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Several recent studies have identified the significant role social trust in regulatory organizations plays in the public acceptance of various technologies and activities. In a cross‐cultural investigation, the current work explores empirically the relationship between social trust in management authorities and the degree of public acceptability of hazards for individuals residing in either developed or emerging Latin American economies using confirmatory rather than exploratory techniques. Undergraduates in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile and the United States and Spain assessed trust in regulatory authorities, public acceptance, personal knowledge, and the risks and benefits for 23 activities and technological hazards. Four findings were encountered. (i) In Latin American nations trust in regulatory entities was strongly and significantly (directly as well as indirectly) linked with the public's acceptance of any activity or technology. In developed countries trust and acceptability are essentially linked indirectly (through perceived risk and perceived benefit). (ii) Lack of knowledge strengthened the magnitude and statistical significance of the trust‐acceptability relationship in both developed and developing countries. (iii) For high levels of claimed knowledge, the impact on the trust‐acceptability relationship varied depending upon the origin of the sample. (iv) Confirmatory analysis revealed the relative importance of perceived benefit over perceived risk in meditating the trust‐acceptability causal chain.

Corporate governance refers to the way a company is run and includes laws, rules and principles on which it is based. Corporate governance has poor history. Models of corporate governance have been developed from different cultural, historical and legal environments in which corporations do their business. There are two basic types of corporate governance in developed economies: the one-tier system, which is practiced in the United Kingdom and the United States and the two-tier system, which evolved in Germany and Japan. On the other hand, the transitional countries started developing their corporate governance under very different circumstances due to their socialism-oriented market and public property. Investments are among the main prerequisites for economic growth. The most important investment is greenfield investment, which means that foreign investors invest their money in another country to start a new business. The last, but not least important issue, is agency problem, which arises when management runs a company in the way that maximizes their own interests, while the ownership of shareholders is depreciated. This paper describes the genesis of corporate governance, its models in developed countries, its state in transitional economies and some of the main ways of controlling management and dealing with agency problems.

This article studies how northern European migrants adapted their collective strategies to Seville's institutional framework in the last third of the sixteenth century and how these strategies shaped the emergence of the so-called Flemish and German nation. It analyzes the group's motivations to refuse the creation of a particularized commercial institution, as well as the alternative institutional mechanisms they developed to organize themselves in southern Spain. The article sheds light on the role of open-access institutions in Spain to facilitate long-distance trade and gives a new insight into the evolution of the commercial connections between the Spanish monarchy and the Dutch Republic during the Eighty Years' War.

The logistics industry today iswell developed. The efficient movement ofgoods, people, and information isacrucial link ineach supply chain and the entire logistics system. For systems tofunction effectively, they must beproperly assessed, compared, and analyzed. Therefore, there are many different indicators, both simple and complex. The purpose ofthis article isto review these indicators and conduct acomparative analysis for aselected indicator, the LPI (Logistics Performance Index), which measures logistics performance. The subjects ofthe study are European Union countries. Multivariate comparative analysis was used for the study. ; Branża logistyczna współcześnie rozwija się bardzo dynamicznie. Sprawne przepływy towarów, osób iinformacji sąbardzo istotnym ogniwem każdego łańcucha dostaw icałego systemu logistycznego. Aby systemy mogły funkcjonować efektywnie, należy jeodpowiednio oceniać, porównywać, jak ianalizować. Wtym celu istnieje wiele różnorodnych wskaźników, zarówno prostych izłożonych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie przeglądu tychże wskaźników, atakże przeprowadzenie analizy porównawczej dla wybranego wskaźnika mierzącego poziom rozwoju systemu logistycznego (LPI − Logistics Performance Index). Podmiotem badania sąkraje Unii Europejskiej. Doanaliz wykorzystano metody wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej.

The developed economies, except the USA and Canada, have each
imple¬mented a Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in order to
encourage exports of the developing countries. Since the tariffs imposed
on the imports from the developing countries are relatively small under
the GSP, the developing countries have an advantage in the exports of
commodities covered by the GSP., The GSPs. of different countries vary
in product coverage, depth of tariff cuts', safeguard measures for the
protection of domestic industry, and the rules of origin. For a
•comparative analysis of the GSPs of different countries, an evaluation
of the im¬pact of the overall GSP on the exports of the developing
economies, and of sugges¬tions-for devising ways and means for expanding
the exports of the developing countries, several committees were formed
by the UNCTAD Secretariat. The Report under review is a collection of
documents prepared by those committees, including document- Nos.
TD/B/C-5.2 to TD/B/C-5.9. These documents are arranged under three
heads, viz. General Report, Consideration of some inportant aspects of
the GSP, and the Case Studies. The main issues discussed in these
re¬ports are: Special measures in favour of the least developed
countries; Effect of the GSP on the tariff advantages enjoyed by the
African countries associated with the European Economic Community (EEC);
Analysis of the rule of origin; and Effects of the GSP of the EEC
countries, Japan and the UK on the export earnings of the beneficiary
countries.

This contribution focuses on the process of consensus building within the do-main of policies and politics. It concentrates on Dutch and German regional economic development policies, to illustrate the similarities and differences in the policymaking process. Regional economic policies flourished in the 1950s and 1960s, when most developed countries were implementing them. Industrial subsidies and infrastructure investments were intended to strengthen the economic structure of those regions lagging behind the standards of national growth. This post-war history of regional policy will be investigated, using the Northern Netherlands and North West Germany as examples. Parallels and divergences between concepts, instruments and administration will be scruti-nised from a comparative perspective. Similar patterns in Dutch and German regions point to a European consensus on how to develop 'backward' re-gions. Differences in and between the regions will be explained on the basis of variations in planning traditions on a national and even regional scale.

The role of institutions as determinants of rent-seeking success is well established. In this paper, we focus on institutions that have received little attention in the literature, ie, electoral institutions. We examine three measures of electoral institutional structure that are hypothesized to be instrumental in determining the level of rent-seeking success. These are the type of electoral system, pluralistic or proportional; method of selection of the chief executive, presidential or parliamentary; & the number of electoral districts. An index of economic freedom is used as the metric for rent-seeking opportunities created by governments. Theoretical implications of variation in these electoral institutions are developed. These implications are empirically tested employing data from 29 countries classified as having emerging market economies. Countries with emerging economies are expected to exhibit more institutional flexibility than more developed countries whose property rights are well established & defended. The empirical results are controlled for differences in a number of demographic & historical factors. Plurality electoral systems are more resistant to the political demands of rent-seeking than proportional systems. Fewer election districts seem to reduce rent-seeking opportunities. However, conditional on the type of electoral system, presidential systems are found to be no more resistant to rent-seeking than parliamentary systems. Finally, we find strong control effects. Literacy increases a country's resistance to rent-seeking while military spending & years of institutional entrenchment reduce it. 3 Tables, 2 Appendixes, 37 References. Adapted from the source document.

This chapter aims to reveal the geographies of ewaste flows at global and national levels based on waste statistics data and thematic cartography. WEEE management practices are examined for each major geographical area respectively: Europe, North America, Latin America and Caribbean, South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Pollution and public health threats associated with improper ewaste management practices is a crucial environmental issue, particularly in emerging economies. Generation, collection, treatment, recycling and recovery activities of WEEE fraction are analyzed within each geographical area. The role formal and informal sector is further investigated pointing out the gaps and different prospects in development of sustainable ewaste management systems across developing and developed countries.

"The distinction between developing and developed countries has long been central to development studies and to debates on development policy. In earlier decades, it was in many respects accurate, and was for many purposes useful. Although the world is still very much divided between rich and poor countries, relationships among countries have changed so much that the developing-developed country distinction has become an obstacle to understanding current problems and opportunities and, even more, to thinking productively about the future. It is time to stop using it. Many alternative ways of categorising countries have been suggested. In recent years in particular, large numbers of organisations have begun annually to rank countries according to a wide variety of criteria: from economic vulnerability, bribe payers, competitiveness, digital access, ease of doing business, food insecurity, governance, and happiness to water poverty and welfare. These do not adequately capture the structural and relational changes that have occurred in our multi-polar world with substantially altered flows of ideas, resources and influence. Focusing on the needs of European policymakers, this paper suggests two axes for classifying countries. The first is the external capacity of states to influence and work with other states. This is captured in the (measureable) concept of 'anchor countries' developed by the German Development Institute and beginning to be put into practice in the enlargement from the G8 to the G20. The second is internal state capacity, as shaped by the sources of government income, in particular contrasting tax, aid, and oil. Using sources of public revenue as a way of classifying countries requires more work but would help to steer the development debate toward the key issue of improving the quality of governance and thus strengthening the capacity of poor countries to help themselves." (author's abstract)

Several aspects of water resources and their links with food and energy supply, as well as with natural hazards, have been obscured due to political aims and ideological influences. At the same time, the involvement of politics and ideology testifies to the high importance of water-related issues internationally, and reflects the intensifying unresolved problems related to water, food and energy adequacy, as well as protection from floods and droughts. In an attempt to separate, as much as possible, the essence of problems from the political and ideological influences, several facts and fallacies about water and interrelated issues are discussed, based on data (numbers) rather than on dominant ideological views. The domain of the discussion is generally the entire globe, but, as a particular case, Greece, whose water resources are only partly developed, is discussed in more detail. From a pragmatic point of view, the water infrastructure in developed countries appears to be irreplaceable, although its management is adaptable toward more environmentally-friendly operation. For developing countries, no alternative to large-scale water resources development by engineering means appears plausible. The recent pursuit of renewable energy makes imperative the utilization of the existing and, where possible, the building of new, large hydropower plants, as only these can provide efficient energy storage, which is necessary for the renewable energy provided by nature in highly varying patterns. © 2011 IAHS Press.

Annotation

Die EU und ihre Mitgliedsstaaten formulieren in der Entwicklungspolitik ehrgeizige gemeinsame Prinzipien, die nationale Umsetzung hinkt aber oft hinterher. Welche Faktoren spielen dabei eine Rolle? Mit Frankreich, Deutschland und Spanien untersucht die Studie drei langjährige EU-Mitgliedsstaaten. Sie nutzt einen sozialkonstruktivistischen Normenansatz und entwirft ein Modell für das Verständnis der bislang oft unterbelichteten institutionellen Verankerung und Internalisierung internationaler Normen. In zwei Fallstudien werden Armutsorientierung und gebergemeinsame Ansätze untersucht. Auf Basis zahlreicher Interviews sowie umfassenden weiteren Quellen wird deutlich, dass sowohl länder- als auch fallspezifische Faktoren eine Rolle spielen.

Abstract
Development is an innate manifestation on earth. It is not even surprising that the world has developed tremendously over the past decade considering the development in the previous decades. That is, development precipitates development. Therefore, even though everybody can see what risks it brings to the earth, we cannot simply restrain it. Of course, we cannot restrain it. The bottomline is that we have no choice but to be part of the development and be one of those who assist in the ever spontaneous development by trying to minimize its unwanted effects to the planet and its inhabitantants, the humans.
Even looking at the 'development' from one's own microcosm, we can perceive that as we go through life and gain some of what this world can offer, we produce tons and tons of wastes. These wastes, which are naturally not part of the earth, pollute and disrupt the natural processes of the planet. It is also simple to notice that the fundamental cause of the depletion of the earth's natural resources was definitely proportional to the increase in population and to the development itself. Here lies one of the underlying global problems at hand aside from poverty, hunger, low access to education, and other socio-anthropological issues we have, this is the issue on natural resources depletion. Even to worldleaders from well-developed countries can recognize that they will also be the ones at the receiving end of this problem. It is basic that living organisms rely on their environment or the abiotic factors, to live sustainably.
Considering these problems, the United Nations, with the worldleaders as its composition, has come up with strategies that advocate development while keeping the earth's natural resources from depletion or the earth's natural processes from disruption. This advocacy is called Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development is the development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their own needs. It is, at its core, an advocacy for futurism and the next generation.
Sustainable Development is primarily anchored with the case of the "carrying capacity" of the planet Earth. It was already implied by several natural scientists as well as social scientists that indeed the Planet Earth increasingly finds it hard to sustain the needs of the human races because of overpopulation. These things result to poverty and hunger around the world. On the otherhand, it is increasing implied that most of the Natural Resources of the planet goes to the well-developed countries, leaving the developing and underdeveloped countries with meager resources. This further increases cases of hunger and poverty.
Although it is deceptive that the call for a sustainable development should take its toll on the countries with bigger economy since they consume the most and pollute the most, it is very definite that there should be a much more intensive application in developing countries since we are just about to experience what the rest of the developed countries have already experienced. More importantly, developing countries should advocate Sustainable Development since it is a common knowledge that even if they contribute least to the causes of natural resource depletion and disruption of natural processes, they are the ones who suffer most from the devastating effects of unsustainable development. As citizens of the Republic of the Philippines, we are one of those who suffer most.