Suchergebnisse

The rural-urban paradox of happiness is examined that, in developed countries, manifests itself in higher life satisfaction of rural residents compared to urban residents. This topic has become increasingly important due to the dynamics of urbanization and the overwhelming majority of the global population settling in urban areas. Based on the analysis of statistical data and foreign literature, the aim of the study is to highlight the issues associated with defining the paradox and analyze various approaches to this topic. As the cost of living in urban areas rises, the paradox might become more pronounced, and the territorial differentiation of subjective well-being is likely to increase. In this scenario, human civilization will face fundamental challenges relating to the future of cities and the spatial distribution of the global population.

Performance evaluation focuses on verifying how the objectives, tasks, responsibilities or requirements of the position are met by its holder. The evaluation of professional performances is a topical issue in Romania and due to the fact that until 1989 this activity was limited in most organizations to a superficial characterization of employees, based on which there were no real performance criteria. The experience of developed countries shows that, although there are still many controversial aspects related to evaluation, it remains a fundamental issue of managerial effectiveness (Lukacs, E. 2002). The purpose of the research is the students' perception of the professional behavior of the teaching staff and the efficiency of the teaching staff. We were also interested in checking whether these perceptions are related to the personality type of the evaluator student.

AbstractSince stakeholders cannot directly observe corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts, companies attempt to back up their increasing sustainability claims by sending CSR signals. The environment in which signaling takes place influences the credibility of the signals. Among the factors that make up the signaling environment, the overall exposure of the company to different stakeholders (i.e., stakeholder scrutiny) has been neglected by the literature. Using signaling and stakeholder theories, we argue how stakeholder scrutiny shapes CSR signals' credibility. We empirically analyze a sample of 5762 firms across several sectors from 23 developed countries from 2013 to 2017. Stakeholder scrutiny exercises a positive effect on the credibility of CSR signals through a mediated‐moderated impact of CSR (across environmental, social, and governance dimensions) on firm performance.

AbstractStudies in regional science show the influence of public transport on gentrification. However, the vast majority of published works deal with cases in developed countries and do not account for selection bias or endogeneity. This work uses a difference‐in‐differences model, combined with a propensity score matching, to analyze the effects of new metro stations between 2000 and 2010 in São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis relies on outcome variables typically used in the gentrification literature. The results indicate a positive and significant effect of new metro stations on income and the ratio of apartments to total dwellings. There was no effect on the proportion of young adults, rented apartments, or single owners. We argue that our findings provide partial evidence of transit‐induced gentrification related to the new metro stations in São Paulo.

Depopulation processes in Russia—in almost all of its regions and settlements—are similar to those observed in almost all developed countries, and they additionally intensified in the post-Soviet period during the 30-year transformation of public relations in the country. The general and particular foundations of depopulation—of a mental, social, economic and political nature—are presented in studies by Russian geographers and demographers, sociologists and economists, ethnographers and political scientists. Summarizing and supplementing their results, the author proposes a verbal model of spatially mediated depopulation processes. It characterizes the logic of these processes in modern Russia and the dominance of economic factors in them. The article critically evaluates the methods of statistical accounting for spatially mediated depopulation. The controversial role of interregional and intraregional migration in the desertification of territories is shown.

Women play vital role in sustaining peace and development most especially in the education sector. In developed countries women play vital role, however in Nigeria women are still relegated due to educational, economic and political power. This paper is an attempt to re-awaken the zeal of females on their attitude; empowerment and importance to get involved in the quality of the education towards enhanced national development. It highlights the need for women participation in education system, issues and prospects in education. Descriptive survey design was adopted while 150 respondents were sampled from three local governments in Ondo state using precision of 95% confidence interval. The paper submits that the role of women cannot be undermined out of education sector to boost their social, political, economic and financial participation towards peace and natural development.

The paper aims to present digital transformation as a process that has been taking place in the digital economy and the European Union's economy in recent years and its impact on changes in the economic and social sphere. As a starting point, this paper considers the importance of advanced technology products in the global production and trade in the global and European economy, including information and communication technologies, which constitute the primary basis for the development of the digital economy. The paper shows that leading technologies can allow sustainable development goals (SDGs) to be achieved faster and more effectively. It is necessary to eliminate the persistent, significant income differences between developing and highly developed countries and disparities in access to the use of innovative solutions (including social innovation).

Social defense exists in the developed countries of the world long time, and a large value is spared to the special attitude toward national minorities. The necessity of social defence purchased wide application in the end XIX and beginning of XX of century, includes the different types of defence of citizens in case of temporal loss of capacity for diverse reasons, unemployment, professional diseases, industrial accidents, pension system. This system is the complex of socio-economic and legal guarantees of every citizen of country. Social defence of population is called to create the normal terms of residence and stay of citizens in a middle a country, and is priority direction of realization of social politics.
Keywords: social protection, minimum payments, state policy, community

The world is suffused with self-organised groups asserting themselves in the policymaking corridors of governments and private-for-profits in order to jointly address stubborn societal challenges characterised as wicked problems. These self-organised bodies, labelled the third sector, operate in the advanced, developing, as well as less developed countries. This paper reviews the contemporary background of the third sector, its conceptual basis, its identity crisis and prospects for future development in the context of public governance in Nigeria. It does so premised on an orientation towards new governance tradition and heuristics. It argues that a better understanding of the concept, and governance role of the sector, by government policymakers, private-for-profits, and third sector actors themselves, will strengthen home grown cross-boundary collaboration for a more effective service delivery across the country.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine why female labor force participation in Iran has been less than 20 percent.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate a structural dynamic matching model of female participation using individual panel data in Iran. The study incorporates many factors such as wage, child cost, education, spouse employment and job market search parameters.FindingsThe study finds that gender discrimination in job finding has the biggest effect in reducing the rate of women's participation. If all market differences disappear, the female participation rate will increase by 12 percentage points to almost 27 percent, which is still much lower than that of developed countries with the average of 60 percent.Originality/valueThis study provides the first structural search model using a developing country's microdata to study female labor participation.

AbstractWe analyse the implications for international banks of two contemporary megatrends: corporate sustainability (CS) and digitalization. The digital environment and the availability of massive data from customers generate asymmetric information for banks to the detriment of customers, who experience individual vulnerabilities such as privacy rights. This can hinder the positive influence of digitalization in banks' performance, with relevant managerial and political implications. In this context, the reputation generated by CS strategies can constitute a credence factor that reduces customers' fears of opportunistic behavior and information asymmetries. We test and find support for our hypothesis over a panel data of large international banks from developed countries. Our findings shed light on the mutual reinforcement of CS and digitalization strategies in enhancing banks' market performance and efficiency.

The comparative analysis of legislative documents, which regulate activity of pharmaceutical insti­tutions in Ukraine, and requirements Good Pharmacy Practice is carried out. In the developed countries professional standards for experts of pharmacy (GPP) are used in practical activities of drugstores along with the pharmaceutical legislation. Because domestic regulatory legal acts are not harmonized in full with requirements of the international standards, it is necessary to continue work in the given direction. ; Проведен сравнительный анализ законодательных документов, которые регламентируют деятельность аптечных учреждений в Украине, и требований Надлежащей аптечной практики. В развитых странах профессиональные стандарты для специалистов фармации (GPP) используются в практической деятельности аптек наряду с фармацевтическим законодательством. В связи с тем, что отечественные нормативно-правовые акты не гармонизированы в полной мере с требованиями международных стандартов, необходимо продолжить работу в данном направлении.

Public expenditure provides resources for the universalisation of school education. The role of government is more important in developing and under developed countries; where the inequalities of income and other socio-economic problems persist. the paper highlights that the goal of free, compulsory, universal and quality based school education could become a reality only if there is a joint dedication between the central and state governments to investment in elementary education which contributes massive benefits to existing generation and upcoming generations. Many studies suggest that investing in education include the socio-economic returns, decline in acute poverty and exclusion of inequalities, fertility rates, demographic and health indicators; political and economic stability; dynamic positive externalities connected with public expenditure on education and better quality of life for everyone.

Public expenditure provides resources for the universalisation of school education. The role of government is more important in developing and under developed countries; where the inequalities of income and other socio-economic problems persist. the paper highlights that the goal of free, compulsory, universal and quality based school education could become a reality only if there is a joint dedication between the central and state governments to investment in elementary education which contributes massive benefits to existing generation and upcoming generations. Many studies suggest that investing in education include the socio-economic returns, decline in acute poverty and exclusion of inequalities, fertility rates, demographic and health indicators; political and economic stability; dynamic positive externalities connected with public expenditure on education and better quality of life for everyone.

Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a growing threat to the economic and social well-being of developed countries around the globe, but efforts to delay, prevent, or cure this disorder have yet to yield success. I believe the lack of progress largely results from approaches that ignore the most important component of Alzheimer's disease: biological aging. Major advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that link biological aging to disease. These mechanisms have been formalized as nine hallmarks, or pillars, of aging. Here, I discuss the barriers that have impaired progress and propose specific steps that can be taken to overcome these barriers. The time has come to adopt bold new strategies that tackle biological aging as the root cause of Alzheimer's disease.