadosamente a distribuição dos gastos com saúde, não pode ser uma desculpa para negar a necessidade de uma regulamentação. O trabalho apresenta argumentos legais e políticos para o estabelecimento de tal regulação nos países em desenvolvimento. Também relata os recentes esforços legislativos para o cuidado das doenças raras por parte das autoridades locais chinesas, explica as razões para a adoção de uma nova definição de doenças raras e elabora os segmentos necessários dentro de um contexto integrado, racional e adequado à China para o cuidado dessas enfermidades. ; In response to the challenges posed by rare diseases, some developed countries have set up regulatory frameworks since 1980s. Should developing countries follow suit? This article argues that the limited resources of a developing country, although a major factor for carefully considering just distribution of health spending, should not be used as an excuse to reject the need for such a regulatory framework. It provides both policy and legal arguments for establishing such a framework in developing countries. It also reports the recent development of rare disease legislative efforts by local authorities in China, explains the reasons of a new definition of rare diseases adopted, and elaborates the necessary blocks in an integrated rational framework for rare diseases suitable for China.
The scope and coverage of the Brazilian Immunization Program can be compared with those in developed countries because it provides a large number of vaccines and has a considerable coverage. The increasing complexity of the program brings challenges regarding its development, high coverage levels, access equality, and safety. The Immunization Information System, with nominal data, is an innovative tool that can more accurately monitor these indicators and allows the evaluation of the impact of new vaccination strategies. The main difficulties for such a system are in its implementation process, training of professionals, mastering its use, its constant maintenance needs and ensuring the information contained remain confidential. Therefore, encouraging the development of this tool should be part of public health policies and should also be involved in the three spheres of government as well as the public and private vaccination services. ; A abrangência e desempenho do Programa Nacional de Imunização no Brasil são comparáveis aos de países desenvolvidos, pois oferece número elevado de vacinas e cobertura considerável. A crescente complexidade do Programa acarreta desafios inerentes ao seu desenvolvimento, em relação à manutenção de coberturas vacinais elevadas, equidade de acesso e segurança. O sistema informatizado de imunização, com dados nominais, é um instrumento inovador para o monitoramento preciso desses indicadores e permite a avaliação de impacto das novas estratégias de vacinação. Suas principais dificuldades estão no processo de implantação, treinamento dos profissionais, domínio da tecnologia, e sua constante manutenção e garantia da confidencialidade das informações. O incentivo ao desenvolvimento dessa ferramenta deve fazer parte das políticas públicas em saúde e contar com o envolvimento das três esferas de governo e das redes de vacinação pública e privada.
A crise financeira não deveria chegar à América Latina, segundo a maioria dos economistas e governantes: o conjunto de indicadores de vulnerabilidade melhorou na maior parte dessas economias. No entanto, ela chegou e, à medida que os dias passam, anuncia-se cada vez mais severa. Os indicadores de vulnerabilidade, portanto, não são suficientes para estabelecer prognósticos confiáveis. É necessário combiná-los com indicadores de fragilidade mais confiáveis como a apreciação da taxa cambial, as desigualdades mais elevadas. Quanto piores forem esses indicadores, mais difícil será resistir à crise, e vice-versa. Como a crise nos países desenvolvidos adquiriu um caráter sistêmico e os indicadores de fragilidade não são muito bons, suas repercussões serão consideráveis nessas economias emergentes, apesar de indicadores de vulnerabilidade terem apresentado melhoras. ; Most economists and government leaders stated that the crisis was not going to reach Latin America; the indicators of vulnerability have improved in most of these economies. However, the crisis did reach the region and is looking increasingly severe as the days go by. The indicators of economic vulnerability alone cannot, therefore, establish reliable forecasts. More reliable indicators such as exchange rate appreciation and other high inequalities must also be taken into account. The worse these indicators are, the more difficult it is not to fall into the crisis, and vice-versa. In developed countries, the crisis has taken on a systematic character and the signs of fragility are worrying. Therefore, despite an improvement in the indicators of economic vulnerability, the crisis will have significant repercussions in emerging economies.